Year 8 HPE Anatomy Notes

Key Body Systems

The functioning human body includes the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, nervous, and respiratory systems.

Anatomical Position & Terminology

• Anatomical Position: Standing upright, face and palms forward.
• Positional Terminology: Describes positions relative to the body (superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, distal/proximal).

Skeletal System

• Functions: Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and muscle attachment.
• Ossification: Cartilage turning into bone, continuing until your 20s, adults end up with 206 bones!
• Types of Bones: Long, short, irregular, flat, and sesamoid.

Joints

• Function: Holds bones together, providing mobility.
• Functional Classification:
  • Immovable (synarthrosis)
  • Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)
  • Freely movable (diarthrosis)
• Structural Classification
  • Fibrous (mostly immovable)
  • Cartilaginous (some movement)
  • Synovial (full movement).

Synovial Joints

• Components: Cartilage, synovial membrane, ligaments, tendons, bursas, synovial fluid, and meniscus.
• Types: Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball and socket.
• Movements: Gliding, angular (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction), and rotation.

Muscular System

• Muscle Types: Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal.
• Muscle Contractions:
  • Concentric (shortening)
  • Eccentric (lengthening)
  • Isometric (no change in length).

Connective Tissue

• Tendons: Connect muscle to bone.
• Ligaments: Connect bone to bone.

Muscle Terminology for Movement

• Agonist: Prime mover.
• Antagonist: Opposes the agonist.
• Synergist: Stabilizes joints, assists movement.
• Fixator: Stabilizes the origin of the agonist.