unit 6 Consequences of Industrialization
Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization
Imperialism
New wave of colonization
Asia
Pacific
Africa
Includes more nation
USA
Japan
Definition and importance
The control of a people by another through political, economic, or cultural
New Imperialism
Various changes
More capitalist
Connected to industrialism
New nations are involved
Germany
Italy
Russia
USA
Caribbean
Pacific
Japan
New methods
Controlling the economy
Motives and methods
Political motives
Rivalries between nations
Nationalism
Military strategies
Naval
Religious
Missionary drive
Bring civilized behavior to uncivilized regions
Any area outside of Europe
Similar to Japan and USA
Racism
View of racial superiority
Social Darwinism
Might make right
Naturally superior
One race is superior to others
Japan and USA have similar ideas
Duty of Europe and USA to bring civilization to the world
White Man Burden
Economic motives
Industrialization
Want more natural resources
Palm oil
Ivory
Cotton
Two developments
Attempts to open China
Large mining centers
Tools of Imperialism
Industrial advancements
Technology advantage
Naval power
Steamships
New canals
Suez Canal
Telegraph cables
Allow instant communication
Railroad
Easier transportation
Vaccines for disease
New and deadlier firearms
Machine gun
Types of State Expansion
Direct conquering
Strengthen control over colonies
Economic imperialism
Control the economy
EX: China
Expansion
Examples of Imperialism
Africa
Scramble for Africa
Many European countries go into Africa to horde resources
Features
Europeans take over nearly the entire continent
Ethiopia and
Used “diplomacy” and warfare
Diplomacy
Berlin Conference(1884-1885)
Established rules for conquest
Cant reserve land
Examples of Imperialism
Congo free state/Belgian Congo
Background
A personal colony of the Belgian king
Leopold II
Belgium would civilize the interior of Africa
Leopold II wanted resources
Sent out people to sign “treaties”
Influence by nationalist ideas
Rule
Near impossible quotes to meet
Would murder entire villages if they resisted
Missionaries and Journalist would expose the Belgian Congo
Belgian Government would take over the colony in response to King Leopold’s management of the colony
Germany
Nationlistist
Wanted to prove they were a great power
Had a naval interest
Wanted resources
Genocide in Southwest Africa
⅔ of Herero people murdered
Marched people into the desert to die of starvation or dehydration
Concentration camps are very similar to those seen in the Holocaust
Italy
Wanted to show they belonged
Wanted resources
Eritrea gained in the 1880s
Attempted to take over Ethiopia in 1896
Defeated at Battle of Adowa(Mar. 1896)
France
Colonised West Africa and Madagascar
French West Africa
Madagascar
Algeria
Did not want to give up Algeria even after WW2
Nationalistic
Wanted resources
Britain
Wanted resources and nationalism
Egypt
A British colony in all but name
Suez Canal
Sent troops and advisers
Used them to control the government
Natives don’t see any rewards
South Africa
Long take over
Wanted gold and Ag. goods
Takeover
Dutch originally controlled the area
British gained control in 1815
British changed ag. by outlawing slavery
Great Trek
Afrikaner/Boers
Expansion
Conquered Xhosa
Failed resistance
Conquered Zulu empire
Shaka Zulu (1787-1828)
Anglo-Zulu War (1879)
Conquered Dutch in the Boer War (1899-1901)
Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)
Wanted to make a railroad from Cairo to Capetown
Results
Union of South Africa (1910)
Racist policies
Natives Land Act (1913)
Segregation
Asia
British in India (Strengthenen control over existing colony)
Go from company rule to direct rule
British takeover
Mughal Empire weakened
Mughals over expanded
Emperor Aurangzeb imposed taxes on non-Muslims
Also lost areas to Maratha Empire
Defeat of the French
7 Year’s War
As a result of victory they completely remove France from India
Company control
British made treaties with various regions
Trade rights and control given to British East India Company (BEIC)
BEIC would control India on the behalf of the government
Began to take territories such as the Martha Confederacy
Company rule (1757-1858)
Model Colony
All the benefits go to Britian
Raw materials
Cotton
Favorable trade policies
Forced to buy British goods
Industry
British increased amount of railways
All profit went to the British
Other industries increase
Textile
