Comprehensive Elementary English Language and Grammar Study Guide

Unit 1: Foundations of English Greetings, Vocabulary, and Syntax

Grammar: The Verb Be and Subject Pronouns

• $The verb be serves as both an auxiliary verb and a main verb in English. It is highly irregular and possesses eight distinct forms: be, am, is, are, was, were, being, and been.Present simple conjugations for be paired with subject pronouns and possessive adjectives follow specific structural patterns:$

  • First Person Singular:

  • Subject Pronoun: I

  • Verb Be: am / 'm

  • Possessive Adjective: my

  • Example: I am late.

  • Second Person Singular & Plural:

  • Subject Pronoun: You

  • Verb Be: are / 're

  • Possessive Adjective: your

  • Example: You are late.

  • Third Person Singular:

  • Subject Pronoun: He / She / It

  • Verb Be: is / 's

  • Possessive Adjective: his / her / its

  • Example: He is late. / She is late. / It is late.

  • First Person Plural:

  • Subject Pronoun: We

  • Verb Be: are / 're

  • Possessive Adjective: our

  • Example: We are late.

  • Third Person Plural:

  • Subject Pronoun: They

  • Verb Be: are / 're

  • Possessive Adjective: their

  • Example: They are late.

Vocabulary: Alphabets, Numbers, Countries, Nationalities, and Greetings

• Alphabet and Numerals:

• Countries and Nationalities:

  • Afghanistan $\rightarrow$ Afghan

  • Azerbaijan $\rightarrow$ Azerbaijani OR Azeri

  • Bangladesh $\rightarrow$ Bangladeshi

  • Belarus $\rightarrow$ Belarusian

  • Brazil $\rightarrow$ Brazilian

  • Cameroon $\rightarrow$ Cameroonian

  • Denmark $\rightarrow$ Danish

  • Egypt $\rightarrow$ Egyptian

  • Ethiopia $\rightarrow$ Ethiopian

  • Germany $\rightarrow$ German

  • Greece $\rightarrow$ Greek

  • Iceland $\rightarrow$ Icelandic

  • Iran $\rightarrow$ Iranian

  • Iraq $\rightarrow$ Iraqi

  • Italy $\rightarrow$ Italian

  • Kuwait $\rightarrow$ Kuwaiti

  • Malaysia $\rightarrow$ Malaysian

  • Mexico $\rightarrow$ Mexican

  • Oman $\rightarrow$ Omani

  • Poland $\rightarrow$ Polish

  • Portugal $\rightarrow$ Portuguese

  • Switzerland $\rightarrow$ Swiss

  • Turkey $\rightarrow$ Turkish

  • Uruguay $\rightarrow$ Uruguayan

  • Vietnam $\rightarrow$ Vietnamese

  • Zimbabwe $\rightarrow$ Zimbabwean

• Greeting Registers in English:

  • Formal Greetings:

  • Hello!

  • Good morning / Good afternoon / Good evening

  • How are you?

  • It's nice to meet you!

  • It's lovely to meet you!

  • It's a pleasure to meet you!

  • Pleased to meet you!

  • How have you been?

  • Informal Greetings:

  • Hey / Hey there / Hi

  • How are things!

  • How's it going!

  • What's up / What's new

  • It's good to see you!

  • Long time no see!

  • What's up / Sup

  • Yo / Yoyo

  • Howdy!

Real Life & Functional Expressions: Classroom and Virtual Language

• Physical Classroom Language:

  • I don't understand.

  • Can you repeat that, please?

  • I don't know.

  • May I go to the toilet, please?

  • Can you help me, please?

  • Can I come in?

  • What does … mean in Czech?

  • How do you say "Ahoj" in English?

  • What do we have to do now?

  • What page are we on?

  • I am ready. May I start it?

  • May I open / close the window?

  • I don't have a … Can I borrow one?

  • What is the homework?

  • Do we have to write this down?

  • Sorry for being late.

  • Can you speak louder, please?

• Virtual Classroom Terminology:

  • Audio / Mic: Your mic is on; Turn on your mic; I can't hear you; Your mic is off; Turn off your mic; Can you hear me?; Can you hear the audio?

  • Video / Camera: Your camera is on; Turn off your camera, please; I can't see you; Your camera is off; Can you see me?; Can you see the presentation?

  • Connection / Internet: Sorry, I got kicked out; Sorry, the wifi is down; The connection is slow; The connection is choppy; You're lagging; Restart the router; Connect to the other network.

  • Devices and Content: Click on (the file/link); Erase; Type; Sorry, my battery is dying; Sorry, my battery died; Zoom in / Zoom out; Scroll up / Scroll down; Highlight; Restart the computer; Open / Close; Go back; Did you receive the link?; I didn't receive the link; Did you send the link?; It's not loading; I'm waiting for it to load; Share my screen / Stop sharing my screen.

Reading Analysis: International Phone Calls from New York

• Profile Statements:

  • Nina: Student located in New York. Family lives in India. Nationality: Indian.

  • Anne-Marie: Student located in New York. Family lives in Canada. Nationality: Canadian. Canada represents the number $1$ country for international phone calls originating from New York.

  • Ramon: Doctor located in New York. Family lives in Mexico. Nationality: Mexican.

  • Nelson: Teacher located in New York. Family lives in Brazil. Nationality: Brazilian.

Writing Mechanics: Identity Cards and 10 Capitalization Rules

• Identity Card Key Data Fields: Name, National ID, Nationality, Address, Postal Code, Contact Number, University ID, Email.

• 10 Core Capitalization Rules in English Syntax:

  1. Capitalize the first word of every sentence and every new line (Example: I got up early. Then I went to school.).

  2. Capitalize the first word of quoted sentences (Example: He said to her, "You betray my trust!").

  3. Capitalize the names of people (Example: Mary, John, Sam, Susan).

  4. Capitalize words derived from proper nouns (Example: I am headed to the South this summer.).

  5. Capitalize the names of streets, cities, provinces, states, and countries (Example: Washington street, the United States).

  6. Capitalize specific places or locations (Example: I love studying English and history.).

  7. Capitalize the titles of books, movies, arts, articles, etc. (Example: One Hundred Years of Solitude, The Return of Superman).

