SPED 5700-950 Flashcards- Neal 4

Chapter 2 Terminology

Adaptive behaviors: Skills necessary for daily living, such as communication and socialization.
Autism: A developmental disorder characterized by challenges with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.
Behaviorally disordered: Exhibiting chronic patterns of behavior that negatively impact learning or relationships.
Developmental norms: Typical age-based milestones of growth and development.
Developmental risk: Factors that increase the likelihood of developmental delays or disorders.
Deviance: Behavior that significantly differs from societal or developmental expectations.
Disproportionality: Overrepresentation or underrepresentation of specific groups in special education.
Ecological perspective: Viewing behavior within the context of environmental and social influences.
Emotional or behavioral disorders: Conditions impacting emotional regulation and behavior that interfere with learning.
Emotionally disturbed: A term for individuals with significant emotional challenges affecting functioning.
Externalizing behaviors: Outwardly directed behaviors such as aggression or defiance.
Extinction: The reduction of a behavior by withholding reinforcement.
False negative: Failing to identify an issue that is actually present.
False positive: Identifying an issue that is not actually present.
Full inclusion movement: Advocacy for placing all students with disabilities in general education classrooms.
Hyperactivity: Excessive physical movement or inability to stay still.
Incidence: The rate of new cases of a condition within a specific time frame.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): A federal law ensuring services for students with disabilities.
Internalizing behaviors: Inwardly directed behaviors such as anxiety or depression.
Learning disabilities: Neurological disorders affecting the ability to read, write, or process information.
Maladjustment: Inability to adapt to social or environmental demands.
Mild intellectual disability: Below-average intellectual functioning and adaptive skills.
Modeling: Demonstrating behavior for others to imitate.
Prevalence: The total number of cases of a condition within a population at a given time.
Projective tests: Psychological assessments using ambiguous stimuli to uncover thoughts or emotions.
Punishment: Consequences that decrease the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring.
Reinforcement: A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring.
Reliability: Consistency of measurement or assessment results.
Schizophrenia: A severe mental disorder with symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, and impaired functioning.
Social construct: A concept or perception created and accepted by society.
Social maladjustment: Persistent difficulties in conforming to social norms and expectations.
Validity: The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.

Chapter 3 Terminology

Antecedent events: Events or triggers that occur before a behavior.
Antisocial behavior: Actions that harm others or violate social norms.
Autism spectrum disorder: A range of neurodevelopmental conditions affecting communication, behavior, and social skills.
Behavior intervention plan (BIP): A strategy designed to address problematic behaviors through specific interventions.
Behavior modification: The use of reinforcement or punishment to change behavior.
Community-based services: Support services provided in local community settings.
Consequences: Events that follow a behavior and influence its recurrence.
Continuum of alternative placements: A range of educational settings to meet diverse student needs.
Delinquency: Illegal or disruptive behavior, typically by a young person.
Early identification: Detecting developmental or learning issues as soon as possible.
Environmental variables: External factors that influence behavior or development.
Eugenics: A controversial practice aimed at improving genetic quality by

Chapter 4 Terminology

Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) – A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
Comorbidity – The presence of two or more medical or psychological conditions in the same person at the same time.
Genetic mutations – Permanent changes in DNA sequences that can affect traits or cause diseases.
Human Genome Project – A scientific initiative that mapped and sequenced all human genes.
Hypoglycemia – A condition where blood sugar levels drop too low, causing symptoms like shakiness and confusion.
Hypoxia – A state in which there is insufficient oxygen in the body or a specific organ.
Intrinsic factors – Internal elements, such as genetic or biological components, that influence bodily functions.
Malnutrition – A condition resulting from insufficient or imbalanced nutrient intake.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – A mental health condition marked by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).
Pharmacological treatment – The use of medications to manage or treat medical conditions.
Schizophrenia – A severe mental disorder affecting thoughts, emotions, and behavior, often involving delusions or hallucinations.
Schizophrenic spectrum behavior – A range of symptoms and behaviors related to schizophrenia, varying in severity.
Sequelae – Long-term effects or conditions resulting from a previous disease or injury.
Social learning – The process of acquiring behaviors and knowledge by observing others.
Temperament – An individual's natural disposition or personality traits.
Tourette's disorder – A neurological condition characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocal tics.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) – Damage to the brain caused by an external force, leading to temporary or permanent impairment.

