[Spring Special] FULL AP Human Geography Vocabulary Review

1.1: Thinking Geographically

Distortion

caused by trying to represent a three-dimensional object (the earth) on a two-dimensional surface (flat map)

Cartography

the science or practice of drawing maps.

Meridian 

(Longitude)

a circle of constant longitude passing through a given place on the earth's surface and the terrestrial poles. (Lines of Longitude)

Parallel

(Latitude)

a circle of constant longitude passing through a given place on the earth's surface and the terrestrial poles. (Lines of Latitude)

Map Scale

the relationship of a feature's length on a map to its actual distance on Earth

Mercator Projection

Preserves accurate compass direction and distorts the area of land masses relative to each other

Robinson Projection

Does not maintain accurate area,shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each.

Peters Projection

Is an equal-area projection purposefully centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally

Polar Projection

All points on the map are at proportionally correct distances from the center point, and that all points on the map are at the correct (direction) from the center point.

Choropleth Map

Maps with areas shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable.

Cartogram Map

The size of the location is based on the amount of information being depicted.

Region

Any area differentiated from surrounding areas by at least one characteristic.

Isoline Map

Lines that connect similar information.

Dot Distribution Map

Each dot represents a set number of what is being represented. The larger the number of dots, the more of what is being represented.

Goode's Homolosine Projection

This type of map is an example of an equal-area projection, which distorts the shape of objects in favor of accurately representing area.

1.2: Geographic Data

1.3: Power of Geographic Data

1.4: Spatial Concepts

1.5: Human Environmental Interaction

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

A family of software programs that allows geographers to map, analyze, and model spatial data.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

An integrated network of satellites that orbit Earth, broadcasting location information to handheld receivers on Earth's surface.

Remote Sensing

The process of capturing images of Earth's surface from airborne platforms such as satellites or airplanes

Census Data

An official count of a population, often including details such as sex, age, and occupation.

Satellite Imagery

Images of Earth collected by use of satellites.

Absolute Location

An exact place on Earth, often given in terms of latitude and longitude.

Relative Location

A description of how a place is related to other places

Space

The physical gap or distance between two objects

Place

A specific point on earth human and physical characteristics that distinguish it from other points

Distance Decay

The effect that distance  plays on cultural or spatial interactions

Time-space Compression 

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.

Flow

The movement of people or a phenomenon.

Sustainability

The use of the Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that ensure resource availability in the future.

Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives (Modify)

Environmental Determinism

A philosophy of geography that stated that human behaviors are a direct result of the surrounding environment. (Adapt)

1.6: Scale of Analysis

Space

The physical gap or interval between two objects

Density

Frequency with which something occurs in a given space

Concentration

The extent of something's spread over a given space.

Distribution

The arrangement of a feature in a given space

1.7 Regional Analysis

Formal (Uniform) Region

Areas in which certain characteristics are found throughout the area

Functional (Nodal) Region

A central place in which the surrounding places are affected by it

Perceptual (Vernacular) Region

An area defined by people's feelings and attitudes

Space

The physical gap or distance between two objects

Location

The position of something on the Earth's surface

Newly Industrialized Country

A country that is in the beginning stages of stabilizing its economy, improving infrastructure, education, and medical care, yet still has room for growth.

Transitional Boundary

When regions come together, boundaries can become fuzzy due to certain characteristics and the way they transition.

Less Developed Country

A country in the very early stages of economic development, with poor infrastructure, education, and medical care.

Site

The exact location of a city (or state) that one can find on a map. 

Situation

The location of a city (or state) as it relates to its surrounding features, both human-made and natural. 

More Developed Country

A sovereign country that has an advanced economy, infrastructure and medical care.

Pattern

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in an area.

2.1:Population Distribution

2.2:Consequences of Population Distribution

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.

Overpopulation

A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Arable Land

Land suitable for agriculture

Carrying Capacity

The number of people an area can support on a sustained basis

2.3:Population Composition

Crude Death Rate

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Life expectancy 

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions

Infant Mortality Rate

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Literacy Rate

The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.