  8. Capitalize the pronoun "I" (Example: My friend and I go to school together.).

  9. Capitalize an interjection or an exclamation (Example: Oh! Look! Surprise! Woah!).

  10. Capitalize the opening and closing of a letter (Example: Dear Mary,, Cheers, Sincerely).

Unit 2: Holidays, Personal Information, and Descriptive Grammar

Grammar: Plural Forms of Be, Articles, and Plural Nouns

• Plural Forms of Be:

  • Affirmative: We are (We're), They are (They're)

  • Negative: We are not (We aren't / We're not), They are not (They aren't / They're not)

  • Interrogative: Are we…?, Are they…?

  • Short Answers: Yes, we are. / No, we aren't. ; Yes, they are. / No, they aren't.

• Indefinite Articles:

  • Use a before consonant sounds: a beach, a mountain, a city.

  • Use an before vowel sounds: an island, an airport.

Vocabulary: Calendar, Numbers, Colors, and Vehicle Rental

• Days of the Week and Standard Abbreviations:

  • Sunday (Sun.)

  • Monday (Mon.)

  • Tuesday (Tues.)

  • Wednesday (Wed.)

  • Thursday (Thurs.)

  • Friday (Fri.)

  • Saturday (Sat.)

• Numbers 1 to 100 Grid:

• Expanded Color Terminology: Red, blue, pink, yellow, brown, purple, black, white, green, orange, gray, azure, light green, maroon, lime, wheat, golden, salmon, chocolate, bronze, dark blue, spring green, turquoise, aqua, crimson, silver, dark red, navy, orchid, teal.

• Car Hire Terminology:

  • a day off: A day where you don't have to go to work.

  • broken down: Stopped working.

  • cloudy: When there are many clouds in the sky.

  • identification: Something that proves you are who you say you are.

  • to rent a car: To take a car for a day or more and pay for the use of it.

  • driving license: A piece of identification for driving.

  • road test: A test for driving on the road.

  • sport car: A coupe car which can be driven at fast speeds.

• Essential Car Rental Dialogue Expressions:

  • "I want something larger." / "I'd like a roomier car."

  • "I want something smaller." / "I prefer something smaller." / "Do you rent out smaller cars?"

  • "Does the car have gas?" / "Is the gas tank full?" / "Is it filled up?" / "Does the car come with gas?" / "Is there a full tank?" / "How much gas is there?"

  • "Please give me some numbers to call in case of trouble." / "Whom should I call if there are any problems?"

  • "This is my driver's license." / "Here is my driving permit."

  • "May I drop the car off at my destination?" / "Can I return the car at the destination point?"

  • "Where can the car be returned?" / "Where should I drop it off?"

  • "I'd like to make a car insurance claim."

Real Life: Profiles and Personal Details

• Sample Personal Profiles:

  • Sarah Smith: Age: $21$; Birthday: $23^{\text{rd}}\text{ Sep}$; Favorite Food: salad and beans; Hobby: reading comics; Favorite Holiday Place: the beach.

  • Jerry Davis: Age: $48$; Birthday: $4^{\text{th}}\text{ Aug}$; Favorite Food: sausages and eggs; Hobby: dancing ballet; Favorite Holiday Place: the lake.

  • Stuart Johnson: Age: $13$; Birthday: $30^{\text{th}}\text{ Jan}$; Favorite Food: pizza; Hobby: skateboarding; Favorite Holiday Place: the mountains.

  • Linda Patrick: Age: $32$; Birthday: $12^{\text{th}}\text{ Oct}$; Favorite Food: cheese sandwiches; Hobby: playing tennis and skating; Favorite Holiday Place: the island.

  • Susan Collins: Age: $70$; Birthday: $25^{\text{th}}\text{ Mar}$; Favorite Food: broccoli; Hobby: playing chess; Favorite Holiday Place: the countryside.

  • Phil Sarandon: Age: $18$; Birthday: $22^{\text{nd}}\text{ Jul}$; Favorite Food: spaghetti; Hobby: painting; Favorite Holiday Place: a big city.

Reading Analysis: Holiday Blog and Global Geography Quiz

• Laura's Holiday Blog:

  • Date: Saturday $05\text{ Jan}$.

  • Passage: "In this photo, we are not in Tunisia. We're in Morocco. It isn't a beach. It's the Sahara Desert. Andy and Jessica are on camels. Brad isn't on a camel. He's in a tent. I'm not in this photo."

• A Holiday Quiz Facts:

  1. In London, buses are red.

  2. In Hawaii, beaches are black.

  3. Cuba is an island. In Cuba, cars are old.

  4. In Iceland, the lakes are hot.

  5. Lake Geneva is in two countries – Switzerland and France.

  6. The Blue Mountains are in Australia.

  7. Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Beijing are cities in China.

  8. Heathrow is an airport in London.

Unit 3: Family, Friends, Possessives, and Celebrations

Grammar: Possessive Adjectives, Possessive 's, and Irregular Plurals

• Possessive Adjectives vs. Subject Pronouns:

  • $I \rightarrow \text{My}$ (Example: I have a shirt. My shirt is green.)

  • $\text{You} \rightarrow \text{Your}$ (Example: You have a book. Your book is new.)

  • $\text{He} \rightarrow \text{His}$ (Example: He has a pillow. His pillow is soft.)

  • $\text{She} \rightarrow \text{Her}$ (Example: She has a dog. Her dog is small.)

  • $\text{It} \rightarrow \text{Its}$ (Example: It has a bone. Its bone is old.)

  • $\text{We} \rightarrow \text{Our}$ (Example: We have a bird. Our bird is noisy.)

  • $\text{They} \rightarrow \text{Their}$ (Example: They have a car. Their car is slow.)

• Critical Contraction vs. Possessive Distinctions:

  • YOUR (Possessive Adjective): You need to bring your dictionary.

  • YOU'RE (Contraction of You are): You're an excellent student.

  • ITS (Possessive Adjective): The dog played with its ball.

  • IT'S (Contraction of It is): It's very hot right now.