Iron
Ship building
Build military
Includes Indian troops
Sepoys
Sepoy mutiny/resistance (1857-1858)
Causes
BEIC took over Awadh kingdom in 1856
Indians upset over taxation problems
Direct spark and rebellion
Rumors spread that they were greasing cartridges with cow and pig fat
Hindu and Buddist beliefs honored the animals
In response the Indians rebelled
The rebellion were put down easily
Results
British decided on direct colonial rule
British Raj (1858-1947)
Governance style
Imperial government in London
Government in India
Provinces and territories
Reforms
Western style
Education
Court system
Built more railways
Increased nationalism
Two major groups formed
Indian National Congress
All Indian Muslim League
Wanted seperate Muslim nantion, Pakistan
Other British colonies in Asia and OCeania
Singapore
Australia
New Zealand
France in Asia
French Indochina
Current day Veitnam, Cambodia, and Laos
Takeover in 1860s
France and Britain make a buffer state between them
Modern day Thialand
Russia
Central Aisa
Dutch in Indonesia (non-state to state control)
Used the cultivation system
Requiered to give 20% crops to the Dutch
Responses to Imperialism in Asia
China fails
Qing China
Century of Crisis (1800-1911) and economic Imperialism
Problems facing the Qing/Manchu
Rebellions
White Lotus Rebellion (1794-1804)
Argued that they would bring the 2nd coming of the Budda
European encroachment
Trying to resist Europeans
Internal problems
Massive increase in population
Wars
Famines
Opium Wars and spheres of influence
Background
European countries were spending a lot of silver to buy goods
Wanted to open up trade
Macartney Mission
Britian used opium as a trade good to open up trade
First Opium War (Sep 4, 1839 – Aug 29, 1842)
Qing banned opium in 1839 and resisted
Lin Zexu (1785-1850)
Britsih win easily
Results
Treaty of Nanjing (1842)
Opens up more ports for trade
British get favorable tariffs
British citizens get immunity from local chinese law
Britain gets the same trade rights as every other country
Get paid 21 million
Get Hong Kong
Second Opium War
Try to resist to treaty but fails
Led to economic colonization of small pockets of Qing territory
Sphere of influence established
Japan
Russia
Germany
Britain
France
Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
20-30 million dead (conservative)
Causes
Massive unrest
Opium Wars
Natural disasters
High taxes
Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864)
Started the movement
Claim he the younger brother of Jesus
Rebellion
Occupied portions of southeastern China from (1851-1864)
Nanjing was captured
Qing crushed it with European help in 1864
Results
Massive population lost
Spent a lot of money
Had to rely on European help
End of the empire
Reform attempt
Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895)
Began to industrialized
Mordernize military
Adopt western ideas
European sphere of influence
Britain
France
Germany
Russia
Japan
Japan
Defeated Chinese in First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
China forced to concede various items to Japan
Resistance to Imperialism
Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)
Society of the Righteous and harmonious fists
Was going to force all external powers out of China
Hope to gain support from the Qing
Attack European property
Russia, Germany, Austria, Britain, USA, Japan, France all sent troops to put down the rebellion
Qing Dynasty was forced to by 61 billion dollars to Japan and European powers
Sun Yat-Sen (1866-1925)
Proposed two step revolution
Overthrow the Qing
Get rid of outside influence
Japan succeeds
Modernization (1868-1914)
Move towards modernization
Early intrusion
European powers and USA tried to open up trade
Admiral Perry’s Arrival (1853)
Tried to negotiate with Japan to open up trade
Sent warning shots to convince Japan to open up trade
Unequal treaties
Treaty of Kamagawa (1854)
Opened trade near Edo
Other treaties established
More ports opened up
Low tariffs
Extraterritoriality
Changes
Loyalist became more pragmatic
Argued that old ways needed to be forgotten to maintain independence
Two families emerged
Choshu
Satsuma
Allied together in 1866
Argued to reestablish to emperor and abolish the shogun
Wanted to modernize Japan
Meiji Regestoration (1868)
Ends the Tokugawa Shogunate
Makes the emperor as the sole leader
Civil war ocurred between the forces of the Emperor and samurai who wanted to keep the old ways.
