MULTIPLE CHOICE

  1. Which of the following are macromolecule monomers? Choose all that apply.

    a. Monosaccharides

    b. Nucleic acids

    c. Carbohydrates

    d. Amino acids

Answer: a. Monosaccharides (These are the monomers of carbohydrates) d. Amino acids (These are the monomers of proteins)

  1. What general reaction type do monomers undergo to form a polymer? Choose all that apply.

    a. Dehydration

    b. Hydrolysis

    c. Acid/Base

    d. Redox

Answer: a. Dehydration (This is the reaction type where monomers lose water molecules to form polymers)

  1. Which of the following is not one of the 4 main classes of macromolecules?

    a. Nucleic acids

    b. Proteins

    c. Phospholipids

    d. Carbohydrates

Answer: c. Phospholipids (Phospholipids are not one of the four main classes of macromolecules; the four main classes are nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.)

  1. Lipids are not an endlessly extensible macromolecule. a. True b. False

Answer: a. True (Lipids are not considered endlessly extensible macromolecules like proteins or nucleic acids; they do not consist of repeating monomers in the same way.)

  1. Which of the following describes extensible?

    a. The ability to keep adding monomers to form a longer and longer polymer.

    b. The ability of a polymer to stretch

    c. The rate at which monomers are added

    d. None of the above

Answer: a. The ability to keep adding monomers to form a longer and longer polymer.

  1. Which of the following best describes tertiary structure?

    a. An aquaporin

    b. Associations between two alpha helices

    c. The amino acid sequence

    d. An alpha helix

    Answer: a. An aquaporin

  2. Which of the following statements is correct?

    a. Protein structure is determined by protein function

    b. Amino acid structure is determined by the protein's destined function

    c. Quaternary structure determines function

    d. Protein structure determines protein function.

    Answer: d. Protein structure determines protein function.

  3. What type of bond joins two amino acids?

    a. Tonic

    b. Peptide

    c. Hydrophobic

    d. Van der Waals

    Answer: b. Peptide

  1. Which of the following bond types or interactions can be found in tertiary structure? Choose all that apply.

    a. Hydrogen

    b. Disulfide bonds

    c. Hydrophobic interactions

    d. Ion-dipole interactions

Answer: a. Hydrogen, b. Disulfide bonds, c. Hydrophobic interactions

  1. Quaternary and tertiary structure have the same types of bonds and interactions, except quaternary structure has disulfide bonds and tertiary does not.

    True False

Answer: False (Quaternary and tertiary structures can have some similar types of bonds and interactions, but they are not necessarily identical, and the presence of disulfide bonds can vary in both.)

Carbohydrates:

Carbohydrates are not a useful macromolecule. a. False

  1. Which of the following processes creates carbohydrates?

    a. Cellular respiration

    b. Fermentation

    c. Photosynthesis

    d. The citric acid cycle

Answer: c. Photosynthesis

  1. Which of the following answers correctly contains both a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide?

    a. Monosaccharide -> starch and polysaccharide -> glucose

    b. Monosaccharide - glucose and polysaccharide - fructose

    c. Monosaccharide - fructose and polysaccharide - lactase

    d. Monosaccharide - glucose and polysaccharide - cellulose

Answer: d. Monosaccharide - glucose and polysaccharide - cellulose

  1. Which of the following explains the difference between ribose and deoxyribose (the sugars found in nucleic acids)?

    a. Ribose has three extra hydroxyl groups

    b. Deoxyribose has one less oxygen than ribose

    c. Ribose is not a sugar

    d. Deoxyribose is not a sugar

Answer: b. Deoxyribose has one less oxygen than ribose.

  1. Which of the following is an important use of carbohydrates? Choose all that apply.

    a. Cellular signaling

    b. Energy storage

    c. Genetic information storage

    d. Spontaneous membrane formation

Answer: a. Cellular signaling, b. Energy storage

Lipids and Membranes:

  1. Why is the 3D shape of a lipid important in determining if it will form a bilayer rather than a monolayer?

    a. It determines if it is amphipathic or not.

    b. It determines if it is a lipid or not.

    c. If it has a cone-like shape, it cannot stack one on top of the other, and forms a monolayer.

    d. If it has a can-like shape, they can stack one on top of the other, and can form a bilayer.

Answer: a. It determines if it is amphipathic or not.

  1. Which of the following is a function of lipids? Choose all that apply.

    a. Formation of the biological membrane known as the cell membrane

    b. Formation of enzymes

    c. Formation of other biological membranes, such as those of the ER

    d. Formation of micelles

Answer: a. Formation of the biological membrane known as the cell membrane, c. Formation of other biological membranes, such as those of the ER and d?

  1. The phospholipid bilayer is not part of a biological membrane.

    a. True b. False

Answer: b. False (The phospholipid bilayer is a fundamental component of biological membranes.)

  1. Where would you expect to find a phospholipid bilayer by itself?

    a. In a lab; real cells need biological membranes in order to survive

    b. In liver cells; they don't need transporters

    c. In the kidneys; they only need to excrete, and therefore don't import

    d. In the brain; everything exported from the brain uses electrical signals.

Answer: a. In a lab; real cells need biological membranes to survive.

  1. Which of the following lipids can you find in a biological membrane? Choose all that apply. a. Phospholipids

    b. Cholesterol

    c. Glycolipids

Answer: a. Phospholipids, b. Cholesterol, c. Glycolipids

  1. Which of the following would you expect to be actively transported? Choose all that apply. a. ATP; against its concentration gradient.

    b. Glucose; against its concentration gradient.

    c. Water; with its concentration gradient

    d. N2; with its concentration gradient

Answer: a. ATP; against its concentration gradient. b. Glucose; against its concentration gradient.