• Comprehensive Irregular Plural Nouns Reference List:

Vocabulary: Family Relationships, Months, and Special Occasions

• Family Kinship Terminology:

  • Great-grandfather, Great-grandmother, Grandfather, Grandmother, Great-uncle, Great-aunt, Father, Mother, Uncle, Aunt, Brother, Sister, Sister-in-law, Brother-in-law, Husband, Wife, Cousin, Cousin's wife, Cousin's husband, Nephew, Niece, Son, Daughter, Daughter-in-law, Son-in-law, First cousins once removed.

• Definitions of Special Occasions:

  • Birthday: The day that is exactly a year or number of years after a person was born.

  • Graduation Day: The day of graduating or receiving an academic degree upon completion of one's studies.

  • Engagement: A formal agreement to get married.

  • Wedding Day: The day of a marriage ceremony.

  • Wedding Anniversary: The date on which a couple was married in a previous year.

  • Retirement Day: The day of ending one's working or professional career.

• 10 Blessed Days and Events in the Islamic Calendar:

  1. Friday

  2. Ashura

  3. Rabi Ul Awwal

  4. $27^{\text{th}}$ of Rajab

  5. $15^{\text{th}}$ of Shaban

  6. Laylat-Ul-Qadr

  7. Eid-Ul-Fitr

  8. $1^{\text{st}}\text{ }10$ Days of Dhul-Hijjah

  9. The Day of 'Arafah

  10. Eid-Ul-Adha

Real Life: Giving and Receiving Presents

• Present Exchange Social Expressions:

  • Offering: "I got you something. I hope you like it." / "I have a gift for you." / "I'd like to give you this token of our appreciation."

  • Receiving: "Thank you so much!" / "That's so kind! You shouldn't have." / "Thank you. I'm so honored."

Reading & Writing: Important Days and English Contractions

• Important Days Worldwide:

  1. Chinese New Year: A major celebration held in January or February.

  2. Thanksgiving: An American family celebration held in November.

  3. London Marathon: A $42\,\text{km}$ race held in April for international adult runners.

  4. Oscars Night: A Hollywood film celebration in February honoring American and international films.

• Master Alphabetical List of Contractions:

  • aren't: are not | can't: cannot | couldn't: could not | didn't: did not | doesn't: does not | don't: do not | hadn't: had not | hasn't: has not | haven't: have not | he'd: he had / he would | he'll: he will / he shall | he's: he is / he has | I'd: I had / I would | I'll: I will / I shall | I'm: I am | I've: I have | isn't: is not | let's: let us | mightn't: might not | mustn't: must not | shan't: shall not | she'd: she had / she would | she'll: she will / she shall | she's: she is / she has | shouldn't: should not | that's: that is / that has | there's: there is / there has | they'd: they had / they would | they'll: they will / they shall | they're: they are | they've: they have | we'd: we had / we would | we're: we are | we've: we have | weren't: were not | what'll: what will / what shall | what're: what are | what's: what is / what has | what've: what have | where's: where is / where has | who'd: who had / who would | who'll: who will / who shall | who're: who are | who's: who is / who has | who've: who have | won't: will not | wouldn't: would not | you'd: you had / you would | you'll: you will / you shall | you're: you are | you've: you have

Unit 4: Cities, Urban Spaces, and Question Structures

Grammar: Prepositions of Place, Demonstratives, and Question Words

• Prepositions of Place: Behind, In front of, Next to, Between, Near, Above, Below, In, On.

• Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives:

  • Singular Close: This (Example: This is a red pen. / This pen is red.)

  • Plural Close: These (Example: These are blue pens. / These pens are blue.)

  • Singular Far: That (Example: That book is there.)

  • Plural Far: Those (Example: Those books are there.)

• Question Words Function and Examples:

  • WHO (Person): Who is the President of Brazil?

  • WHAT (Information / Object / Action): What does this sentence mean?

  • WHEN (Time): When is the next World Cup?

  • WHERE (Location): Where do you live?

  • WHY (Reason / Cause): Why did you leave?

  • WHICH (Choice): Which of these pens is the best?

  • WHOSE (Possession): Whose bag is this?

  • HOW (Process / Manner): How do you learn English?

  • WHAT TIME (Specific Time): What time did he call?

  • HOW OFTEN (Frequency): How often do you go?

  • HOW OLD (Age): How old is your sister?

Vocabulary: Town Places, Time Telling, and Snacks

• Places in Town: Airport, Bakery, Bank, Book Shop, Bus Stop, Candy Shop, Church, Clothing Store, Castle, Fire Station, Garage, Hospital, Library, Museum, Park, Pet Shop, Police Station, Post Office, Railway Station, Restaurant, School, Shopping Mall, Stadium, Underground Station / Subway Station, Supermarket, Zoo.

• Telling Time Mechanics:

  • Hour hand at $12$: o'clock

  • $5$ minutes past: five past

  • $10$ minutes past: ten past

  • $15$ minutes past: a quarter past

  • $20$ minutes past: twenty past

  • $25$ minutes past: twenty five past

  • $30$ minutes past: half past

  • $25$ minutes to: twenty five to

  • $20$ minutes to: twenty to

  • $15$ minutes to: a quarter to

  • $10$ minutes to: ten to

  • $5$ minutes to: five to

• Snack Food Vocabulary: Salty sticks, tortilla chips, yogurt, pretzels, apple chips, nuts, pudding, fresh fruit, energy bar, cheese, crackers, baby carrots, cupcake, ice cream, celery sticks, sandwich, smoothie, popcorn, peanuts, banana chips.

Real Life & Commercial Terms: Buying Snacks

• Retail and Commerce Vocabulary: Shopping, pay, receipt, coins, credit card, barcode, basket, brand, cashier, cash register, cheque, money, clerk, discount, customer, delivery, escalator, fitting rooms, gift, gift voucher, package, shipping, shelves, trolley.

Reading Analysis: Comparative Landmark Case Study

• The Skytree vs. Big Ben:

  • The Skytree: A tower in Tokyo, Japan near Asakusa Station. Open every day. Modern structure serving as a symbol of Tokyo.

  • Big Ben: A tower in London, UK next to the River Thames. Not open to tourists. Historic landmark serving as a symbol of London.

