Argentina

Peronist Argentina

  1. Jaun Peron’s Rise to Power

    1. The infamous decade (1930-43) 2. Roman Castio is the last of the Concordancia 3. The workers revolt and push Castio out of office

        1. Called the Shirtless ones 4. United Officers group

        1. Begin to rise up because of corruption and oppression 5. June 1943, GOU enacts coup

        1. Establish a Junta, military coalition 2. Edelmiro Farrell becomes president 3. Sec. of labor is Peron

           1. Started as Sec. of war then became Sec. of labor and VP 6. Appeals to the people

        1. pensions and benefits for retired 7. San Jaun earthquake of 1944

        1. Raises funds for relief 2. Meets Eva Duarte 8. 1945, Government turns on him and he is arrested

        1. Secretly marries Eva in Dec. 1945 9. Ambassador Braden tried to undermine Peron

        1. Peron tries to break cycle of dependence thus Brandon’s actions

  1. Elected in 1946 and holds office for 9 years
    1. Peronism

    1. Party started as Jusicialist party (1946-55)

        1. “The middle way” 2. The three flags

        1. Political sovereignty 2. Autarky 3. Social justice 3. 1930s he travels to Europe

        1. Impressed by fascist regimes 4. Very nationalistic

        1. Censorship 2. Oppression 5. Didn’t try to intimidate the population

        1. Gained support from Unions 6. 1940, New constitution is passed

        1. Elected national assembly, but lacked power to make decisions 7. 16 year term

        1. Runs again in 1952 8. Authoritarian control within constitutional power 9. Military purge, loyalty is rewarded with promotions

        1. Police also

  1. Loyal Bureaucracy
  2. Gains support of Catholic church

        1. Supported because Peron recognized its power and gave it control of education and morals

  1. State run Syndicates

   

  1. Representatives for all jobs/ sectors of economy

       1. Meat packers and telephone workers push back

  1. Peron does deliver on promises to syndicates

       1. Higher wages 2. Better working conditions 3. More rights 4. Facilitated negotiations

  1. Achieving Autarky

   

  1. Five year plan 1 (1947-52)

       1. Institute for trade promotion (IAPI)

          1. Direct investment 2. Raising workers wages 3. ISI and larger government contracts 4. Nationalization of foreign own industry for pay

          1. British railroads payed for 2. US telephone networks bought 3. French dockyards also purchased 4. Central bank 5. Debt repayment and “declaration of economic independence”

          1. $1 billion debt

  1. 1948 economic decline

       1. Internal demand growing to fast and domestic product of too low quality 2. 1950, peso losses 70% of its value

  1. Second 5 year plan (1952-55)

       1. Foreign investment in heavy industry

          1. Oil, Standard oil of california (Chevron) 2. Cars: Fiat, Kaiser and Daimler 3. Aerospace, purchasing of airlines 4. Railroads, 100 million loan taken to update and expand/connect

  1. Effects of isolationism

       1. Wanted economic independence

          1. Comes back to bite them in the but 2. Policy not possible in cold war environment 3. Marshall plan (giving money out), rejected by Peron 4. Peron refused to sign GATT (General agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

  1. Evita’s role

   

  1. Never forgot her roots in the people
  2. Had a audience with the pope
  3. Creates the Eva Peron foundation to support the needy (1948)

       1. Employed 14,000 at its height

  1. Provided scholarships, built schools, orphanages, and hospitals
  2. Women's suffrage in 1947, promoted Peron’s reelection in 1952
  3. Peron wanted her to be his VP

       1. Turned him down as she knew she was dying 2. Died in 1952 due to cancer

Populism to Authoritarian

  1. 2nd 5 year plan cost Peron support of Military

   

  1. Canceled a air force project
    1. 1954, loses church’s support

   

  1. Legalizes divorce and prostitution
    1. Starts to lose industry support

   

  1. National liberation alliance
  2. Uses control of media to silence opposition
    1. June 1955, Military Coup d’etat

   

  1. Peron having rally in the plaza at the time
  2. Militaries bombing kills 350 people
  3. Peron calls for a 5:1 destruction ratio, 2 months of violence
    1. Sept. 1955, Peron goes into exile in Italy

   

  1. Hero status in argentina to this day

Successes and Failures

  1. S: Modernization of economy, Automobile Industry, Airlines, and diplomatic independence
  2. F; Relies on oppression, state intervention in economy, Military society, denys economic aid
  3. The dirty war (1976-83)

   

  1. Peron returns in 73
  2. Elected president, his wife Isabella becomes VP
  3. Isabella takes over after Peron’s death in office
  4. 1976, coup d’etat
  5. Lt. general Videla, Galtieri, and Viola take over
  6. Violent oppression
  7. Operation condor, us backed elimination of left wing opposition
  8. 1977, mothers of disappeared meet weekly in Plaza De Mayo

       1. Mothers of the disappeared

  1. Falklands war would be the downfall of the Junta

Nicaragua

  1. Background

   

  1. Part of central american union

       1. Mostito coast not apart of 2. 1823-1841 3. Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa rica, Panama, Some of Nicaragua.