Transformation/Modernization of Japan
Westernization
Sent advisers to study what western countries were doing and bring them to Japan
Adopt western
Gov
Military
Industrialization
Ideas
Some old ways are maintained
De-feudalization
Destroy all feudal elements in Japan
Divides Japan into prefectures
Take the rights of samurai
New Constitution (1889)
Two house parliament
House of Peers
House of representatives
Executive Branch
The Emperor
Economic change
Massive growth in Ag
Increase population
Invest in railways
Helps with industrialization
Modern military
Cultural change
Education
Forced people to go to school
90% of school age kids went to school
Western culture and dress in encouraged
Gender relations
Some increased rights and opportunities
Not many prelivages
Similar gender roles to those in western countries
Japanese Imperialism
End of unequal treaties
Began to change legal code
Control over tariffs in 1911
War and expansion
Korea was a major focus of Japan
Two wars
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
Gain influence over Korea
Gain Taiwan
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
Two fleets russian fleets were destroyed
Baltic fleet
-Soured relations with Britain due to them firing on British fisherman
Pacific fleet
Japan wins and Russia get embarrassed
Other Examples of Imperialism
US expansion and Imperialism
Manifest Destiny
Idea that the US had the God-given right to expand from sea to sea
It was their duty to bring their ideas to the locations they expanded to
Expansion west
Oregon territory (1846)
Oregon Trail
Texas (annexed 1845)
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
US got half of Mexican territory
Most of the Southwest states
Conflict with Native Americans
Policies towards Native Americans
Trail of Tears
Concentration and relocation
Wars and Massacres
Major wars occurred between (1868-1890)
Sioux War (1876-1877)
Led by Sitting Bull
Multiple massacres
Sand Creek (1864)
California (1840s-1870s)
Wounded knee (1890)
Latin America
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Spanish-American War (1898)
US recieved Puerto Rico; influence over Cuba
US influence increased under Theodore Roosevelt
Pacific and Asia
Hawaii
Queen Lilioukalani tried to maintain independence
American Samoa
Philippines
Anti-Imperialism League
Mark Twain
Argued against US imperialism
Russian Imperialism
Trans-Siberian Railroad
Central Asia
Great game
Tension over Afganistan, Persia, and Tibet between Russia and Britain
A treaty in 1907 calmed the tension between
Global economic development and economic Imperialism
Export based economies developed around the world
Cash crops
Coffee
Sugar
Beef
Other Materials
Rubber
Cotton
Tea
Diamonds
Guano
Huge fertilizer out of Peru
Economic Imperialism
Opium Wars
Latin America
Banana Republic
United Fruit Company
Buenos Aires
Trade patterns
Palm oil
Africa and Southeast Asia
Useful for greasing machines and soaps
Responses to Imperialism
Modernization efforts
Ottoman Empire
Tanzimat Reforms (1839)
Social, economic, and political reforms
Industrial refroms
Westernize military
More rights for non-muslims
Reactions to reforms
Young Ottomans
Wanted political reforms
Democracy
Constitution
Wanted to maintain Islam
Young Turks
Wanted a constituion
A secular state
Nationalist
The views caused issues in Middle East
Not enough to prevent collapse of the empire
New nations
Zulu Empire
Cherokee Nation
Tried to maintain their independence and land
Westernized
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Meant to be peaceful
The indians would willing follow
Andrew Jackson violated the act
The Supreme Court sided with the Indians
Jackson ignored the Supreme Court
Led the Trail of Tears
Direct resistance
Asante Empire
Yaa Asantewaa War (1900)
Led by Yaa Asantewaa (1840-1921)
The British eventually won
Yaa Asantewaa would maintain resistance movements
Religious influenced rebellions
Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement
They believed that if they sacrificed their cattle their ancestors would guide them to victory against the British
They would still end up losing
The Ghost Dance Movement
Native Americans would dance to bring forth their ancestors back to resist the American expansion
Migrations
Causes
Push vs Pull factors
Things that either push people out or pull people in
Push
War
Famine
Overpopulation
Pull
Stability
Job opportunities
Population growth
Reasons
Changes in food production
Improved medical conditions
2 billion people by 1927
Transportation change
Improvement with transportation
Ships
Car
Trains
Easier to cross the oceans
Easier to move across the continents
Need for cheap labor
As slavery was abolished indentured servants were need
The indentured servants were transported across the world
Examples of migrants
Free will
People who wanted to leave to go somewhere else voluntarily
Have highly specialized knowledge
Examples
British engineers in South Africa
Coerced and semi-coerced labor
People who were forced to migrate
Examples
Slavery (coerced)
The forced migration of peoples
Indentured servitude (semi-coerced)
Indian indentured servants
South Africa
Caribbean
Convict labor (semi-coerced)
People who were punished to work as punishment
Example of prison colonies
Australia
Temporary and seasonal migrants
People who would go somewhere for a specific reason then once it was complete/over they would head back to their home country
Examples
Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific
Italians in Argentina
Paid labor
People who left to find work
Examples
Chinese labor
Helped expand the railways in the US
Paid much less compared to other workers
Famine and push factors
Irish Potato Famine
A virus infected the potatoes making them uneatable
Ireland was hit particularly hard due to it being their main crop
This caused mass migration and death
Impacts
Gender
Immigrants were usually men
Led to new roles for women
Took on roles that had previously been occupied by men
Managing finances
Typical “men” jobs
Ethnic enclaves
Groups of people of similar nationality/ethnic group who would help each other live in the new country
Examples
Indian immigrants and enclaves
Italians in Argentina
Chinese immigrants
Various towns in key cities
China Town
Little Italy
Immigration and population increase
General discrimination
False accusations applied to immigrants
Examples
White Australia Policy (1901)
Only white Europeans were allowed to immigrate to Australia
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Meant to exclude Chinese immigrants from jobs