First Semester History Exam

Renaissance- 1300s-1500s

Terms

Renaissance - rebirth of ancient greek and roman ideals where ideas and goods spread throughout Europe, art flourished during this period, starting in northern Italy and spreading to all  of europe. (1300-1600)

Crusades - 1095 pope urban II called to take back the holy lands

Silks and Spices - exotic indulgences from the holy lands/crusades that were in high demand in europe

Merchants - set up trade routes to meet the demand for silks and spices

Patrons - people who financially support artists 

Black Death - A bubonic plague epidemic started by rats that killed between ⅓ and ½ of the population causing it to drop to 75 million (1346-1353)

Plague symptoms - tiredness, swelling lymph nodes, disrupted blood cells, and death

Feudal System - the system giving land to nobles (lord gave land and protection and they gave them work in return)

“Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow you may die.” - a quote from the black death period convincing people to spend money on things they would otherwise have because they may die the next day.

Hundred Years War - edward III and philip VI fight for the throne and it advances military and classes by weakening the nobles

Longbow and cannon - cheap weapons developed in 100 years war that gave power to the peasant (longbow) and the kings (cannons)

Great Schism - Division of the church two popes (italian and french) weakened the catholic church

• Resulted in people questioning the catholic church and take credit for their work

Venice, Milan, Florence, Genoa - Italian major port city-states

Middle ages - controlled by church, use secondary sources(church-approved), everything in Latin (services and writing), viewed humans as insignificant and sinful, all topics of writing and painting were religious

Humanism - Emphasizes improvement and human potential to be good

Renaissance Man - Athletic, Educated, Artistic, Use skills for city state/kingdom

Renaissance Woman - Graceful, Educated, “Inspire” Art instead of creating it, Use skills to support husband/family

New art forms - (check people tab to see the artists for each)

• Linear perspective - lines converge at a vanishing point

• Light and shadow 

• Atmospheric perspective - blurrier in the distance

• Anamorphic art - stretched out images

• Historic figures

• All new techniques created by italian artists to make art more realistic

The Courtier -A book created to explain the qualifications of a member of the courier (a companion of the royal family), mainly talks about social status, sports, and physical appearance.

The Prince - a book written by Machiavelli, explains how to be a good prince, “it is better to be feared than loved, and “the ends justify the means” meaning that if you did something bad but it was for a good purpose then it is okay.

Christian Humanism - A philosophy with a belief in a better life for yourself while still maintaining Christian Principles aimed to reform the Catholic Church so they would stop unjust actions

Printing Press - A new technological advancement that lets people make writing copies without going through the church (secular ideas), makes book copies cheaper and more accessible, spreads knowledge

People

Renaissance Questions

1.  How can history be categorized and then analyzed? Describe the 6 themes of history.

Political and Military, social and economic, cultural and intellectual.

Politics - relations between different countries and leaders and the policies and government used within a region. 

Military - how a country uses force to imply power.

Social - how people and countries interact with each other.

Economic - money and how this affects trade and    production/consumption of wealth

Cultural - a group's traditions, ethnicity, and language.

Intellectual - reasoning or understand of abstract or academic matters

Reformation - 1517- 1648

Terms

Great Schism - The church lost credibility due to Clement and Urban both saying they were the voice of god

Black Death- Cardinals flee during the Black Death and the church’s promise to bring an end to the plague is proven invalid 

Renaissance - Christian Humanism + Printing Press

Illiteracy- the inability to read or write, less people are illiterate due to printing press

Tithes- 10% income tax from the church

Indulgences - A free pass to heaven given by the Church for helping with either money, crusades, etc. Often sold by the church to gather funds to send to Rome.

95 Theses - 95 reasons why Luther hated the Catholic church, written in 1517 in whitten–burg

German Princes - Big supporters of Martin Luther who sheltered him after being excommunicated.

