Symposium 2.0
QUESTIONS + ANSWERS
A. DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS DATA
174. What type of data consists of separate values?
Answer: Discrete
175. What type of data can take any value in a range?
Answer: Continuous
176. What should you think when you see discrete data?
Answer: COUNT
177. What should you think when you see continuous data?
Answer: MEASURE
178. What is the basic rule for counted and measured data?
Answer: Counted → discrete | Measured → usually continuous
179. What type of variable has gaps between possible outcomes?
Answer: Discrete variable
180. What happens when fractions between two counts are impossible?
Answer: The variable is discrete.
181. What type of values fill the space between marks?
Answer: Continuous values
182. What determines how many decimals you record?
Answer: Measurement precision
Enumeration
183. Enumerate the examples of discrete data.
Answer:
Siblings — 0, 1, 2, 3…
Messages — 18
Defects — 7 per batch
Goals — 12 in a season
184. Enumerate the examples of continuous data.
Answer:
TIME — 18.37 s; 0 s — 60 s
TEMPERATURE — 23.6°C; −10°C — 40°C
HEIGHT — 172.4 cm; 140 cm — 200 cm
B. MEASUREMENT SCALES
185. What does zero represent in an interval scale?
Answer: Zero is a reference
186. What does zero mean in a ratio scale?
Answer: Zero means none
187. Are differences meaningful in an interval scale?
Answer: Yes
188. Can 20°C be described as “twice as hot” as 10°C?
Answer: No
189. Are ratios meaningful in a ratio scale?
Answer: Yes
190. What is the example given for an interval scale?
Answer: −10 — 0 — 10 — 20 °C
191. What is the example given for a ratio scale?
Answer: 0 — 5 — 10 — 15 kg
192. What does 0 kg mean?
Answer: No mass measured.
C. FINAL CHECK
193. What is the first question in classifying any quantitative variable?
Answer: Do the numbers have magnitude?
194. What is the second question?
Answer: Was the value counted or measured?
195. What is the third question?
Answer: Does zero mean complete absence?
196. If the value is counted, what is it?
Answer: Discrete
197. If the value is measured, what is it usually?
Answer: Continuous
198. If zero means complete absence, what is the measurement level?
Answer: Ratio
199. If zero does not mean complete absence, what is the measurement level?
Answer: Interval
200. What is ZIP code 10001 classified as?
Answer: Label
201. What is 12 customers classified as?
Answer: Discrete
202. What is 7.42 seconds classified as?
Answer: Continuous
203. What is 0 kg classified as?
Answer: Ratio
D. USE THE TYPE
204. For discrete data, what is the question and what should be summarized?
Answer: How many? — Counts • proportions
205. For continuous data, what is the question and what should be summarized?
Answer: Where is the distribution? — Center • spread • shape
206. For interval data, what is the question and what should be summarized?
Answer: How far apart? — Differences • mean
207. For ratio data, what is the question and what should be summarized?
Answer: How far—and how many times? — Differences • ratios
208. What displays are listed for discrete data?
Answer: Dot plot • bar chart
209. What displays are listed for continuous data?
Answer: Histogram • box plot
210. What display is listed for interval data?
Answer: Distribution displays
211. What display is listed for ratio data?
Answer: Distribution displays
E. CHOOSE THE TOOL
212. What is the question for discrete data?
Answer: How many / how often?
213. What is the question for continuous data?
Answer: Where / how variable?
214. What is the question for interval data?
Answer: How far apart?
215. What is the question for ratio data?
Answer: How many times / what change?
216. What are the common next steps for discrete data?
Answer: Binomial • Poisson models
217. What are the common next steps for continuous data?
Answer: t-test • ANOVA • regression
218. What are the common next steps for interval data?
Answer: Correlation • t-test • ANOVA
219. What are the common next steps for ratio data?
Answer: Regression • CV / geometric mean
220. What is the important reminder about choosing statistical tools?
Answer: Data type narrows the options; design, distribution, and assumptions finalize the choice.
F. STATISTICAL SOFTWARE
221. Enumerate the 5 common statistical software.
Answer:
SPSS
STATA
R
PYTHON
JAMOVI
G. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
222. Enumerate the 3 descriptive statistics.
Answer:
Frequency Distribution
Percentages
Cross-Tabulation
H. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
223. What type of tests are listed under Inferential Statistics?
Answer: Parametric Tests
224. Enumerate the 5 parametric tests.
Answer:
Independent Samples t-test
Paired Samples t-test
One-way ANOVA
Pearson’s Correlation
Linear Regression
I. INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T-TEST
225. What is the research objective of Sample Case #3?
Answer: To determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in perceived cultural immersion scores between domestic tourists and international tourists visiting a heritage village destination.
