Earth and Space Science Midterm

Electromagnetic Spectrum (pg. 14): Doodle Notes; Math

  1. How is the energy classified?

  2. Define frequency and wavelength

  3. What are the 7 types of energy listed on the EMS?

  4. Which type of energy has the longest wavelength?

  5. Which color has the longest wavelength? The shortest wavelength?

  6. Calculate the wavelength and/or frequency. (You do not need to this equation memorized.)


Telescopes: Different types. What type of energy do they record?


Scaled Drawings - Review how to calculate a scale. What does it mean to create a drawing to scale?


Moon

  1. How did it form?

  2. Composition of its out layers and core


Earth

  1. Definition of a solar day.

  2. What was used to prove the Earth’s rotates? Which way does the Earth rotate? (Clockwise or Counterclockwise?)

  3. What is the Coriolis effect?

  4. Describe the Earth’s Ecliptic Plane

  5. Earth’s Axis - degrees of tilt

  6. When the Earth is revolving, what is it doing? 

    1. In which direction does the Earth orbit the sun?

    2. What is the shape of the path the Earth follows as it revolves?

  7. Seasons

    1. Why do we have different seasons? In which months do our seasons begin?

    2. At which line of latitude is the Sun, directly overhead (90 degrees), on the first day of each season?

    3. Definitions for perihelion and aphelion. In which month do they occur?

    4. Label a diagram for the seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres.

    5. Describe why it is hotter in the summer and colder in the winter.


Moon Phases 

  1. be able to label a diagram with the 8 moon phases.

  2. Understand the difference between waxing and waning.

  3. Why do we see the same side of the moon all the time?

  4. Definitions for perigee and apogee.


Tides - Lab: Tidal Patterns of Cape May NJ

  1. Why does the Earth have tides?

  2. In what way do the moon and sun impact the Earth’s tides?

  3. When the moon, Earth, and Sun are in a straight line, what type of tides do we have?

    1. What is the definition of this type of tide?

    2. During which 2 moon phases will these types of tides occur?

  4. When the moon, Earth, and Sun form a 90-degree angle, what type of tides do we have?

    1. What is the definition of this type of tide?

    2. During which 2 moon phases will these types of tides occur?

  5. Be able to label a diagram of these types of tides.

  6. How much time does it take to go from a high tide to the next high tide?

  7. How much time does it take to go from a high tide to the next low tide?


Eclipses

  1. What is the difference between a total eclipse and an annular eclipse?

Solar Eclipse 

  1. Definition

  2. Moon Phase

  3. Name of Shadows

  4. Be able to label a diagram

  5. Why don’t we see a total solar eclipse every month?


Lunar Eclipse

  1. Definition

  2. Moon Phase

  3. Name of Shadows

  4. Be able to label a diagram


Formation of Our Solar System - age of our solar system

  1. Interstellar cloud (nebula) collapse

  2. Separation of material due to density and temperature

  3. Planetessimals

  4. Terrestrial planets - Names, placement

  5. Gas Giants - names, placement

  6. Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion

  7. Newton’s Law of Gravity


Formation of the Universe - age of the universe

  1. Big Bang Theory

    1. Three pieces of evidence that support the Big Bang Theory

    2. Understand why each piece of evidence supports the Big Bang Theory


Stars

  1. Star formation in a nebula

  2. Protostar

  3. Fusion of Hydrogen to Helium = ‘Birth’ of Star; source of star’s energy

    1. Star Spectra and the information it gives us

      1. Red Shift and Blue Shift of Galaxies/Stars

      2. Be able to determine if there is a red shift or blue shift by using a diagram of a star’s spectra 


  1. Star’s Life Cycle

    1. Classification of Stars at their formation

    2. Hertzsprung Russell Diagram




Earth Science - Divided into four main branches (know definitions and subfields/examples)

  1. Astronomy

  2. Meteorology

  3. Oceanography

  4. Geology

  5. Environmental Science

  1. Earth’s Spheres - 5. Know the definition and be able to give an example of spheres or events interacting with each other. (Assignment: Natural Events and Earth’s Spheres)

  1. Biosphere

  2. Hydrosphere

  3. Geosphere

  4. Atmosphere

  5. Anthrosphere


  1. Density/Dimensional Analysis

  1. Density definition 

  2. Calculate density, mass, & volume (regular & irregular objects)

    1. LxWxH

    2. Water Displacement Method

  3. How does the concentration of atoms affect the density?

  4. How do changes in the temperature and pressure affect the volume? What does this do to the density?

  5. Be able to convert between units using dimensional analysis.


Be able to label a diagram

  1. Why don’t we see a total solar eclipse every month?


Lunar Eclipse

  1. Definition

  2. Moon Phase

  3. Name of Shadows

  4. Be able to label a diagram


Formation of Our Solar System - age of our solar system

  1. Interstellar cloud (nebula) collapse

  2. Separation of material due to density and temperature

  3. Planetessimals

  4. Terrestrial planets - Names, placement

  5. Gas Giants - names, placement

  6. Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion

  7. Newton’s Law of Gravity


Formation of the Universe - age of the universe

  1. Big Bang Theory

    1. Three pieces of evidence that support the Big Bang Theory

    2. Understand why each piece of evidence supports the Big Bang Theory


Stars

  1. Star formation in a nebula

  2. Protostar

  3. Fusion of Hydrogen to Helium = ‘Birth’ of Star; source of star’s energy

    1. Star Spectra and the information it gives us

      1. Red Shift and Blue Shift of Galaxies/Stars

      2. Be able to determine if there is a red shift or blue shift by using a diagram of a star’s spectra 


  1. Star’s Life Cycle

    1. Classification of Stars at their formation

    2. Hertzsprung Russell Diagram

 Describe the three conditions under which magma can form.

2. Explain why plate boundaries are the sites of most volcanic activity.

3. Identify three tectonic settings where volcanoes form.

4. Explain how the composition of magma affects volcanic eruptions and lava flow.

5. Define pyroclastic material and give three examples.

6. Describe the two main types of volcanoes and state where they usually form.

7. Describe how a caldera forms.

8. List four events that may signal a volcanic eruption

 

I. Volcanoes found:

a.       Subduction boundaries – why? Where? Ex?

b.      Divergent boundaries – why? Ex?

c.       Hot spots – why? Ex? How is a hot spot different from the above?

 

II. Magma formation

   a. Pressure. Temperature, Water 

   b. Viscosity; composition

   c. Aa, Pahoehoe, Pillow

 

III. Types of Eruptions

a.       Quiet

b.       Explosive

1. Pyroclastic material – definition; examples

2. Pyroclastic flow

3. Lahar

 

IV. Types of Volcanoes

a.       Shield – description, types of eruptions, examples

b.      Stratovolcano (Composite) – description, types of eruptions, examples

c.       Cinder Cones – description, type of eruption.

 

V. Volcanic formations

   a. Caldera – description, how it forms

 

VI. Predicting Eruptions

a.       Seismic activity

b.      Ground deformation

c.       Temperature

d.      Sulfur dioxide gas


Earthquakes

Earthquake Analysis: plotted EQ on map

Terms, Spheres

Finding Epicenters/Using Travel-Time graph

P & S wave questions

Hazards, Safety