Diet of Worms - trial in worms germany for the excommunication of luther

Edict of Worms - The verdict: Luther is found as a heretic and is banished from the HRE

Peasants’ Revolt of 1524- Luther only believes everyone is equal in the church and peasants who revolted were put to the sword and 100,000 were killed

Institutes of the Christian Religion - book by calvin

Anabaptist- adult baptism, communal living, no leader or area, others killed them, mainly lower class

Book of Common Prayer- Anglican so that all services were planned out and the same in every church, no more inconsistencies

Spiritual Exercises- book by ignatius of loyola that strengthens religious values for Jesuits

Jesuits - A group centered around Ignatius’ “Spiritual Exercises”. They would reform the catholic church by reconverting protestants, converting non-christians, and forming schools that the poor could attend

Council of Trent - Council of Roman Catholic Church to address the protestant religions.

• Catholic Church’s words were final 

• Christans needed faith and good works for salvation

• Bible and Church equally powerful in individual christian life(guidance)

• Indulgences are a valid form of good works, but selling them was banned

Seminary schools - Schools for Priests so they would be educated properly and there would be less consistencies

Index of Forbidden Texts- Books that are banned by the Church, usually ones that promoted protestant beliefs are opposed the authority of the church; type of censorship 

People

Review Questions

1. Describe the problems and criticisms that were facing the Catholic Church prior to the Reformation.

Great schism/black death, corruption - nepotism and having children, selling indulgences, bible is in latin and only priests knew latin, services in latin, inconsistencies - illiterate priests

2. How did the Renaissance help cause the Reformation?

• Took some of the control for the church

3. Why would the German Princes back Luther and his ideas?

• Princes get power and land

•  people want to change the church

• german nationalism

4. What were Wycliffe and Huss’s ideas and why did they fail to start the reformation?

• John Wycliffe believed all christians should be able to read the bible and church should not own wealth

• Jan Huss preached in the vernacular, eucharist for all

• Both were burned at the stake because they were afraid of them becoming martyrs and their ideas were forgotten

5. How did Tetzel spark the Reformation?

• John Tetezel sold indulgences and goes around europe collecting this money to fundraise for the church

• “When the coin in the coffin rings, the soul from purgatory springs”

• Injustice infuriates luther, he believes you shouldn’t be scamming people and giving an unfair advantage to those with money over people who cant afford

6. Describe the 95 Theses and Luther’s three main ideas.

• 1517

• Salvation by faith alone-cant buy your way in, you need to earn it

• The bible is the only authority-best source of information, most important part of the church

• Priest hood of all believers-everyone in the church is equal

1. How did the Church initially respond to Luther?

• 1520 pope leo x threatens to excommunicate Luther and everyone who follows him

• Charles v promises if hes holy roman emperor he will give everyone a fair trial before excommunicating them

2. Why did multiple Protestant religions begin?  How were they different from each other?

• They begin because princes get power and land and people want to change the unfair church

• They had different ideas for salvation, the bible, leadership, and interpretation of beliefs

3. How did the Jesuits aid in the Catholic Reformation?

• Jesuits influenced more people to convert

4. How did the actions of Pope Paul III and Pope Paul IV strengthen the Catholic Church?

• Pope paul III used the Jesuits as an army to influence people to convert

  • Used inquisition as power over people who were suspected to not be catholic

• Pope paul IV destroyed evidence of reformation like paintings and books and used ghettos to separate jewish and made them wear badges

5. How did the Council of Trent respond to the Protestant Reformation?

• Christians interpretation was final could not substitute his or her own belief

• Bible and christian tradition were equally powerful authorities for christian life

6. Describe the overall impact that the Reformation had on Europe.

• New christian religions

• Focus on education for lower classes

• Catholic church is unified

• Monarchs gain power

• Small gains for women - equal powers in family as men

• Religious war until 1648

Exploration (1400’s - 1600’s)

Key Terms:

Phonecians - 230 B.C. possibly found the Caribbean and sailed to the Southern tip of Africa

Polynesians - Island hopped and eventually made it across the Pacific ocean to South America

Gold, God and Glory - the three motivations for exploration:

1. Gold - gold, silks and spices, new trade, claim land and natural resources (like tobacco and cotton so they can steal it)

2. God - spread christianity

3. Glory - famous–kings give explorers noble titles

New Technologies:

Compass 

Astrolabe (sextant)- finds latitude and longitude based on the sun and 

horizon 

Log system - shows distance traveled

Keel - keeps boat from tipping over

Rudder - steers boat

Lateen sail - triangle sail so they can sail against the wind and tack

Caravel - new kind of boat that has more cargo area, longer, and can 

sail in shallow waters

Gold Coast - Modern day Ivory Coast. Eponymous name- contributes 10% of world’s gold and where was most voyages stopped at (found in 1470)

Treaty of Tordesillas/Line of Demarcation - created by Alexander VI making an invisible line dividing which parts of the New World Spain and Portugal could conquer.