Dependency Rate

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex.

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Topic 3.1: Introduction to Culture

Behaviors

Actions that people take. Generally based on values and beliefs.

Cultural Traits

A single attribute of a culture

Taboos

A restriction on behavior imposed by a social custom.

Beliefs

Specific statements that people hold to be true, and they are almost always based on values.

Cultural Landscape

The modification of the natural landscape by human activities.

Cultural Relativism

The practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards.

Ethnocentrism

The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.

Topic 3.2: Cultural Landscapes

Sequent Occupance

When successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape. 

Ethnic Enclave

A geographical area where a particular ethnic group is spatially clusters and socially and economically distinct form the majority group. 

Linguistic

A collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning. 

Folk Culture

Traditionally practiced by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas.

Pop Culture

Found in large heterogeneous societies that are bonded by a common culture.

Topic 3.3: Cultural Patterns

Centripetal Force 

(2 T’s)

An attitude that unifies people and enhances support for a state.

(Together - 2 T’s)

Centrifugal Force

(F for force apart)

Forces or attitudes that tend to divide a state. (F for force apart)

Topic 3.4: Types of Distribution

Relocation Diffusion

A type of diffusion where individuals or populations migrating from the source areas physically carry the innovation or idea to new areas.

Expansion Diffusion

A type of diffusion where an innovation or idea develops in a source area and remains strong there while also spreading outward.

Contagious Diffusion

A type of diffusion where almost all individuals and areas outward form the source region are affected

Stimulus Diffusion

A type of diffusion in which a basic idea stimulates imitative behavior within a population.

Migrant Diffusion

A type of diffusion where the spread of cultural traits is slow enough that they weaken in the area of origin by the time they reach other areas.

Hierarchical Diffusion

A type of diffusion where ideas and artifacts spread first between larger places or prominent people and only later to smaller places or less prominent people.

Topic 3.5: Historical Causes of Diffusion

Creolization

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

Lingua Franca

A language that is used to facilitate communication between two people who don't speak the same language.

Isogloss

When the boundaries between variations in pronunciations of word usage occurs.

Dialect

Variations in accent, grammar, usage, and spelling.

Pidgin

A simplified mixture of two languages that has fewer grammar rules and a smaller vocabulary, but is not that native language of either group

Official Language

One designated by law to be the language of the government.

Standard Language

When a language is used for government, business, education, and by the majority of people in public.

Topic 3.5: Historical Causes of Diffusion Continued

Imperialism

A country extending its power and influence over other countries, typically through the use of military force, economic coercion, or cultural domination

Colonialism

The process by which one nation exercises near complete control over another country which they have settled and taken over. Usually for resources.

Topic 3.6: Contemporary Causes of Diffusion

Indigenous

A culture group that constitutes the original inhabitants of a territory (Local)

Urbanization

the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of the population come to live in the city.

Time-space convergence

The idea that distance between places is, in effect, shrinking due to certain transportation and communication technologies.

Globalization

The expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact.

Cultural Convergence

cultures are becoming similar to each other and sharing more cultural traits, ideas, and beliefs.

Cultural Divergence

The result of the restriction of a culture from the outside cultural influences.

Topic 3.7: Diffusion of Religion and Language

Language Family

Languages that are usually grouped together with a shared, but fairly distant origin.

Toponym

The study or origin of place names.

Indo-European Family

The most common language family. Examples include Spanish, English, Hindi, and French.

Language Branch

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago.

Universalizing Religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location. It has spread past its hearth and Actively seeks converts.

Ethnic Religion

A religion that appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place. Does not actively seek converts to the religion. 

Denomination

A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body.

Monotheistic

The belief that there is only one god or divine being.

Topic 3.7: Diffusion of Religion and Language Continued

Polytheistic 

Belief in multiple gods.

Animism

The belief that objects, such as plants and stones, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

Topic 3.8: Effects of Diffusion

Syncretism

The blending traits from two different cultures to form a new trait, usually religion.

