ENUMERATION

Enumerate the key philosophers and their views on the self.

• Socrates: "Know thyself"; the self is composed of body (temporary) and soul (permanent).

• Plato: The self has a dual nature (body and soul); the soul has three components – rational, spirited, and appetitive.

• Augustine: The self has a bifurcated nature – the body (mortal) and the soul (eternal, seeking divine union).

• Thomas Aquinas: The self is composed of matter (hyle) and form (morphe); the soul animates the body.

• René Descartes: Mind-body dualism; "I think, therefore I am."

• David Hume: No permanent self; the self is a bundle of perceptions.

• Immanuel Kant: The self organizes experiences through mental structures like time and space.

• Gilbert Ryle: The self is defined by behavior, not an "inner self."

• Maurice Merleau-Ponty: Mind and body are inseparable; all experiences are embodied.

List the three components of Plato’s soul.

• Rational soul (thinking and reasoning)

• Spirited soul (emotions)

• Appetitive soul (desires and bodily needs)

What are the five characteristics of the self (S S C U P)?

• Separate – The self is distinct from others.

• Self-contained and Independent – The self exists on its own with unique traits.

• Consistent – The self remains stable over time.

• Unitary – The self is the center of experiences.

• Private – The self’s thoughts and emotions are internal.

Enumerate the two aspects of the self according to Marcel Mauss.

• Moi – The biological and psychological identity of a person.

• Personne – The social identity shaped by culture and society.

List the three parts of Freud’s model of the self.

• ID – Instincts and desires (pleasure-seeking).

• EGO – The rational self, balancing the ID and SUPEREGO.

• SUPEREGO – Moral standards and societal rules.

What are the three reasons why the self is a social product?

• Society helps create the foundation of the self.

• Individuals need others for reaffirmation.

• The self is influenced by social and historical context.

Enumerate Carver and Scheier’s two types of self.

• Private Self – Internal standards, private thoughts, and feelings.

• Public Self – Public image, how one presents themselves to others.

List the three self-schema under self-awareness.

• Actual self – Who you are at the moment.

• Ideal self – Who you want to become.

• Ought self – Who you think you should be.

What are the two types of social comparison?

• Downward Social Comparison – Comparing yourself to someone worse off.

• Upward Social Comparison – Comparing yourself to someone better.

Enumerate the key Eastern philosophies and their views on the self.