Chapter 5 Terminology

Corporal punishment – The use of physical force to discipline or correct behavior.
Cultural bias – A tendency to judge or interpret things based on one’s own cultural norms.
Culture – The shared beliefs, customs, and behaviors of a group of people.
Ethnicity – A social group defined by shared cultural traits, language, or ancestry.
Prosocial behavior – Actions intended to help or benefit others.
Race – A classification of people based on physical traits such as skin color.
Social class – A group of people with similar economic status, education, or occupation.
Social cognitive model – A theory that explains learning through observation, imitation, and mental processes.
Social competence – The ability to interact effectively and appropriately with others.
Social status – A person’s rank or position within a society.

Chapter 6 Terminology

Authoritarian: A strict parenting or leadership style that demands obedience with little warmth or flexibility.
Authoritative: A balanced leadership or parenting style that combines high expectations with warmth and responsiveness.
Child abuse: Any physical, emotional, sexual, or neglectful harm inflicted on a child.
Coercion: The use of force or threats to make someone do something against their will.
Conduct disorder: A behavioral disorder in children and adolescents marked by persistent rule-breaking, aggression, and disregard for others.
Demandingness: The degree to which parents or authority figures set high expectations and enforce rules.
Heightened risk: An increased likelihood of experiencing negative outcomes due to specific factors.
Interactional-transactional model: A theory that behavior results from ongoing interactions between individuals and their environments.
Modeling: Learning behaviors by observing and imitating others.
Negative reinforcement: Strengthening a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus when the behavior occurs.
Negative reinforcement trap: A cycle where undesirable behavior is reinforced by removing an aversive stimulus, leading to its continuation.
Punishment: A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring.
Reinforcement: A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior recurring.
Resilience: The ability to recover and adapt well to adversity or stress.
Responsiveness: The degree to which a person reacts to and meets the needs of others, especially in parenting or teaching.
Risk factor: A characteristic or condition that increases the chance of negative outcomes.
Social learning: Acquiring behaviors through observation, imitation, and reinforcement in social contexts.
Substitute care: Temporary or permanent care provided to a child outside their biological home, such as foster care.

Chapter 7 Terminology

Contingencies of reinforcement: The specific conditions under which behaviors are reinforced.
Direct instruction: A structured, teacher-led approach to learning with clear, explicit guidance.
General intelligence: The overall ability to think, learn, and solve problems across different domains.
Intrinsic motivation: Engaging in an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than external rewards.
Malcontingency: A mismatch between behavior and its expected consequences, leading to ineffective reinforcement.
Multiple intelligences: The theory that intelligence is composed of different domains, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial abilities.
Positive reinforcement: Strengthening a behavior by adding a desirable stimulus after it occurs.
Pragmatics: The social and contextual aspects of language use.
Social skills: The abilities used to communicate and interact effectively with others.

Chapter 8 Terminology

Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
Classwide peer tutoring: A cooperative learning strategy where students tutor each other under teacher guidance.
Cognitive strategy training: Teaching students to use thinking techniques to improve learning and problem-solving.
Contingency contract: A written agreement specifying behavior expectations and consequences.
Delinquent: A youth who engages in illegal or antisocial behavior.
Functional relationship: The link between a behavior and the environmental factors influencing it.
Hyperactive: Excessively energetic, restless, or unable to stay still.
Hyperkinetic: Displaying excessive, uncontrolled movement.
Impulsivity: Acting without thinking about consequences.
Mnemonics: Memory aids that help retain and recall information.
Psychosocial interventions: Strategies that address both psychological and social factors in behavior or mental health treatment.
Response cost: A behavior management strategy where a reinforcer is removed after an undesirable behavior.
Secondary prevention: Early interventions to prevent worsening problems in at-risk individuals.
Self-instruction: Teaching oneself through internal verbal guidance.
Self-monitoring: Tracking one's own behavior to improve self-control.
Self-recording: Documenting one's own behaviors to increase awareness and accountability.
Time-out: A discipline strategy where access to reinforcement is temporarily removed following inappropriate behavior.
Token reinforcement: A system where tokens are earned and exchanged for rewards to reinforce desired behaviors.