Multiculturalism

the coexistence of several cultures in one society with the ideal of all cultures being valued and worthy of study.

Acculturation

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

Assimilation

Process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture

Topic 4.1: Introduction to Political Geography

Nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.

Stateless Nation

a group of people who share a common language, culture, history, and identity, but who do not have their own sovereign state.

Multi State Nation

Occurs when a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states.

Autonomous

An area that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state.

Semi Autonomous

A state that has some degree of self-government yet still relies heavily on its parent state.

Topic 4.2: Political Processes

Devolution

The transfer of some important powers from central governments to sub-governments.

Self-determination 

the principle that allows nations or groups to determine their own political status and pursue their own economic, social, and cultural development.

Sovereignty

The ability of the state to carry out actions or policies within its borders independently from interference from the inside or the outside the country. 

Colonialism

An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Topic 4.3: Political Power and Territoriality

Neocolonialism

The continued economic dependence of colonies on their former occupiers.

Shatterbelt

A region heavily influenced by competing external cultural and political forces. Eastern Europe (located between Western Europe and Russia) is a prime example

Choke Point

A geographical land feature causing a decrease in foreign flow.

Territoriality

The connection and sense of ownership individuals or groups have over a defined geographic area.

5.1 Introduction to Agriculture

Intensive Agriculture

Definition - A form of farming that requires farmers to expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum possible yield from a unit of land.

Market Gardening

Definition - When fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban market and sold to local suppliers, stores, & restaurants.

Extensive Agriculture

Definition - Type of agriculture that requires large areas of land and minimal labor per unit of land.

Nomadic Herding

Definition - The continual movement of livestock in search of forage for animals.

Plantation Agriculture

Definition - A large farm that specializes in one or two crops.

Shifting Cultivation

Definition - A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

Transhumance

Definition - The seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer to lower elevations and valleys in the winter.

Ranching

Definition - The commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area.

Subsistance Agriculture

Definition - The production of only enough food to feed the farmer's family.

Commercial Agriculture

Definition - The production of food surpluses, with most crops destined for sale to people outside the farmer's family.

Dairy Farming

Definition - The raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for products such as milk, cheese, and butter.

Milk Shed

Definition - The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.

Grain Farming

Definition - In regions too dry for mixed crop agriculture, farmers raise crops such as wheat, barley, and millet

Mediterranean Agriculture

Definition - A specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails

Mixed Crop and Livestock

Definition - An integrated agricultural system that demonstrates and interdependence between crops and animals

5.6: Agricultural Production Regions

Subsistance Agriculture

Definition - Agriculture for survival.

Definition - Agriculture for commercial profit

Commercial Agriculture

Monocropping

Definition - An agricultural practice of growing a single crop repeatedly on the same land.

Monoculture

Definition - the deliberate cultivation of only one single crop in a large land area.

Intensive

Definition - A form of farming that requires farmers to expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum possible yield from a unit of land.

Extensive

Definition - Type of agriculture that requires large areas of land and minimal labor per unit of land.

Bid Rent

Definition - An economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increases.

5.3: Agricultural Origins and Diffusions

Agricultural Hearth

Definition - Where farming practices originated.

Columbian Exchange

Definition - The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world.

Neolithic Revolution

Definition - It marks the transition of human society from wandering hunter-gatherer societies into settled agricultural communities

Plant Domestication

Definition - The process by which wild plants are cultivated into productive crops, often with more desirable traits

Animal Domestication

Definition - The process by which wild animals are cultivated into a resource supply for humans, often resulting in physical and behavioral changes

5.4: The Second Agricultural Revolution

Second Agricultural Revolution

Definition - The increased productivity of farming through mechanization and access to market areas due to better transportation.

Crop Rotation

Definition - The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

Enclosure

Definition - Fencing or hedging large blocks of land.

Irrigation

Definition - The increased productivity of farming through mechanization and access to market areas due to better transportation.

5.5: The Green Revolution

Mechanized Farming

Definition - New inventions such as tractors, tillers, broadcast seeders, and grain carts were introduced to assist in the production of food.