  1. Which of the following scenarios would not be possible in a phospholipid bilayer?

    a. Transport of H2O

    b. Transport of CO2

    c. Transport of N2

    d. Transport of H3O

Answer: c. Transport of N2 (Nitrogen gas, N2, is not typically transported through a phospholipid bilayer because it is not very soluble in the lipid bilayer.)

  1. Which of the following molecules would have to use bulk transport?

    a. ATP

    b. Starch

    c. Glucose

Answer: b. Starch (Starch is a large polysaccharide and cannot pass through the membrane via simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion and would require bulk transport.)

  1. The key difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that simple diffusion requires a transport protein.

    a. True b. False

Answer: b. False (The key difference is that facilitated diffusion involves the use of a transport protein, while simple diffusion does not require a transport protein.)

  1. Membrane transport of H2O is affected by which of the following? Choose all that apply.

    a. The concentration gradient of H2O

    b. The amount of aquaporins (water transporters) in the membrane

    c. The concentration gradient of CO2

    d. The amount of sodium-potassium ion pumps.

Answer: a. The concentration gradient of H2O b. The amount of aquaporins (water transporters) in the membrane

Energy and Enzymes:

  1. Enzymes are important because they speed up reactions. a. True b. False

Answer: a. True

  1. Which of the following statements is false?

    a. An increase in overall entropy (ΔS) means that the reaction is favorable.

    b. A decrease in overall entropy (ΔS) means that the reaction is favorable.

    c. The change in free energy (ΔG) is the difference in energy of the products and the reactants.

    d. The entropy cannot tell you the rate at which a reaction will proceed.

Answer: b. A decrease in overall entropy (ΔS) means that the reaction is favorable. (This statement is false; typically, an increase in entropy is associated with favorable reactions.)

  1. Which of the following is a spontaneous reaction? Choose all that apply.

    a. Bilayer formation

    b. A reaction that has stable products and unstable reactants.

    c. A reaction that has stable reactants and unstable products.

    d. A reaction with a high activation energy

Answer: a. Bilayer formation (Formation of a lipid bilayer is a spontaneous process.) b. A reaction that has stable products and unstable reactants. (This represents a favorable, spontaneous reaction.)

  1. What correctly describes an enzyme?

    a. An enzyme is a protein catalyst.

    b. An enzyme is a lipid catalyst.

    c. An enzyme is a transition state.

    d. An enzyme is a reaction inhibitor.

Answer: a. An enzyme is a protein catalyst.

  1. In which case would an irreversibly binding prosthetic group be useful? Choose all that apply.

    a. An enzyme that needs to turn on and off regularly, and accomplishes this by a temporary conformational change that affects the ability of the active site to bind substrates.

    b. An enzyme that needs to be turned on until it is destroyed, and accomplishes this by a permanent conformational change to the enzyme which increases the ability of the active site to bind to substrates.

    c. An enzyme that needs to be permanently turned off, and accomplishes this by a permanent conformational change to the enzyme which prohibits the binding of the substrate to the active site.

    d. None of these cases would benefit from an irreversibly-binding molecule.

Answer: b and c

  1. Which of the following is not a product of glycolysis?

    a. Pyruvate

    b. ATP

    c. NAD+

    d. NADH

Answer: d. NADH

  1. Which product is found in alcohol fermentation but not lactic acid fermentation?

    a. Ethanol

    b. NAD+

    c. Lactate

    d. Lactic acid

Answer: a. Ethanol

  1. What is the typical terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

    a. SO2

    b. NO3

    c. O2

    d. CO2

Answer: c. O2

  1. Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

    a. The mitochondrial matrix

    b. The chloroplast

    c. The cytosol

    d. The cell membrane

Answer: a. The mitochondrial matrix

  1. How many ATP are used in the energy investment phase? d. 4

Photosynthesis:

  1. Where does the ATP produced during photosynthesis go?

    a. The mitochondria

    b. Stays in the chloroplast

    c. The cytosol

    d. The nucleus

Answer: b. Stays in the chloroplast

  1. What is the overall reaction of photosynthesis? a. CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2

  2. What was missing from the above reaction?

    a. Pyruvate

    b. Light energy

    c. Mechanical energy

    d. H+

Answer: b. Light energy

  1. Only plants can do photosynthesis.

    a. True b. False

Answer: b. False (Some photosynthetic organisms, like certain bacteria and algae, can also perform photosynthesis.)

  1. Which of the following is a true statement about the chloroplast? Choose all that apply.

    a. It has its own DNA

    b. It has multiple membranes

    c. All cells that complete photosynthesis have chloroplasts, including non-plant cells

    d. It has ATP transporters

Answer: a. It has its own DNA, b. It has multiple membranes

  1. An enzyme is a protein catalyst.

  2. In which case would an irreversibly binding prosthetic group be useful?

  • Answer: d. None of these cases would benefit from an irreversibly-binding molecule.

  1. Which of the following is not a product of glycolysis?

  • Answer: d. NADH

  1. Which product is found in alcohol fermentation but not lactic acid fermentation?

  • Answer: a. Ethanol

  1. What is the typical terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

  • Answer: c. O2

  1. Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

  • Answer: a. The mitochondrial matrix

  1. How many ATP are used in the energy investment phase?

  • Answer: d. 4

  1. Where does the ATP produced during photosynthesis go?

  • Answer: b. Stays in the chloroplast

  1. What is the overall reaction of photosynthesis?

  • Answer: a. CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2

  1. What was missing from the above reaction?

  • Answer: b. Light energy

  1. Only plants can do photosynthesis.

  • Answer: b. False

  1. Which of the following is a true statement about the chloroplast? Choose all that apply.

  • Answers: a. It has its own DNA, b. It has multiple membranes