Encomienda System - Land owners can force Native Americans to work (plantations, mines, etc). Many die from malaria, so they are replaced with African slaves.

Caste System:

1. Peninsulare - white and born in Europe, governors officers in army

2. Creoles -  both parents are white, born in South America, former land owner

3. Mestizos - white and Native American parents /Mulattos - white and African parents

4. Native Americans and African Slaves

African London Company - The plan to colonize Jamestown, Virginia. First permanent American settlement

Pilgrims - Plymouth Bay in modern day Massachusetts

New Amsterdam - Modern Day New York city 

Columbian Exchange - Items, beliefs, and things that were exchanged across the Atlantic from old world to new world and vice versa (Ex. Disease, Livestock, Turkey, Corn, Tobacco, christianity)

Trade Triangle 

• Hosted the Atlantic Slave Trade 

  • Native Slaves died and were replaced by the cheap labor alternative of Africans

  • African countries/ kingdoms sold slaves for guns and other resources

• Europe to Africa: - Guns and manufactured products
  Africa to Americas- Slaves 

• Americas to Europe, - Raw resources

Mercantilism -  economic policy of the 1500-1700s where more wealth equals greater power

• Countries must export more than they import

• Colonies help with this because they a market for goods and provide cheap raw materials 

People

Norse/Vikings 900’s to 1000’s

Chinese 1405

Portugal 1419 - 1500

Spain 1492 - 1540

France 1524 - 1683

England 1497 - 1620

Absolutism 1610 -1789

Terms

Absolutism - ruler has total power over all aspects of life in their territory

Divine Right - monarchs justification to rule, saying that it is a God-Given right

King’s Fifth - 20% tax

Battle of Lepanto - 1517 Spanish navy defeated Muslim navy and gain control over Mediterranean sea using crescent formation

Spanish Inquisition - torture to gain power over people accused of heresy

Sea Dogs - english sailers

Spanish Armada - 130 battle ships traveling from spain to england, only 65 survived

Thirty Year’s War - (1618-1648) last religious war in europe, protestant vs catholic

Treaty of Westphalia - france gains power, austria and spain are weekend, 10 million are killed from disease and starvation

• France gets alsace

• Princes get independence from holy roman empire

• Calvinism is accepted and ok

• Netherlands is recognized as independent

Valois - dynasty that took the french throne at one point

Guise - french noble family, involved in the french wars of religion

Bourbon - Dynasty that ruled france in the 16th century - henry navarre

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre - wedding between  catherine de medicis daughter and huguenot prince which resulted in a 6 week slaughter of huguenots in paris

War of Three Henrys - war between henry duke of guise, henry III, and henry duke of navarre/bourbon family-henry navarre won becoming henry III

• Henry III was trying to maintain his throne

• Henry of navarre was a huguenot leader and heir to the french throne who was trying to secure his position and promote protestant interests

• Henry I duke of guise wanted to take henry of navarre from the line of heirs and strengthen catholic dominance

  • First henry I duke of guise was assassinated next henry III leaving henry of navarre as the last one standing

Edict of Nantes - huguenots live in peace and have house of woship in same cities

Huguenots -  name for 16th century protestants in france

Habsburgs - royal catholic german family

Thirty Years War - last religious war in france between catholic and protestant

Versailles - palace created by Louis XIV

Intendants - a public official from france

Petition of Rights - charles I signed to get funds from parliament and didn't follow

English Civil War - catholic cavaliers (charles) vs protestant roundheads (scotland+parliament)

Parliament - government in england 

Puritans - english protestants who thought the church wasn't protestant enough

Glorious Revolution - mary and jame took over the throne uniting scotland ireland and england

English Bill of Rights - established parliament freedom of speech and wtv

Key Questions

1.  Why was Spain considered a powerful nation?

• They were worldwide, with control over spain as well as the new world, netherlands, brazil, africa, and more