Writing Mechanics: SMS Abbreviations and Sentence Connectors

• SMS English Abbreviations:

  • &: and | 2: two / to | 2DAY: today | 2MORROW: tomorrow | B: be | B4: before | BF: boyfriend | BRO: brother | BT: but | C: see | D8: date | F8: fate | GF: girlfriend | L8: late | M8: mate | PLS: please | SIS: sister | U: you | UR: your | ASAP: as soon as possible | CUL: see you later | HAND: have a nice day | HRU: How are you | LOL: laughing out loud | LTNS: long time no see | MU: I miss you | IC: I see | RUOK: are you ok?

Unit 5: Personal Possessions, Technology, and Abilities

Grammar: Can / Can't, Have / Has, and Adjective Formations

• Modal Verb Can / Can't Structure:

  • Formula for Abilities: $\text{Subject} + \text{CAN} + \text{Verb Base}$

  • Formula for Questions: $\text{CAN} + \text{Subject} + \text{Verb Base}?$

  • Conjugation Table:

  • Affirmative: I can cook; You can dance; He can play; She can swim; It can run; We can sing; They can walk.

  • Negative: I cannot / can't cook; You cannot / can't dance; He cannot / can't play; She cannot / can't swim; It cannot / can't run; We cannot / can't sing; They cannot / can't walk.

  • Questions & Short Answers: Can I cook? $\rightarrow$ Yes, you can. / No, you can't.; Can you dance? $\rightarrow$ Yes, I can. / No, I can't.

• Have vs. Has Rules:

  • Use Have with I, we, you, they, and plural nouns (Example: I have a new bag. / They have an exam today.).

  • Use Has with he, she, it, and singular nouns (Example: He has a big house. / The giraffe has a long neck.).

• Adjective Placement:

  • After Verb Be: $\text{Subject} + \text{Verb Be} + \text{Adjective}$ (Example: The pencil is long. / The pencils are old.)

  • Before Noun: $\text{Adjective} + \text{Noun}$ (Example: best friend, active ingredient, balanced diet, bad mood).

Vocabulary: Technology, Gadgets, and Financial Prices

• Personal Gadgets and Devices: Activity Trackers, Blood Glucose Meter, 3D Glasses, Smart Glass, Wearable Headphone, Smart Sneakers, Running Watch, Digital Camera, Portable Games, Smartphone, MP3 Player, Smart Watch, Tablet Computer, Wearable Clothes, Healthcare Device, Oximeter, GPS Tracker, Smart Wristband, Holter, Smart Accessory Security.

• Menu Pricing Items:

  • Cheese burger: $\pounds 4.39$

  • Double cheese burger: $\pounds 4.99$

  • Chicken curry with rice: $\pounds 3.99$

  • Macaroni cheese: $\pounds 4.19$

  • Seafood salad: $\pounds 4.49$

  • Egg salad (vegetarian): $\pounds 3.99$

  • Fish and mushroom pie: $\pounds 4.69$

  • Mushroom pizza: $\pounds 4.60$

  • Four cheeses pizza: $\pounds 4.10$

  • Ice cream: $\pounds 1.99$

  • Apple juice / Orange juice: $\pounds 0.99$

Reading Analysis: Modern Innovations and Mobile Offices

• Robots and People: Nabeshima Akiko ($69$ years old) shops in a supermarket in Japan accompanied by a robot developed in Keihanna Science City near Kyoto. The robot can see, speak, and carry items such as her shopping basket, but it cannot run.

• Intelligent Travel Blog: A newspaper reporter describes her "mobile office" travel bag. Key items include a camera with a large memory capacity for hundreds of photos, an expensive laptop with long battery life for plane/train work, an old smartphone with a functional camera, and high-quality headphones for continuous music playback.

Unit 6: Preferences, Sports, and Ordering Expressions

Grammar: Expressing Likes, Object Pronouns, and Adjective Order

• Present Simple Affirmative, Negative, and Questions with Like:

  • First/Second/Plural: I / You / We / They like flowers. | I / You / We / They don't like secrets.

  • Third Person Singular: He / She / It likes snakes. | He / She / It doesn't like bones.

  • Interrogative Forms:

  • Do you like orange juice? $\rightarrow$ Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

  • Does she like chocolate? $\rightarrow$ Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.

• Subject Pronouns vs. Object Pronouns:

  • $\text{I} \rightarrow \text{me}$ (Example: Can you help me?)

  • $\text{You} \rightarrow \text{you}$ (Example: Can I help you?)

  • $\text{He} \rightarrow \text{him}$ (Example: I'm waiting for him.)

  • $\text{She} \rightarrow \text{her}$ (Example: I sent her some chocolate.)

  • $\text{It} \rightarrow \text{it}$ (Example: Can you help it?)

  • $\text{We} \rightarrow \text{us}$ (Example: Do you want to come with us?)

  • $\text{They} \rightarrow \text{them}$ (Example: Can you help them?)

• The Royal Order of Adjectives:

  1. General Opinion (e.g., nice, nasty, lovely, terrible)

  2. Specific Opinion (e.g., intelligent, tasty, comfortable)

  3. Size / Dimension (e.g., small, big)

  4. Shape (e.g., round)

  5. Age (e.g., young, old)

  6. Colour (e.g., black, red, yellow)

  7. Origin / Nationality (e.g., American)

  8. Material (e.g., wooden)

  • Example Sentences: "He was a nice intelligent young man." ; "She had a small round black wooden box." ; "A big black American car."

Vocabulary: Sports, Hobbies, Foods, and Opinion Adjectives

• Sports: Football, basketball, cycling, swimming, tennis, skiing, volleyball, weight lifting, car racing, climbing, diving, golf, hang gliding, karate, athletics, skateboarding, skating, snowboarding, surfing, table tennis, rowing, boxing, windsurfing, body building.

• Hobbies: Fishing, riding a horse, swimming, riding a bike, flying a kite, surfing the web, drawing, watching TV, going to the cinema, cooking, travelling, shopping, walking with a dog, playing phone games, reading, hanging out with friends, dancing, making videos, taking photos, singing, listening to music, playing the drums, playing the guitar, working out, doing gymnastics, playing football, skateboarding, skiing.