Chapter 9 Terminology

Acting-out behavior cycle and phases: A model describing the stages of escalating problem behavior, including calm, trigger, agitation, acceleration, peak, de-escalation, and recovery.
Behavioral momentum: The tendency of behavior to persist once it is initiated, similar to physical momentum.
Character education: Teaching values such as respect, responsibility, and citizenship to promote moral behavior.
Coercive interaction: A cycle of escalating negative behaviors between individuals reinforcing each other's undesirable actions.
Counteraggression: Aggressive responses triggered by another person’s aggression.
Covert antisocial behavior: Rule-breaking or harmful behavior that is hidden or deceitful, such as lying or stealing.
Delinquency: Engaging in illegal or antisocial behavior, often associated with youth crime.
Differential reinforcement: Strengthening desired behaviors while ignoring or discouraging undesired ones.
External reinforcement: Rewards provided by outside sources to encourage behavior.
Functional behavioral assessment: Analyzing the causes and purposes of behavior to develop effective interventions.
Observational learning: Acquiring behaviors by watching others.
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD): A disorder in children marked by persistent defiance, irritability, and hostility toward authority figures.
Overt aggression: Visible, direct acts of hostility or violence, such as hitting or yelling.
Praise: Verbal reinforcement used to encourage positive behavior.
Precorrection: A proactive strategy to prevent misbehavior by setting expectations in advance.
Primary prevention: Universal strategies aimed at preventing problems before they begin.
Prosocial skills: Positive behaviors that promote social harmony, such as cooperation and empathy.
Seclusionary time-out: Removing a student to a separate space as a disciplinary measure.
Self-reinforcement: Rewarding oneself for meeting behavioral goals.
Shaping: Gradually reinforcing behaviors that lead to a desired outcome.
Social learning approach: A perspective emphasizing the role of observation, imitation, and reinforcement in behavior development.
Social learning theory: A theory stating that behavior is learned through observation, imitation, and consequences.
Social skill deficit: A lack of ability to interact appropriately with others.
Social skill performance deficit: Having social skills but struggling to use them effectively in real situations.
Socialized conduct disorder: A pattern of antisocial behavior within peer groups that encourage rule-breaking.
Stimulus change: Altering environmental factors to influence behavior.
Tertiary prevention: Intensive interventions aimed at individuals with severe behavioral or mental health issues.
Undersocialized conduct disorder: A pattern of antisocial behavior without close peer relationships or social involvement.
Versatile antisocial behavior: Engaging in a wide range of antisocial or criminal acts.
Vicarious reinforcement: Learning by seeing others rewarded or punished for their actions.

