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WEEK 11 FLASHCARDS: Sexuality, Gender, and Sleep Disorders
Sexuality & Gender in the DSM
Q1: How has the DSM’s view on sexuality and gender changed over time?
A: Homosexuality was removed from the DSM in 1973. The DSM-5-TR now includes Gender Dysphoria (distress from gender mismatch) and Transvestic Disorder (if cross-dressing causes distress or impairment).
Q2: What is Gender Dysphoria?
A: Distress caused by a mismatch between an individual's experienced gender and assigned sex at birth
Q3: What are the diagnostic criteria for Gender Dysphoria in children?
A: 6+ symptoms for 6+ months (e.g., desire to be another gender, preference for cross-gender roles/toys, dislike of anatomy)
Q4: What are the diagnostic criteria for Gender Dysphoria in adolescents/adults?
A: 2+ symptoms for 6+ months (e.g., desire to be treated as another gender, distress over sex characteristics)
Q5: What are treatment recommendations for Gender Dysphoria?
A: Affirm identity, support exploration, provide hormone therapy and/or surgical options as appropriate
Q6: What are common comorbidities with Gender Dysphoria?
A: Anxiety, depression, ODD, and autism spectrum traits
Q7: Example of Gender Dysphoria?
A: A teen assigned female at birth experiences distress over their chest and strongly desires to be referred to with male pronouns
Sexual Dysfunctions
Q8: What is a sexual dysfunction?
A: A disturbance in sexual desire or the psychophysiological changes associated with the sexual response cycle that causes distress or impairment
Q9: What makes a sexual issue a diagnosable disorder?
A: Must last 6+ months and cause significant distress
Q10: What are examples of sexual dysfunctions?
A:
Desire: Male Hypoactive Desire, Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
Arousal: Erectile Disorder
Orgasm: Premature Ejaculation, Delayed Ejaculation, Female Orgasmic Disorder
Pain: Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
Q11: Is asexuality a disorder?
A: No, not unless it causes distress
Paraphilic Disorders
Q12: What defines a paraphilic disorder?
A: Atypical sexual interests that involve distress, impairment, or harm to others
Q13: What are examples of paraphilic disorders?
A: Voyeuristic, Exhibitionistic, Frotteuristic, Pedophilic, Sexual Sadism, Sexual Masochism, Fetishistic, Transvestic Disorder
Q14: When does a paraphilia become a disorder?
A: When it causes distress/impairment or involves non-consenting individuals
Q15: How are kinks different from paraphilic disorders?
A: Kinks are consensual and non-distressing; they don’t qualify as disorders
Sleep & Mental Health
Q16: How is sleep related to mental health?
A: Poor sleep can be both a symptom and a cause of mental health issues like anxiety and depression
Q17: What is sleep hygiene?
A: Healthy sleep habits like consistent schedule, no screens before bed, and managing light/noise
Insomnia & Hypersomnolence
Q18: What is Insomnia Disorder?
A: Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or waking too early at least 3x/week for 3+ months
Q19: What is Hypersomnolence Disorder?
A: Excessive daytime sleepiness despite 7+ hours of sleep; occurs at least 3x/week for 3+ months
Q20: What are some causes of insomnia?
A: Stress, mental illness, environment (light/noise), social media, medications
Q21: What’s an example of Hypersomnolence Disorder?
A: A person who sleeps 9+ hours nightly but still takes multiple naps and feels unrefreshed during the day
Parasomnias
Q22: What are NREM Sleep Arousal Disorders?
A: Sleepwalking and sleep terrors that occur during NREM sleep; individual has no dream recall
Q23: How is Nightmare Disorder different?
A: Nightmares occur during REM sleep, are vividly remembered, and cause waking distress
Q24: When do parasomnias typically occur?
A: Often during childhood; adult episodes may be more severe or dangerous
Sleep Treatments
Q25: What are medical treatments for sleep disorders?
A: Benzodiazepines, melatonin, stimulants (for hypersomnolence/narcolepsy), antidepressants (for REM suppression)
Q26: What are environmental and behavioral treatments?
A: Adjusting light, temperature, reducing noise, improving sleep hygiene
Q27: What are psychological treatments for sleep issues?
A: CBT for insomnia, mindfulness, progressive muscle relaxation, managing beliefs about sleep