• By 1600 they had gold 339,000 pounds from the new world and 1650 pounds of silver

• Biggest and best equipped 50,000 man army

2. Why was Spain’s economy so poor?

• Too much gold and silver caused inflation

• There was no middle class since all the jewish and muslim were killed-had previously been manufacturing goods and accounting but they were now gone

• Nobles refused to work so peasants with no education had to step up

• Loss of bullion (gold/silver) to trade because too much was spent on military, luxury goods, wool, and grain

• Theft by others-english sea dog weren't sending the gold to spain

3. Why did the Spanish Armada fail?

• Burned barrels, gun power gets damp so no defense, bugs and rodents in food, low supplies

• gun/ship design - english ships were lower to the ground and longer (more aerodynamic) with more cannons that had long ranger

• Weather- strong winds took 12 days to travel only 150 miles

• Fire Ships - they sailed along ireland and got attacked by english troops

4. Describe the four phases of the Thirty Years War

• Bohemia (1618-1624) 

  • peace of augsburg where princes in holy roman empire were to choose lutheran or catholic

  •  they were previously calvin but ferdinand forces them to be catholic

  •  defenstration of prague catholic win

• Danish (1625-1630)

  • Christian IV tried to fight wants to expand denmark but fails
    
    Catholic wins

  • Swedish (1630-1635) gustopush adolphus good leader but dies

  • French (1635-1648) richelieu keeps fighting to keep out of france and finally protestant win

  1. How did the Treaty of Westphalia change Europe?

  • Spain and austria weakened

  • 10 million german killed from dieasev and starvation

  • France most powerful country

  2. Why did Catherine instigate the St. Bartholomew Day’s Massacre?

  • Protestant leader Gaspard de Coligny was becoming an important figure to her song and King Charles IX, and so she wanted to stop him by killing Gaspard

  3. How did Henry IV win the War of Three Henry’s?

  • Henry Duke of Guise and Henry III were both killed off leaving Henry Navarre to be the last one standing

  4. Describe the Edict of Nantes, why did Henry IV pass this?

  • Religious compromise that allowed huguenots to live in peace and have houses of worship in the same cities. He did this to unite France by reducing religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots)

  5. Why was Richelieu running France?

  • Richelieu was a regent for Louis XIII, which means he stepped up and took power for the throne until Louis XIII was of age to rule the country.

  6. Who did Richelieu see as the biggest threats to the monarch?  How did he address those threats?

  • He saw the biggest threats as the nobility and the Huguenots (protestant). He thought the nobility’s power was challenging the authority of the king and that the Huguenots were a political and military threat because of their fortified towns and independant military forces. He addressed these threats by going to war with the huguenots, defeating them and taking away their army. He took away the Nobles

    How did Colbert help Louis with the economy?

  • Mercantilism-builds up colonies fur trade with canada, builds up military navy and merchant navy

  2. How did Versailles help Louis control the nobles?

  • He invited 5,000 nobles to live with him, some who originally disliked him, so he could have power and control over them.

  3. What were the main problems facing the Stuart Kings?  How did they lose absolute power?

  •  They all had religious, financial, social, and political values and ideas that clashed with the parliament. They lost absolute power when the parliament shut down their ideas.

  4. Why did Charles I agree to the Petition of Rights?

  • Charles I agreed to the petition of right so he could get funds from the parliament for his government and military

  5. How did Charles I end up at war with Scotland?

  • Charles I enforced the Anglican book of common prayer on the scottish which led to the scottish revolt

    Why was Charles I executed?

