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[P1] What city is at the center of the Mappa Mundi? Jerusalem.

[P2] Who was Zheng He and where did he travel? A Ming Chinese admiral who led a huge treasure fleet ordered by the Yongle Emperor; he traveled to Southeast Asia, India, and Africa.

[P3] What were the principal motives for European voyages of discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries? To find new sea routes to Asia for trade and to gain wealth and resources; religion and national power also motivated exploration.

[P4] How did Martin Luther criticize the Roman Catholic Church in Table Talk? He attacked the Church and papacy for corruption, greed, selling religious benefits for money, and abuses such as indulgences.

[P5] How did Vasco da Gama treat the African he took onboard, and how was da Gama treated by the ruler of Calicut? The African was fed the same food as the crew, dressed well, and released. The ruler of Calicut initially received da Gama courteously, gave his men food and water, and granted him an audience.

[P6] Who was Afonso I, and what did he complain about to the king of Portugal? He was the Christian king of Kongo. He complained that slave traders were kidnapping and selling his subjects, including nobles and relatives, and damaging his kingdom.

[P7] What was the Treaty of Tordesillas? A 1494 agreement that divided newly claimed overseas lands between Spain and Portugal along an imaginary line.

[P8] What city did the Ottoman Turks seize in 1453? Constantinople.

[P9] When the Ottoman sultan gained control of Mecca, what title did he claim? Caliph.

[P10] Who made up the largest part of the Ottoman sultan's bureaucracy? Slaves or servants of the sultan.

[P11] What was the Hagia Sophia, and what did the Turks do to it? It was a great Byzantine Christian cathedral in Constantinople; the Ottomans converted it into a mosque.

[P12] What limits on the toleration of Jews and Christians did Shaikh Hasan Al Kafrawi suggest? They could live under Muslim rule but should remain socially subordinate, including restrictions on clothing, mounts, and other signs of status that distinguished them from Muslims.

[P13] Who were the Janissaries? The Ottoman sultan's elite standing infantry force, made up largely of slaves or converts trained to serve the sultan.

[P14] What was the state religion of the Safavid Persian Empire? Shi'a Islam.

[P15] How did Shah Abbas I deal with Europeans who wanted to trade with Persia? He managed and permitted trade with Europeans and used foreign commerce to benefit Persia.

[P16] What was Isfahan? The Safavid capital developed by Shah Abbas I.

[P17] Who was Babur and what empire did he found? A Central Asian warrior-scholar who founded the Mughal Empire in India.

[P18] What was Akbar's religious policy? He promoted religious tolerance and attempted to unite his religiously diverse empire, including through his Divine Faith.

[P19] In her letter to Akbar, what did Elizabeth I request and in what tone did she address him? She requested safe treatment, travel, and privileges for English merchants and addressed Akbar in a very respectful and flattering diplomatic tone.

[P20] Why did Shah Jahan order the building of the Taj Mahal? He built it as a mausoleum for his beloved wife after she died.

[P21] What is sati, and what happened to the widow in Fanny Parks' account? Sati was the burning of a widow on her husband's funeral pyre. The widow entered the flames, tried to escape, eventually jumped out and ran into the Ganges, and was protected by the magistrate.

[P22] What was the Forbidden City and what was the significance of its north-south axis? It was the Chinese imperial palace complex. Its north-south axis symbolized political and cosmic order and centered the emperor and China.

[P23] What was the principal task of the emperor's eunuchs, and why did some men volunteer to become eunuchs? They served the emperor and worked within the inner palace and imperial administration. Some volunteered because palace service offered career opportunities, status, security, and possible influence.

[P24] How did the Chinese government recruit aspiring bureaucrats? Through the Confucian civil-service examination system.

[P25] What Chinese philosopher emphasized the importance of preserving primordial harmony? Zhu Xi, an important Neo-Confucian philosopher.

[P26] According to The Sixteen Maxims, how should people treat their families and their neighborhood? They should practice filial and brotherly respect, maintain harmony within the family, and live peacefully with neighbors to prevent quarrels.