• Food Terminology: Bread, meat, egg, jam, milk, cheese, fish, honey, rice, cake, soup, biscuits, chips, chocolate, coke, bagel, cornflakes, croissant, fried chicken, fried potato, hamburger, hotdog, ice-cream, mince, olive oil, olives, omelette, pasta, pizza, sandwich, sausages, shrimp, tart, toast, yogurt.

• Opinion Adjectives Categorization:

  • General Opinion: Good, bad, lovely, strange, beautiful, nice, brilliant, excellent, awful, important, wonderful, nasty.

  • Food Opinion: Tasty, delicious.

  • Furniture / Buildings Opinion: Comfortable, uncomfortable.

  • People / Animals Opinion: Clever, intelligent, friendly.

Real Life: Formulating and Responding to Suggestions

• Making Suggestions:

  • "Let's revise our lessons."

  • "What about going to the cinema tonight?"

  • "How about playing cards?"

  • "Why don't we do our homework?"

  • "Couldn't we invite your grandmother to our party?"

  • "Shall we have a walk along the river?"

• Accepting Suggestions:

  • "Ok. Yes, let's."

  • "Yes, I'd like to." / "Yes, I'd love to."

  • "What a good idea!"

  • "Why not?"

  • "Yes, with pleasure."

  • "That sounds like a good idea."

• Refusing Suggestions:

  • "No, let's not."

  • "No, I'd rather not."

  • "I don't feel like it."

  • "What an awful/bad idea!"

Reading Analysis: Profiles in Athletics, Research, and Cuisine

• Laura Todbury's Triathlon: Laura competes in the triathlon, comprising a $1\,\text{km}$ swim, $40\,\text{km}$ cycle, and $10\,\text{km}$ run. She enjoys swimming and cycling but dislikes running. Her personal best is $3\text{ hours } 5\text{ minutes}$. The women's Olympic record stands at $1\text{ hour } 56\text{ minutes}$.

• Dr. Z Hogan Profile: Born in Arizona; lives in Reno, Nevada; works as a professor at the University of Nevada and TV presenter for Monster Fish on National Geographic Television. He studies large fish in habitats like the Okavango Delta in Botswana. He enjoys swimming, scuba diving, TV wildlife shows, and coffee.

• Street Food in the Philippines: Popular items include Lechon Manok (chicken eaten in Manila), champorado (breakfast rice dish prepared with chocolate, milk, and sugar), Turon (banana spring rolls sold near Quezon City schools), and arroz calda (rice soup eaten for lunch).

• Punctuation Rules:

Unit 7: Daily Routines, Prepositions of Time, and Weather

Grammar: Present Simple I/You/We/They and Prepositions of Time

• Present Simple Syntax (I/You/We/They):

  • Positive: I work in an office. / You have two children.

  • Negative: Use don't + verb base (We don't like egg sandwiches.).

  • Questions: Use do + subject + verb base (Do you have a car? $\rightarrow$ Yes, I do. / No, I don't.).

  • Wh- Questions: $\text{Question Word} + \text{do} + \text{subject} + \text{verb base}$ (Example: Where do you live? / What do you study?).

• Prepositions of Time Breakdown (AT, IN, ON):

  • AT:

  • Specific Times of Day: at 4 o'clock, at 10:30, at noon, at midnight.

  • Mealtimes: at lunchtime, at dinnertime.

  • Holidays without "day": at Christmas, at Easter, at the weekend.

  • Expressions: at present, at the moment, at night.

  • IN:

  • Months: in April, in December.

  • Seasons: in the summer, in the spring.

  • Years: in 1990 | Decades: in the 80s | Centuries: in the 20th century.

  • Long Periods: in the ice age, in the present, in the past.

  • Parts of the Day: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening (Exception: at night).

  • ON:

  • Days: on Tuesday, on my birthday, on Christmas day, on Halloween.

  • Dates: on 15th June, on 20th May, on our anniversary.

  • Specific Parts of a Day: on Monday morning, on Friday evening, on Saturday night.

  • CRITICAL EXCEPTION: Do NOT use prepositions at/in/on before last or next (Correct: Call me next weekend. / I met her last Friday.).

Vocabulary: Daily Routines, Weather, and Emotions

• Daily Routines: Go to bed, wake up, wash your face, eat breakfast, eat lunch, eat dinner, get dressed, exercise, play an instrument, brush your hair, dry your hair, brush your teeth, make dinner, study, go for a walk, take out the trash, shave, take a shower, take a bath, go to school, drive to work, go shopping, read the paper, clean the house, do your hair, put on makeup, do the dishes.

• Weather Categories:

  • Rain: Drizzle, showers, rain, downpour, flood.

  • Clouds: Cloudy, gloomy, foggy, overcast, clear.

  • Cold: Hail, sleet, snow, snowflake, blizzard.

  • Wind: Breeze, blustery, windy, gale, hurricane.

  • Temperature: Hot, warm, cool, cold, freezing.

  • Other: Forecast, drought, lightning, thunder, rainbow.

• Emotions: Happy, afraid, sad, hot, amused, bored, anxious, confident, cold, suspicious, surprised, loving, curious, envious, jealous, miserable, confused, stupid, angry, sick.

Reading Analysis: Shanghai Daily Routine and Canadian Seasons

• Chen Hong's Day in Shanghai: Chen Hong lives with her husband and his parents in Shanghai. Daily timeline:

  • $5:30\,\text{AM}$: Gets up and attends an exercise class.

  • Post-Class: Has breakfast (rice balls or pancakes) with friends.

  • $8:30\,\text{AM}$: Starts work.

  • Midday: Eats lunch; does not work in the afternoon.

  • Evening: Prepares dinner for the family.

  • $8:00\,\text{PM}$: Family eats dinner, followed by watching TV.

  • $10:30\,\text{PM}$: Goes to bed.

• A Year in British Columbia, Canada:

  • Summer: Hot and sunny weather; activities include beach trips, outdoor cooking, and visiting Vancouver Island to swim in lakes/rivers.

  • Autumn: Cloudy and rainy weather; school/university terms begin; leaves turn green to brown.

  • Winter: Cold, rainy, and snowy; people stay home to cook and read; popular sports destination is Whistler in the mountains for skiing and climbing.