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

Definition - A process by which humans use engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed.

Third Agricultural Revolution

Definition - A movement that involved hybridization and genetic engineering of products and the increased use of pesticides and fertilizers

Yield

Definition - A measurement of the amount of agricultural production harvested per unit of land area.

Hybridization 

Definition - The process of breeding two plants that have desirable characteristics to produce a single seed with both characteristics.

Green Revolution

Definition - A response to an exponential increase in the global human population and advances in technology that allowed for the mass production of chemical fertilizers

5.7: Spatial Organization of Agriculture

Commodity Chain

Definition - All steps of agricultural production including; the production on the farm, then processing, and eventually selling and/or marketing the product.

Economies of Scale

Definition - Factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises

Primary Sector

Definition - The portion of the economy that extracts or harvests products from the earth

Carrying Capacity

Definition - 

Agribusiness

Definition - When farming is integrated into a large food-production industry.

Transnational Corporations

Definition - 

5.9: The Global System of Agriculture

Supply Chain

Definition - All the steps required to get a production or service to customers.

Luxury Crop

Definition - Crops that are not essential to human survival but have a high profit margin.

Fair Trade Movement

Definition - An effort to promote higher incomes for producers and more sustainable farming practices.

Subsidies

Definition - Public financial support for farmers to safeguard food production.

5.11: Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture

Food Insecurity

Definition - When the cost of food is too high in certain regions, or a family is struggling to make ends meet

Aquaculture

Definition - The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.

Sustainability

Definition - The use of the Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that ensure resource availability in the future

Eat Local Movement

Definition - An effort to purchase locally grown food.

Organic Farming

Definition - The use of natural substances rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enrich the soil and grow crops.

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)

Definition - A particular network who have pledged to support one or more local farms, with growers and consumers sharing the risks and benefits of food production

Food Desert

Definition - An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain

Fair Trade

Definition - A concept used in developing countries to help create sustainability.

Value Added Specialty Crops

Definition - When farmers change the state or form of a product to increase profitability. For example making jam from strawberries or producing food organically.

Tariff

Definition - 

Food Processing Facilities

Definition - Industrial businesses that transform raw fruit, animals or vegetables into other foods we can directly eat or into several ingredients used for cooking.

5.10: Consequences of Agricultural Practices

Desertification

Definition - Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

Soil Salinization

Definition - This occurs when soil in an arid climate has been made available for agricultural production using irrigation.

Overgrazing

Definition - Intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods.

Terraces

Definition - A piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of successively receding flat surfaces or platforms, which resemble steps, for the purposes of more effective farming.

Deforestation

Definition - The destruction of forest or forested areas by human or natural means

Wetland

Definition - Farmland areas in which water covers the soil

Food Insecurity

Definition - A condition in which people do not have adequate access to food.

5.2: Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods

Clustered Settlement

Definition - A village that may have more than one major road that they build along, and they also may have housing that clusters around large public buildings.

Dispersed Settlement

Definition - Individual farmhouses lying quite far apart.

Linear Settlement

Definition - Village that follows major roads, often one single thoroughfare lined with houses, businesses, and public buildings.

Metes and Bounds

Definition - This system uses physical features of local geography along with directions and distances to define and describe boundaries of land parcels.

Township and Range

Definition - A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.

Long Lot

Definition - Divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads, or canals.

6.1: The Origin and Influences of Urbanization

Site

Definition - The physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant

Situation

Definition - The location of a place relative to other places.

Population Growth

Definition - A region's population will grow as long as their crude birth rates are greater than their crude death rates.

Migration

Definition - The physical movement of people from one place to another

Economic Development

Definition - Process whereby simple, low-income national economies are transformed into modern industrial economies.

Government Policies

Definition - the decisions and actions taken by a government to influence or regulate various aspects of society, including migration, settlement patterns, and demographic changes.

6.2: Cities Across the World

Megacities

Definition - the largest and most influential cities in the world, where population often nears or exceeds 10 million inhabitants.