  1. Isthmian canal

       1. Talks begin in 1825 2. 1849, treaty is negotiated for canal 3. Cornelias Vanderbilt is the main negotiator, ATC 4. 12 year contract 5. At odds with british who feel their authority is threatened 6. Would sway global power balance

  1. Clayton-Bular treaty of 1850

       1. UK and US 2. If canals are built they are neutral

  1. Grenda-leon civil war of 1854-1856

       1. Fruto Chamorro elected in 1856 2. Francisco Castellion hires Walker to help steal election

  1. William Walker

       1. Vanderbilt funds walker at first in hopes of stability 2. ATC employees give Walker the idea of seizing power 3. President from 1856 to ‘57

          1. Had US support until pressure from Vanderbilt forced them to stop 4. Vanderbilt funds Continental American Coalition against walker 5. Walker is executed in Honduras in 1860 6. Construction stalls in 1861 due to civil war

  1. Zelaya takes over

       1. Zelaya looks to Germany and Japan to fund the continued construction of the canal 2. Forced to due to Big Stick Diplomacy

  1. Zelaya

       1. 1909, 2 americans are executed 2. Knox condemns the action 3. Zelaya resigns under pressure in 1910 4. Diaz replaces him

  1. Diaz

       1. Conservatives 2. Called for US intervention

          1. Protecting his regime 2. Protectorate from 1912 - 1933 3. 1914, Us and Chamorro sign treaty giving exclusive rights over the canal

             1. Bryan-Chamorro treaty 3. Emiliano Chamorro

          1. Guy behind the scenes of the government from 1910 - 1926 2. Bryan-Chamorro treaty 3. Post ww1, increasing isolationist ideas 4. Liberals, led by Augosto Cesar Sandino begin a revolution

             1. Marines are sent back in to regain stability, 1927 5. Cooldige was president at the time 6. Marines pulled out again in 1933 due to good neighbor policy 4. August Cesar Sandino

          1. Maintained resistance till 1933 2. 1932, Sacasa is elected president and calls for US troops to withdraw 3. Marines leave a trained national guard to take their place

Lead by Garccia

Sacasa and Somoza engage in talks

Sandino is killed during talks

  • The Somoza Dynasty

  

  1. Anastasio (1936-56)

Assassinated in 1956

  • Lius “elected” in 1963

Dies of heart attack

Rena Schick takes over till 1967

  • Anastasio (1967-79)

Worst of the three

  • Birth of a revolution

  

  1. Sandinista national liberation front formed in 1961

Prolonged popular war (rural marxist)

Proletarias (City Marxist)

Terceristas (not marxist, conservatives)

Lead by Pastora

Bay of pigs united the revolutionaries

Moderate success till 1971, earthquake ruins capital

Anastasio takes relief funds to build more mansions

  • End of a Revolution

  

  1. Carter is elected and puts pressure on Somoza

Begins to withdraw support

  • Los Doce turns on Somoza dynasty
    • 1979, ABC correspondent Bill Stewart is executed in the streets by national guard
    • Catholic church withdraws support
    • Anastasio flees to Miami and is refused asylum, goes to Paraguay where he is killed in 1980
    • 1962, 2nd vatican council (1962-65)

Historically aligned to wealthy elite

Role of the church

  • Bishops conference Medellin, Columbia 1968

Latin America, Decentralize the church, Social Activism, and social justice

Liberation theory

  • Ernesto Cardenal

National figure

Promoted Christian based communities

Serves as minister of culture from 1979-1988

Pope John Paul II banned him from church for putting politics before god

  • Rule of Sandinistas

  

  1. Junta of National Reconstruction (1979-1985)

Sergio Ramirez

Moises Hassan

Daniel Ortega

Alfonso Robelo

Violeta Barrios De Chamorro

Aims to be non-aligned

$82 million offered by US

Robelo and Chamorro step down realizing they held no power

Contra Rebels begin to move

Supported by the Regan administration

  • Early Success

Land acquisition

Somozas owned >20% of Nicaragua

Social Policies

Increased literacy

Support from Castro and other latin countries

  • Failure

Lack of representation

Economic failure

  • Ortega (1984-1990)

Regan Embargo of 1981

33,000% inflation

Fighting Contra rebels take up 50% of national budget

1984, Boland amendment is passed

US no longer allowed to support Contra Rebels

Feared another Vietnam

  • Iran-Contra affair (1985)

Us sells weapons to Israel

Funneled to Iran to fuel Iran-Iraq war

Israel liked the war, meant they were safe

Weapon sales from Israel puts pressure on Hasbula

Oliver North is coordinator of affair

Violeta Chamorro becomes first elected female pres. in Americas

  • Nicaragua vs. US 1984

International criminal court

US found guilty

Connally Amendment

Rejected ruling

If it happens within US jurisdiction it has no power, jurisdiction of USA is decided by USA