  • Spring: Cloudy and rainy but mild; flowers open and trees turn green; outdoor cycling, running, and walking.

Unit 8: Employment, Education, and Simple Present Rules

Grammar: Present Simple Third Person Singular and Adverbs of Frequency

• Simple Present Tense Structural Rules:

  • Affirmative Form: $\text{Subject} + \text{Verb} + \text{Object}$ (Example: I live in London. / He lives in London. — Add -s or -es for third-person singular he/she/it).

  • Negative Form: $\text{Subject} + \text{Auxiliary (do/does)} + \text{NOT} + \text{Verb Base} + \text{Object}$ (Example: I do not / don't like sports. / He does not / doesn't live here.).

  • Interrogative Form: $\text{Auxiliary (Do/Does)} + \text{Subject} + \text{Verb Base} + \text{Object}?$ (Example: Do you like sports? / Does he live here?).

• Adverbs of Frequency Scale:

  • $100\%$: ALWAYS (He's always very punctual.)

  • $90\%$: USUALLY (We usually go to the restaurant on Sundays.)

  • $80\%$: GENERALLY (We generally go to the sea for our holidays.)

  • $70\%$: OFTEN (They often went caroling at Christmas.)

  • $50\%$: SOMETIMES (Sometimes, I just need someone to talk to.)

  • $30\%$: OCCASIONALLY (We occasionally meet for a drink after work.)

  • $15\%$: SELDOM (I have seldom seen such brutality.)

  • $5\%$: RARELY (She is old and rarely goes out.)

  • $0\%$: NEVER (If you don't aim high you will never hit high.)

Vocabulary: Professions and Educational Fields

• Jobs and Occupations: Mechanic, miner, model, musician, nurse, painter, photographer, pilot, plumber, policeman, policewoman, politician, postman, postwoman, priest, psychologist, receptionist, reporter, phone representative, sailor/seaman, sea fisherman, salesman, scientist, secretary, shop assistant, soldier, solicitor, stewards, taxi driver, teacher, vet, waiter, waitress, worker, writer.

• Educational Subjects: Art, Algebra, Biology, Business studies, Chemistry, Drama, English, Geography, German, History, I.T., Literature, Maths, Media studies, Physics, Religion, Science.

Real Life: Telephone Phrasal Verbs

• Telephone Phrasal Verb Definitions:

  • Cut off: To interrupt a telephone conversation.

  • Get through: To succeed in speaking to someone on the telephone.

  • Hang on / Hold on: To wait for a short time.

  • Hang up: To end a telephone conversation and put the phone down.

  • Call back: To telephone someone again or in return.

  • Pick up: To answer a telephone call.

  • Put through: To connect by telephone.

  • Speak up: To speak louder.

  • Break up: To become inaudible over the telephone.

Reading Analysis: Tiger Conservation Project

• Helping Big Cats Data:

  • Wild tiger global population dropped from $100,000$ in $1900$ down to $3,890$ in $2016$.