Metacities

Definition - Cities with 20 million or more people

Periphery

Definition - Within the World Systems Theory, these often include the least developed countries in the world and have economies based on primary economic activities.

Semi-Periphery

Definition - Within the World Systems Theory, these often include middle-income or newly industrialized countries and have economies dominated by manufacturing.

Suburbanization

Definition - Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts

Sprawl 

AMSCO p. 376              

Definition - The rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city and occurs for numerous reasons

Decentralization

Definition - The tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city; the process of dispersing decision-making closer to the point of service or action

Edge Cities

Definition - A nodal community which exists on the outside of a larger urban area.

Exurbs

Definition - The small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city.

Boomburbs

Definition - a suburban area experiencing significant growth in population and prosperity.

Core

Definition - More Developed Countries in the World Systems Theory

6.3: Cities and Globalization

World Cities

Definition - Cities which exert influence beyond the boundaries of their state.

World’s Urban Hierarchy

Definition - A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions

Globalization

Definition - Businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

6.4: The Size and Distribution of Cities

Rank-Size Rule

Definition - A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Primate City

Definition - country's leading city, with a population that is disproportionately greater than other urban areas within the same country. More than double the size of the next largest city

Gravity Model

Definition - States that interaction increases or decreases due to size and distance.

Central Place Theory

Definition - The distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people

6.5: The Internal Structure of Cities

Concentric -Zone Model

Definition - Model that describes urban environments as a series of rings radiating out from a central core, or central business district.

Hoyt Sector Model

Definition - A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district

Multiple Nuclei Model

Definition - Type of urban form where in cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place

Galactic City Model 

Definition - A city with growth independent of the CBD that is traditionally connected to the central city by means of an arterial highway or interstate.

Bid - Rent Theory

Definition - A geographical theory that refers to how the price and demand on land changes as the distance towards the CBD changes.

Latin American Urban Model

Definition - Using cultural and historical influences, high-income residents cluster around the CBD with spines of industry and commerce following roads away from the CBD with urban slums encircling the city

Southeast Asia Urban Model

Definition - Features high-class residential zones that stem from the center, middle-class residential zones that occur in inner city areas in suburban areas, and low-class income squatter settlements

African Urban Model

Definition - Generalized diagram of an urban area that contains pre-colonial, European colonial, and post-colonial elements and is or was segregated by race.

6.6: Density and Land Use & 6.7: Infrastructure

Infilling

Definition - Occurs where open space presents an economic opportunity for landowners to build small multi-family housing units, placing more people into existing city blocks.

Infrastructure

Definition - Basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development; included are transport and communications, along with water, power, and other public 

6.8: Urban Sustainability

Mixed Land Use

Definition - Cities that blend a use of residential, commercial, institutional, or industrial uses.

Walkability

Definition - A term for planning concepts best understood by the mixed-use of amenities in high-density neighborhoods where people can access said amenities by foot.

Transportation Oriented Development

Definition - A mixed-use residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport.

New Urbanism

Definition - A counter to urban sprawl. Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.

Green Belts

Definition - Refers to natural, undeveloped, and/or agricultural lands that surround urban areas. These lands may include open spaces, parks, farms and ranches, wildlands, or a combination thereof

Slow Growth

Cities

Definition - Urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse effects of sprawl.

De Facto Segregation

Definition - People are segregated into separate areas by fact rather than by law or policy.

6.9: Urban Data & 6.11: Challenges of Urban Sustainability

Quantitative Data

Definition - Statistical data that can be aggregated to make decisions- usually more objective data

Qualitative Data

Definition - A type of data that tries to show the unique perspectives and feelings of the individuals who are being studied- more personal data

Brownfields

Definition - Abandoned industrial sites that are contaminated to the point that new development is curtailed

Suburban Sprawl

Definition - Spread of suburbs away from the core city

6.10: Challenges of Urban Changes

Redlining

Definition - A practice carried out by realtors before the civil rights movement of the 1960s. They would identify what they considered risky neighborhoods in the cities and refuse to offer loans to those in the districts.