[P27] How was the Qing Dynasty established? The Manchus from Manchuria took control of China as the Ming Dynasty collapsed, establishing the Qing Dynasty in 1644.

[P28] In his Valedictory Edict, what did Kangxi say was the fundamental way to rule the country? Reverence for Heaven and observance of ancestral precepts.

[P29] What happened to Japan between 1467 and 1568? Japan experienced the Age of Warring States, a period of intense regional warfare among rival daimyo.

[P30] How did Oda Nobunaga encourage commerce with foreign countries, and what was his attitude toward Jesuit missionaries? He encouraged foreign commerce and generally welcomed or tolerated Jesuit missionaries.

[P31] Why did Toyotomi Hideyoshi order missionaries to leave Japan? He feared their growing influence and the possibility of foreign political control or colonization.

[P32] What title did Tokugawa Ieyasu obtain from the emperor? Shogun.

[P33] Why did Tokugawa Iemitsu persecute Japanese Christians, and what did his Edict of 1635 say about Japan's relations with the outside world? He viewed Christianity and foreign influence as threats to political authority. The edict severely restricted foreign contact and Japanese overseas travel and targeted Christian missionaries.

[TA] What are the two "moral centers" compared in the TA review? The Mappa Mundi centers Jerusalem, while the Forbidden City's axis represents China and the emperor as the center of an ordered world.

[TA] Match the major religious traditions with the regions in the review. Ottoman = Sunni Islam; Safavid Persia = Shi'a Islam; Europe = Christianity; China = Confucian tradition; Mughal India = Muslim rulers with Hindu and Sikh subjects; Japan = strongly influenced by Buddhism.

[TA] How did Europe and China differ in their motivation for overseas expansion? Europe sought new sea routes, trade, and resources, while wealthy China carried out Zheng He's successful voyages but later became relatively more secluded.

[TA] What were the two turning-point battles or events highlighted by the TA? The Fall of Constantinople and the Battle of Lepanto.

[TA] What was the Battle of Lepanto? A major naval battle in which a Christian coalition defeated an Ottoman fleet, checking Ottoman naval power in the Mediterranean.

[TA] What were the three estates of European feudal society? Those who pray, those who fight, and those who work.

[TA] Who did the TA identify as a key Ottoman ruler? Suleiman the Great.

[TA] How could slavery function unusually within the Ottoman system? Service as a slave of the sultan could sometimes provide a path to higher social or political standing.

[TA] What other group besides the slave bureaucracy and Janissaries could advise the Ottoman ruler? Eunuchs.

[TA] What title was used for the ruler of Safavid Persia? Shah.

[TA] What religious difference separated the Ottoman and Safavid Empires? The Ottomans were Sunni Muslim, while the Safavids were Shi'a Muslim.

[TA] How did the TA describe the Mughal caste hierarchy? Brahmins were at the top and Dalits were at the bottom.

[TA] Who was Aurangzeb and what happened under his rule? He greatly expanded the Mughal Empire, but overexpansion and religious crackdowns, including against Sikh worshippers, contributed to unrest and loss of control.

[TA] How did the TA describe Ming China? A great, wealthy, centralized empire.

[TA] Who ordered Zheng He's treasure fleet voyages? The Yongle Emperor.

[TA] What was the political hierarchy in feudal Japan? Emperor → Shogun → Daimyo → Samurai.

[TA] What was the emperor's role compared with the shogun's role in Japan? The emperor was mainly the symbolic head, while the shogun was the practical ruler.

[TA] What was a daimyo? A regional ruler or lord in feudal Japan.

[TA] What was a samurai? A member of Japan's warrior aristocracy.

[TA] What is the easiest way to remember Japan's political progression? Warring States → Nobunaga welcomes foreigners → Hideyoshi fears missionaries → Ieyasu becomes Shogun → Iemitsu restricts Christianity and foreign contact.