  • In Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Park in Thailand, the wild tiger population grew from $20$ in $1980$ to $90$ in 2015$.\n - Conservationist Saksit Simcharoen checks 180$camera traps across the park at night. Approximately$8 tigers carry tracking radio collars.\n\n\n\n## Writing Mechanics: Double Letters Spelling Rules\n\n- **Double Letter Categories in English Words:**\n - **Long Vowel:** Cook, Queen, Broom, Knee, Smooth, Week, Food, Wheel, School.\n - **Syllable:** Button, Dinner, Pillow, Summer, Yellow, Rubber, Scissors, Rattle, Puddle.\n - **Suffix:** Chopping, Bigger, Thinnest, Stopped, Begging, Sadder, Skipping, Begged, Runner.\n - **One Sound:** Stiff, Bell, Dress, Jazz, Staff, Tell, Kiss, Buzz, Doll.\n\n\n\n# Unit 9: Travel, Accommodation, and Polite Expressions\n\n## Grammar: There is / There are and Imperative Forms\n\n- **Existential There is / There are Syntax:**\n - Singular / Uncountable: *There is a bus from the airport.* / *There's a boat to Japan.*\n - Plural: *There are flights every day.* / *There are great cafés in every street.*\n - Negative: *There aren't many towns.* / *There isn't a problem.*\n- **Imperative Sentence Construction:**\n - Used for orders, instructions, requests, and warnings. Formed using the **verb base** without a subject.\n - Affirmative Examples: *Stop at the junction.* / *Drive slowly.* / *Push to open.* / *Take a left at the first stop light.*\n - Negative Examples: Use **don't / do not** + verb base (*Don't sit there.* / *Do not use drugs after vaccination.* / *Don't drive fast.*).\n\n\n\n## Vocabulary: Clothes, Hotel Amenities, and Accommodation\n\n- **Clothing Vocabulary:** Belt, blouse, boots, cap, coat, dress, gloves, hat, hoodie, jacket, jeans, overalls/dungarees, pajamas, pants/trousers, raincoat, scarf, shirt, shoes, shorts, skirt, socks, suit, sweater/jumper, sweatshirt, swimming trunks, swimsuit, tie, T-shirt, underpants, cagoule, anorak, slippers, trainers, track suit.\n\n\n\n- **Hotel and Room Terminology:** Single room, double room, suite, adjoining room, AC, heating, bathroom, internet access, wireless printing, fan, patio, smoke free, complimentary, bathtub, shower, towel, robes, toiletries, hairdryer, lamp, executive desk, kitchenette, coffee machine, room service, bellboy, safe, pull out sofa, armchair, linens, jacuzzi, bar, parking, swimming pool, spa, lobby, reception.\n\n\n\n## Real Life: Polite Requests, Acceptance, and Refusals\n\n- **Polite Requests Formulations:**\n - Using *Can*: "Can I have a copy of this letter?" / "Can I borrow your pen?"\n - Using *Could*: "Could you help me with this please?" / "Could I have some more tea please?"\n - Using *May* (Formal permission): "May I sit here?" / "May I use your phone?"\n - Using *Would*: "Would you translate this for me please?" / "Would you care to join us for lunch?"\n - Mind Expressions: "Do you mind if I open the window?" / "Would you mind closing the door?"\n- **Acceptance Phrases:** "Sure. Here you are.", "Yes, of course.", "Sure, please do.", "With pleasure.", "No, not at all.", "That's fine."\n- **Refusal Phrases:** "I'm afraid that's not possible.", "Sorry, I'm afraid I need it.", "I'm afraid I can't.", "I'd rather you didn't.", "No, that's the boss's space!"\n\n\n\n## Reading Analysis: Trans-Siberian Routes and Lisbon Advice\n\n- **Across Russia: Trans-Siberian Railway and Highway:**\n - Distance from Moscow to Vladivostok: 9,000\,\text{km}.\n - **By Train:** Non-stop journey lasts 7\,\text{days}$. City stops include Novosibirsk (opera house, art galleries) and Irkutsk or Ulan-Ude to visit Lake Baikal (a UNESCO World Heritage site,$636\,\text{km} long).\n - **By Road:** Trans-Siberian Highway via driving or hitch-hiking. Weekly boat connections operate from Vladivostok to Japan.\n- **Lisbon Travel Advice:** Travel via city trams; try local Portuguese cakes; attend traditional Fado music performances.\n\n\n\n## Writing Mechanics: Stating Reasons with Because\n\n- **Conjunction Rule:** The connector **because** introduces reason clauses, explaining the origin of an event, result, or situation.\n- *Example Sentences:*\n - "He had to continue his work immediately because it was too late."\n - "Her mother suddenly became very angry with her child because her child was very worried."\n - "I don't want you to talk to me again because you lied to me."\n\n\n\n# Unit 10: Historical Figures, Ordinal Dates, and Past Simple Be\n\n## Grammar: Past Simple of Be (Was / Were)\n\n- **Was / Were Structures:**\n - **Affirmative:**\n - *I / He / She / It was* (Example: *I was happy.* / *She was a nurse.*)\n - *We / You / They were* (Example: *We were early.* / *They were quiet.*)\n - **Negative:**\n - *I / He / She / It was not (wasn't)* (Example: *He wasn't thirsty.*)\n - *We / You / They were not (weren't)* (Example: *We weren't late.*)\n - **Questions & Short Answers:**\n - *Were they happy?* \rightarrow *Yes, they were. / No, they weren't.*\n - *Was she rich?* \rightarrow *Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't.*\n - **Wh- Questions:** \text{Wh- Word} + \text{was/were} + \text{Subject} + \text{Complement}? (Example: *Where were you yesterday?* / *Why was he angry?*)\n\n\n\n## Vocabulary: Ordinal Numbers, Dates, and Physical Descriptions\n\n- **Ordinal Numbers Rules & Formations:**\n - Add **th** to cardinal numbers, respecting spelling exceptions:\n - 1^{\text{st}}$: first |$2^{\text{nd}}$: second |$3^{\text{rd}}$: third |$4^{\text{th}}$: fourth |$5^{\text{th}}$: fifth |$8^{\text{th}}$: eighth |$9^{\text{th}}$: ninth |$12^{\text{th}}$: twelfth |$20^{\text{th}}$: twentieth |$21^{\text{st}}$: twenty-first |$22^{\text{nd}}$: twenty-second |$23^{\text{rd}}$: twenty-third |$30^{\text{th}}$: thirtieth |$31^{\text{st}}: thirty-first.\n - Uses: Dates (*29th*), Centuries (*16th century*), Sequence (*second place*), Building floors (*tenth floor*).\n\n\n\n- **Describing People Categories:**\n - **Height & Weight:** Tall, medium-height, short, fat, fit, thin, strongly-built, well-built, slim, petite, chubby, skinny, slender.\n - **Age & Skin:** Old, middle-aged, young, elderly, in late 40s, in early 30s, teenage, wrinkled face, freckles, pimples, scar, flawless skin, clean-shaven face/head.\n - **Hair:** Brown, dark, red, fair/blonde, spiky, curly, wavy, straight, long, short, bald, moustache, beard, sideburns, goatee, ponytail, fringe.\n - **Face & Eyes:** Round, long, oval face; brown, green, blue, small, big eyes.\n - **Posture & Style:** Arms folded, hands on hips, hands in pockets; formally-dressed, casually-dressed, neatly-dressed, scruffy, vintage.\n\n\n\n## Real Life: 10 Ways to Apologise\n\n- **Apology Expressions:**\n 1. I apologise.\n 2. I'm really sorry. / I'm very sorry.\n 3. Am I forgiven?\n 4. What can I say?\n 5. It's my fault.\n 6. My bad.\n\n## Reading Analysis: Exploration Firsts and Native American History\n\n- **Exploration Firsts:**\n - **Ferdinand Magellan:** Led the first round-the-world expedition (1519$–$1522).\n - **Roald Amundsen:** Led the first successful South Pole expedition (1911).\n - **Yuri Gagarin & Valentina Tereshkova:** First man and first woman in space (both from Russia).\n - **Junko Tabei:** First woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest (May 16, 1975).