Blockbusting

Definition - Realtors would purposefully sell a house in a white neighborhood to an African American. Then, the realtor would persuade the white residents to move because the neighborhood was going downhill .

Disamenity Zones

Definition - In Latin American cities, a relatively stable slum area that radiates from the central market to the outermost zone of peripheral squatter settlements.

Zones of Abandonment 

Definition - Zones (AREAS) in a city where abandon buildings are found

Squatter Settlements

Definition - An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

Inclusionary Housing

Definition - Specifies inclusions within a development, such as a playground or that a percentage of homes must be affordable for low-income families.

Local Food Movements

Definition - A movement which aims to bring local  food producers and local food consumers together.

Urban Renewal

Definition - Cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities and sell to investors

Gentrification

Definition - The process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle-class or affluent people into deteriorating areas that often displaces poorer residents

7.1: The Industrial Revolution

Industrialization

Definition - process of economic and social change that transforms a human group from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.

Example - 

Define - 

Natural Resources

Definition - resources that are drawn from nature and used with few modifications.

Example - 

Define - 

Colonialism

Definition - refers to the policy or practice of a country seeking to extend or maintain its authority over other territories, often by establishing settlements and occupying the land.

Example - 

Define - 

Imperialism

Definition - the policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. This can involve the acquisition of colonies, the establishment of protectorates, or the use of military bases to project power

Example - 

Define - 

7.2: Economic Sectors and Patterns

Primary

Definition - includes all those activities the end purpose of which consists in exploiting natural resources: agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining, deposits

Example

Define

Secondary

Definition - sector covers all those activities consisting in varying degrees of processing of raw materials (manufacturing, construction industries).

Example

Define

Tertiary

Definition - covers a wide range of activities from commerce to administration, transport, financial and real estate activities, business and personal services, education, health and social work

Example

Define

Quaternary

Definition - the industry based on human knowledge which involves technology, information, financial planning, research, and development.

Example

Define

Quinary

Definition - the highest level of economic activity, which involves the decision-making and policy-making that drives the other sectors of the economy.

Example

Define

Break-of-Bulk Point

Definition - a location where the transfer of goods from one mode of transportation to another takes place, such as from a ship to a truck or from a train to a warehouse. It is a point in the supply chain where the movement of goods

Example

Define

Least Cost Theory

Definition - attempts to describe and predict the location of manufacturing industries based on three factors: transportation costs, labor cost, and the benefit of agglomeration

Example

Define

Core

Definition - The core refers to the highly industrialized, economically advanced countries that dominate the global economy.

Example

Define

Semi Periphery

Definition - a term used in the field of economic geography to describe a group of countries that are located between the core and the periphery

Example

Define

Periphery

Definition - refers to the less industrialized, less economically developed countries that are often dependent on the more economically advanced, industrialized countries

Example

Define

7.3: Measures of Development

Gross Domestic

Product (GDP)

Definition - the monetary value of ALL goods and services produced in a country in one year so it can be used to measure the TOTAL VOLUME of a country’s economy

Example

Define

Gross National

Product (GNP)

Definition - A measurement of a country’s wealth that includes the total value of all goods and services produced by residents of a country, including domestic and foreign production, in a year. Gross National Product

Example

Define

Gross National

Income (GNI) per

capita

Definition - The monetary value of GDP as well as the monetary value of EXPORTS minus IMPORTS in that same year which helps to account for the wealth of a nation that is lost through INTERNATIONAL trade.

Example

Define

Sectoral

Structure of

Economy

Definition - The world economy can be separated into distinct categories. The easiest ways to group THESE are by their stage in the production process or through the types of services or products that they create.

Example

Define

Income

Distribution

How income is divided among different groups or individuals.

Example

Define

Fertility Rates

Definition - The number of children that are born to a woman during her lifetime.

Example

Define

Infant Mortality Rates

The number of deaths of children under the age of one per 1,000 live births.

Example

Define

Literacy Rates

Percentage of the population that is able to read and write.