  • Charles I didn’t follow the parliament of rights which caused discontent among the people. During the civil war the parliamentarians captured him and was executed in 1649

  2. Why did the English not like James II

  • James II was Catholic which worried people because Catholic kings always tried to force their religion on people. He would appoint his unqualified Catholic friends to power and implemented quartering soldiers. He then had a son and people were upset that he was going to have a male heir similar to him

  3. Why was the Glorious Revolution so “glorious”?

     Mary and William took James II throne and agreed to share power with the parliament and implement the bill of rights and constitutional monarchy

  1. Describe the Bill of Rights.

  • No suspending of the parliament laws

  • No levying of taxes without a specific grant from the parliament

  • No interfering with freedom of speech in parliament

  • No penalying a citizen who petitions the king about grievances

    People:

    Hapsburg

    Guise - Main Catholic family

    Valois - Royal family of France

    Bourbon - Main Huguenot/Protestant family

    Name	What they did	Images
    Philip II🇪🇸	Son of Charles V, member of the habsburg dynasty, king of Spain, New World, and Netherlands
    El Greco🇪🇸🎨	A Greek painter for Spain that used distorted figures and bright clashing colors, usually connected to Catholic Faith
    Velasquez🇪🇸🎨	Very-realistic paintings and that supported Spanish absolutism through strong depictions of Spanish rulers in portraits
    Cervantes🇪🇸📚	Spanish writer best known for Don Quixote, a book mocking chivalry
    Henry II🇫🇷	1559 Henry Valois King of France, dies in joist, married to Catherine De Medici
    Catherine de Medici🇫🇷	Italian wife of Henry II, queen of France – mother of Francis, Charles IX, and Henry III (regent for Francis and Charles IX)
    Henry IV🇫🇷	First Bourbon King. Henry of Navarre, wins the War of Three Henrys. Converted from Protestant to Catholic (politique) but created Edict of Nantes to give Huguenots rights
    Louis XIII🇫🇷	Second Bourbon King and son of Henry IV, young and weak king who Richelieu stepped up for
    Cardinal Richeleu🇫🇷👑	Politique regent who stepped up for Louis XIII and did a good job Three problems: - Huguenots: Can no longer fortify their cities  - Nobles: Takes away rights like dueling and their castles - Hapsburgs: 30 years war
    Mazarin🇫🇷👑	Regent for Louis XIV. Taught by Richelui but too authoritative and oppressive and causes nobles to rebel in The Fronde
    Louis XIV🇫🇷	Strong and good king who rules for 70 years and consolidates power (absolute monarch) –the sun king
    Jean-Baptist Colbert💰	A French politician who served as the minister of  finance under King Louis XIV. Known for his role in increasing the wealth and power of France and reducing debt through mercantilism (Invested in French colonies and two Navies)
    Elizabeth I🇫🇷	Wife of Philip IV, queen of France
    Charles I🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿	Overpowering English king that was executed by Cromwell and started civil war by forcing the book of common prayer across Britain
    Oliver Cromwell	Leader of the New Model Army and executes Charles I during the civil war in England
    James II	Catholic English Stuart king who put his unqualified friends in power, quarters soldiers, and divided the parliament into Tories and Whigs because of religion
    William and Mary	Daughter of James II, protestants from the netherlands who takes of James II throne

    French Revolution Review

    Terms and People

    First, Second, and Third Estate-the different classes in france based on families and profession rather than wealth

    Clergy - the high ranking members of the church (cardinals bishops etc) –first estate

    Sans-Culottes - the urban poor/common people of the 3rd estate

    Bourgeoisie - the wealthy middle class in the 3rd estate

    Inflation - prices rising due to growing demand and low supply of goods-like bread

    American Revolution and Seven Years War - French provided support for the American revolution and a conflict between france and great britain over north american land leaving france having government debt

    Tithes - taxes to the church

    Enlightenment - scientific method focused on data, proof, logic, and reason

    Locke - father of liberalism who introduced modern ideas of philosophy, democracy, and natural rights - life liberty and property

    Montesquieu - developed modern democratic government systems like separation of powers and checks and balances

    Voltaire - modern values on civil liberties and relationship between government and religion

    Rousseau - direct democracy, consent of the governed

    Hobbes - social contract

    Louis XVI (16th)- indecisive king, does not tax first and second estate when the country was in debt and tries to escape france in flight to vennes angering the people influencing the revolution and later leading him to be executed 

    Marie Antionette - wife of louis XVI, known to be spoiled and insensitive “let them eat cake” condescending to the poor who cant even afford normal food but she was trying to be considerate

    Estates-General - Like the French Parliament, made of 3 houses (one for each estate) 1st: 300 reps 2nd: 300 reps 3rd: 600 reps

    Vote by Order- Each estate only gets one vote, not by each individual rep