\n - **Ann Bancroft:** First woman at the North Pole (May 1, 1986).\n\n\n\n- **The First Americans History:**\n - Contains 35 countries and nationalities today.\n - Historical Civilizations: Incas in South America (famous for extensive coastal highway networks); Mayas in Central America (developed writing and base-5 mathematics where a dot = 1$and a bar =$5); Aztecs in Mexico (capital Tenochtitlan located at modern Mexico City; contributed words *chocolate* and *tomato*).\n - Historical Rulers: Tupac Amaru (Inca), Moctezuma (Aztec).\n - **Geronimo:** Apache war hero born June 16, 1829$, who fought during the conflict between the USA and Native Americans; died in$1909.\n\n\n\n## Writing Mechanics: Formal Email Greetings and Complaining Expressions\n\n- **Formal Greeting Phrases:** "Allow me to introduce myself", "Good morning", "Hope this email finds you well", "I'm reaching out about...", "Thanks for the quick response".\n- **Complaining Email Expressions:** "I am writing to complain about...", "I am writing to express my disappointment", "I regret to say that...", "I am writing to express my dissatisfaction".\n\n\n\n# Unit 11: True Stories, Irregular Past Tense, and Life Events\n\n## Grammar: Past Simple Negatives, Questions, and Phonetics\n\n- **Past Simple Negative Syntax:**\n - Formula: \text{Subject} + \text{didn't} + \text{Verb Base} (Example: *We didn't need a dictionary.* / *Jack didn't want to go.* / *You didn't go to the concert.*).\n - Note: Irregular past tense verbs return to their **base infinitive form** in negative sentences.\n\n\n\n- **Past Simple Wh- Questions Formula:**\n - \text{Wh- Word} + \text{did} + \text{Subject} + \text{Verb Base}? (Example: *Where did you go?* / *What did he see?* / *Why did she call?*).\n- **Pronunciation Rules for Regular Past Tense -ed Endings:**\n - **/t/ Sound:** After voiceless endings (/k/, /s/, /p/, /f/, /θ/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/): *cooked*, *walked*, *talked*, *typed*, *danced*, *watched*, *looked*, *kissed*, *helped*.\n - **/d/ Sound:** After voiced endings (/v/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, /b/, /g/, /z/, vowels): *lived*, *climbed*, *phoned*, *arrived*, *opened*, *enjoyed*, *played*, *cleaned*, *loved*.\n - **/ɪd/ Sound:** After /t/ or /d/ endings: *waited*, *wanted*, *shouted*, *visited*, *started*, *decided*, *needed*, *ended*, *invited*.\n\n\n\n## Vocabulary: Life Events, Time Expressions, and Collocations with Get\n\n- **Life Events Timeline:** Be born, birthdays, grow up, go to school, study, be successful, make friends, learn to drive, graduate, have fun, fall in love, get married, find a job, get pregnant, have a family, work hard, earn money, save money, buy a house, win a prize, get ill, retire, travel, get old, die, make a will.\n\n\n\n- **Collocations and Phrasal Verbs with GET:**\n - *get back to normal*: Return to the way things used to be.\n - *get on one's nerves*: Annoy someone.\n - *get the point*: Understand something.\n - *get a grip*: Control your emotions.\n - *get back to somebody*: Respond or let somebody know.\n - *get some details straight*: Understand something properly.\n - *get out of something*: Avoid doing something.\n - *get into something*: Become interested in something.\n - *get after*: Pursue.\n - *get up*: Stand up.\n - *get in / get off*: Enter / leave a vehicle.\n - *get together*: Meet socially.\n\n\n\n- **Categorized Time Expressions:**\n - **Past:** Yesterday, last week, last month, last year, a little while ago, an hour ago, this morning, in the past, a long time ago, recently, in 1991, the day before yesterday, when I was born, when I was young, one week ago.\n - **Present:** Today, this week, this month, this year, at the moment, now, at this time, nowadays, these days, right now, as we speak.\n - **Future:** Tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, in an hour, soon, in the near future, later this evening, in the future, way off in the future, the day after tomorrow, eventually.\n\n\n\n## Reading Analysis: Ötzi the Iceman and Madagascar Expedition\n\n- **'Ötzi' the Iceman:** Discovered in September 1991 by two German tourists hiking in the Austrian Alps. The ancient frozen corpse was found with a knife, arrows, and an arrow bag. Transported to the University of Innsbruck; currently exhibited at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy.\n- **A Problem in Madagascar:** Written by Neil Shea detailing an expedition in Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park. About 90\%$of Madagascar's animal and plant species are endemic. *Tsingy* translates to "you can't walk here" in Malagasy due to extremely sharp rock formations. Shea fell, severed his leg, and required$2\,\text{days}$to reach hospital care. The park houses$23$specific plant species ($18 endemic) and white lemurs with red eyes.\n\n\n\n# Unit 12: The Weekend, Present Continuous, and House Parts\n\n## Grammar: Present Continuous Tense and Future Arrangements\n\n- **Present Continuous Syntax:**\n - Affirmative: \text{Subject} + \text{am/is/are} + \text{Verb(-ing)} + \text{Object} (Example: *You are dancing on the stage.*)\n - Negative: \text{Subject} + \text{am/is/are} + \text{not} + \text{Verb(-ing)} + \text{Object} (Example: *You are not dancing on the stage.*)\n - Interrogative: \text{am/is/are} + \text{Subject} + \text{Verb(-ing)} + \text{Object}? (Example: *Are you dancing on the stage?*)\n\n\n\n- **Present Continuous for Future Arrangements:**\n - Used to express fixed plans in the future, typically accompanied by a time expression.\n - Example: *"When are you going to the hospital?"* \rightarrow *"I'm going to the hospital tomorrow."*\n\n\n\n## Vocabulary: Parts of the House and Weekend Activities\n\n- **Rooms and Sections of a House:** Attic, Bedroom, Living Room, Dining Room, Kitchen, Bathroom, Laundry, Basement.\n\n\n\n- **Weekend Activities Classification:**\n - **At Home (H):** Cook a meal for family/friends, get up late, play video games.\n - **Outside the Home (O):** Go out for a meal, go shopping, go to the cinema, go to a concert, meet friends, play football, visit family.\n\n## Real Life: Offers and Invitations\n\n- **Formal vs. Informal Invitation Registers:**\n - **Formal Situations:**\n - Invitation: "Would you like to...", "We'd very much like you to...", "Would you care to..."\n - Accepting: "That's very kind of you", "With the greatest pleasure", "Thank you very much for inviting me."\n - Refusing: "I'm very sorry, I don't think I can.", "I'm afraid I've already promised...", "Unfortunately I can't..."\n - **Informal Situations:**\n - Invitation: "Why don't you come to...", "How about tomorrow morning?", "Let's meet at... o'clock."\n - Accepting: "That would be nice.", "All right then.", "I'll be there."\n - Refusing: "Sorry, I can't.", "I'd love to, but...", "Sorry, I don't think I can make it."\n\n\n\n## Reading Analysis: Community House Building in Kansas\n\n- **A Different Kind of Weekend:** Joel Connor works a standard 9-to-5 Monday-to-Friday office job in Kansas. On weekends, he volunteers as a "weekend builder" in Greensburg, Kansas, helping construct new homes after a tornado destroyed the town a year prior. The project aims to build 30$$ new tornado-resistant homes, including one for Jill and Scott Eller.