Example

Define

Gender Inequality

Index (GII)

Measures the extent of each country's gender equality

Example

Define

Human

Development

Index (HDI)

A composite measure of human development that takes into account a range of factors, including life expectancy, education, and income

Example

Define

7.4: Women and Economic Development

Microloans

Small loans provided to individuals or small businesses can be a useful tool for promoting economic development and improving standards of living, particularly for women.

Example

Define

7.5: Theories of Development 

Rostowś Stages

of Economic

Growth

A model that analyzes the 5 steps that it takes to move from an agricultural society to a service-based economy. The main assumption in creating the model was that each country had some kind of comparative advantage.

Example

Define

Wallerstein ́s

World Systems

Theory

A structural theory of economic development that explains how the global economy is divided into a core, a periphery, and a semi-periphery.

Example

Define

Dependency Theory

Holds that LDCs are highly dependent on foreign factories and technologies from MDCs to provide employment and infrastructure. The LDCs in this theory get stuck in the continuous cycle of dependency on the MDCs which never ends. 

Example

Define

Commodity Dependency

When peripheral economies rely too heavily on the export of raw materials, which places them on unequal terms of exchange with more-developed countries that export higher-value goods.

Define

International

Monetary Fund

(IMF)

An international organization that provides financial assistance to member countries in order to help them address balance of payment problems and stabilize their economies

Example

Define

Microlending

Provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries.

Example

Define

7.7: Changes as a result of the World Economy

Outsourcing

Sending industrial processes out for external production.  Sending jobs from Core Countries to Periphery Countries.

Example

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Special Economic

Zones

Designated areas within a country that have special economic regulations that are more favorable than the regulations that apply in the rest of the country.

Example

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Free-Trade

Zones

Special zones in which all trade barriers between two countries are eliminated. They usually consist of labor intensive manufacturing plants, such as the maquiladoras.

Example

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Export Processing

Zones

Specifically designed to promote export-oriented manufacturing. These  offer a range of incentives to firms that locate in the zones, including tax breaks, relaxed regulatory requirements, and access to infrastructure

Example

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International

Division of Labor

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

Example

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Post-Fordist

Methods of

Production

A shift in the way goods are produced, characterized by a move away from mass production and towards more flexible, customized production methods. It relies on advanced technologies, such as automation and computers.

Example

Define

Multiplier Effects

An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.

Example

Define

Agglomeration

The clustering of economic activity in a particular area or region. This can occur for a variety of reasons, such as the availability of skilled labor, access to transportation and other infrastructure.

Example

Define

Just-in-Time

Delivery

A production and logistics management system that aims to minimize inventory and reduce waste by delivering goods and materials to the production process when it is needed. The goal  is to reduce the amount of inventory

Example

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High Technology

Industries

Companies that support the growth and development of sophisticated technologies. It is a very new industry that has rapidly transformed many cities and countries

Example

Define

Economies of

Scale

The cost advantages that a firm can achieve by increasing its scale of production. As a firm increases its production, it may be able to reduce its  costs by taking advantage of various  things such as buying in bulk.

Example

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Service Sectors

Industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

Example

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Growth Poles

The concentration of highly innovative and technically advanced industries that stimulate economic development in linked businesses and industries.

Example

Define

7.8: Industrial and Economic Development                                           Patterns and Processes

Sustainable

Development

A concept that refers to the use of natural resources in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Example

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Natural Resource

Depletion

Occurs when resources are taken from the environment quicker than they are replenished.

Example

Define

Mass Consumption

A large number of people purchasing large quantities of goods

Example

Define

Ecotourism

A type of tourism that focuses on experiencing natural areas while minimizing the negative impact on the environment. It is based on the principles of conservation, education, and sustainability

Define

Industrialization

The process by which a greater proportion of a national economy is involved in the manufacturing of goods. This allows more goods to be produced in greater quantities and at a lower price.

Example

Define

Climate Change

Causing natural resource depletion through increased extreme weather events. These weather events include droughts, floods, and forest fires that deplete natural resources. 

Example

Define