Chapter 10 Terminology

Anorexia – An eating disorder characterized by extreme weight loss due to self-starvation and an intense fear of gaining weight.
Anxiety – A feeling of excessive worry, nervousness, or fear that can interfere with daily life.
Broadband classification – A system of categorizing psychological disorders into broad groups based on common characteristics.
Bulimia – An eating disorder involving cycles of binge eating followed by purging through vomiting, laxatives, or excessive exercise.
Comorbidity – The presence of two or more mental or physical health conditions in the same person at the same time.
Compulsions – Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform to reduce anxiety.
Counterconditioning – A behavioral therapy technique that replaces an unwanted response with a desirable one.
Eating disorders – Mental health conditions involving unhealthy eating behaviors, such as restricting food intake or binge eating.
Elimination disorders – Conditions in which a child repeatedly urinates or defecates in inappropriate places beyond the typical age of toilet training.
Encopresis – A condition in which a child repeatedly passes stool in inappropriate places, such as clothing or the floor.
Enuresis – The repeated involuntary or intentional urination in inappropriate places, such as in bed or clothing, beyond the expected age of bladder control.
Gender dysphoria – A condition in which a person experiences distress due to a mismatch between their assigned gender at birth and their gender identity.
Internalizing disorders – Mental health conditions, such as anxiety and depression, in which distress is directed inward rather than outward.
Obsession – Persistent, intrusive thoughts or urges that cause significant anxiety or distress.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) – A mental health disorder characterized by persistent obsessions and compulsions that interfere with daily life.
Panic attack – A sudden episode of intense fear or discomfort, often accompanied by physical symptoms like a racing heart and difficulty breathing.
Phobia – An intense, irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity.
Pica – An eating disorder involving the compulsive consumption of non-food items such as dirt, paper, or chalk.
Posttraumatic stress – A condition resulting from exposure to a traumatic event, causing symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, and heightened anxiety.
Reciprocal inhibition – A psychological technique in which a positive or incompatible response is used to reduce or eliminate an unwanted behavior.
Rumination – The repeated regurgitation and re-chewing of food that is then either re-swallowed or spit out.
Secondary enuresis – The recurrence of bedwetting or daytime urination after a period of successful bladder control.
Selective mutism – A childhood anxiety disorder in which a person consistently fails to speak in certain social situations despite being able to speak in others.
Social isolation – The lack of social interactions and relationships, which can contribute to loneliness and mental health issues.
Social phobia – An intense fear of social situations due to a fear of embarrassment, judgment, or rejection.
Social reciprocity – The natural back-and-forth interaction in social communication, such as taking turns in conversation.
Stereotyped movements – Repetitive, nonfunctional motor behaviors, such as hand-flapping or rocking, often seen in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Systematic desensitization – A behavioral therapy technique that gradually exposes a person to a feared stimulus while teaching relaxation techniques.
Tic – A sudden, repetitive movement or vocalization that is difficult to control.
Tourette’s Syndrome – A neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocal tics.

Chapter 11 Terminology

Bipolar disorder – A mood disorder marked by alternating episodes of depression and mania.
Cognitive restructuring – A therapy technique that helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns.
Dysphoria – A state of profound dissatisfaction or distress, often associated with mood disorders.
Dysthymia – A chronic but less severe form of depression that lasts for at least two years.
Endogenous – Originating from within the body or mind, rather than from external factors.
Euphoria – An intense feeling of happiness or well-being, sometimes excessive or unrealistic.
Mania – A state of extreme excitement, energy, and impulsivity, often seen in bipolar disorder.
Mood disorder – A mental health condition that primarily affects a person's emotional state, such as depression or bipolar disorder.
Parasuicide – A non-lethal, self-injurious act, such as a suicide attempt without the intent to die.
Unipolar – A term describing mood disorders, such as major depression, that do not include manic episodes.

Chapter 12 Terminology

Delusion: A false belief that is strongly held despite evidence to the contrary.
Hallucination: A perception of something that is not present, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren’t there.
Neuroleptics: A class of drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders, particularly psychosis, by affecting brain neurotransmitters.
Nonsuicidal self-injury: The deliberate harming of one’s own body without the intent to end life, often to cope with emotional pain.
Pervasive developmental disorder: A group of disorders that involve delays in the development of socialization and communication skills, such as autism spectrum disorder.
Pragmatics: The branch of linguistics that deals with how context influences the interpretation of language in communication.
Psychotic: A mental state characterized by a disconnection from reality, including symptoms like delusions or hallucinations.
Schizoaffective disorder: A mental health condition that involves a combination of schizophrenia symptoms and mood disorder symptoms like depression or mania.
Schizophrenia: A severe mental disorder characterized by distorted thinking, perceptions, emotions, and behavior, often including delusions and hallucinations.
Schizophreniform disorder: A mental health condition similar to schizophrenia but with symptoms that last for less than six months.
Self-injurious behavior: The act of intentionally causing harm to one's own body as a way of managing emotional distress.
Self-stimulation: Repetitive behavior or actions that provide sensory feedback, often seen in individuals with developmental disorders like autism.
Stereotypy: Repetitive, fixed patterns of behavior or movements, often without any apparent purpose.
Topography: The physical form or structure of a behavior or response, including how it looks or is carried out.