226. What are the two groups in the Origin variable?
Answer: 1 = Domestic; 2 = International
227. What is the measure of Origin?
Answer: Nominal
228. What is the name of the second variable?
Answer: Immersion_Score
229. What is the measure of Immersion_Score?
Answer: Scale
230. In SPSS, where do you move Immersion_Score?
Answer: Test Variable(s) box
231. In SPSS, where do you move Origin?
Answer: Grouping Variable box
232. What do you enter for Group 1?
Answer: 1
233. What do you enter for Group 2?
Answer: 2
234. In newer versions of SPSS (v27+), what should be checked?
Answer: Estimate effect sizes
235. What should be selected for effect size?
Answer: Cohen’s d
J. PAIRED SAMPLES T-TEST
236. What is the research objective of Sample Case #5?
Answer: To determine whether an immersive cultural heritage interpretation and storytelling workshop produces a statistically significant improvement in the service delivery competency scores of frontline eco-tour guides.
237. What is the title of the intensive 3-day training module?
Answer: “Mastering Interpretive Storytelling in Community-Based Eco-Tourism.”
238. How many accredited tour guides were assessed?
Answer: 15 accredited tour guides
239. What were the two assessment points?
Answer: Pre-Test and Post-Test
240. What scale was used by the standardized mystery-evaluator rubric?
Answer: A continuous scale from 0 to 50 points
241. What three things did the rubric measure?
Answer: Narrative engagement, safety briefing clarity, and local ecological knowledge
242. What design is required because the same cohort was assessed across two distinct time points?
Answer: Repeated-measures design
243. What is the label of Pre_Score?
Answer: “Baseline Competency Score”.
244. What is the label of Post_Score?
Answer: “Post-Training Competency Score”.
245. In the Paired Samples t-Test, what goes into Variable 1?
Answer: Pre_Score
246. What goes into Variable 2?
Answer: Post_Score
247. What happens mathematically if Post is moved first and Pre second?
Answer: It yields a positive difference value, which is mathematically identical.
248. What should be selected as the Standardizer in SPSS v27+?
Answer: Standard deviation of the difference
K. ONE-WAY ANOVA
249. What is the research objective of Sample Case #6?
Answer: To determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in tourists’ perceived value-for-money ratings across three accommodation tiers.
250. Enumerate the 3 accommodation tiers.
Answer:
Budget Homestays
Mid-scale Hotels
Luxury Eco-Resorts
251. What index was completed by guests?
Answer: Perceived Value-for-Money Index
252. What scale was used?
Answer: A continuous scale from 1 (Extremely Poor Value) to 10 (Exceptional Value).
253. Why is Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) required?
Answer: Because management is comparing the means of three independent groups.
254. What post-hoc pairwise comparisons are required?
Answer: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc pairwise comparisons
255. What is the variable name for the accommodation tier?
Answer: Lodging_Tier
256. What are the three values of Lodging_Tier?
Answer: 1 = Budget Homestay; 2 = Mid-scale Hotel; 3 = Luxury Eco-Resort
257. What is the variable name for the rating?
Answer: Value_Rating
258. What should be checked under Equal Variances Assumed?
Answer: Tukey
259. What should be checked under Equal Variances Not Assumed?
Answer: Games-Howell
260. What significance level should be left?
Answer: 0.05
261. What should be checked under Descriptive?
Answer: Group means, SDs, and CIs
262. What test should be checked under Homogeneity of variance?
Answer: Levene’s test
263. What should the Means plot generate?
Answer: A trendline of group averages
L. PEARSON CORRELATION & SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
264. What is the name of the first variable?
Answer: Eco_Score
265. What is the label of Eco_Score?
Answer: “Perceived Eco-Friendly Practices Score”.
266. What is the name of the second variable?
Answer: Green_Spend
267. What is the label of Green_Spend?
Answer: “Willingness to Pay Green Premium (USD)”.
268. What is the first step in the analysis?
Answer: Running the Scatterplot (Assumption Checking)
269. Where do you find Scatter/Dot?
Answer: In the Gallery
270. What should be dragged to the X-Axis?
Answer: Eco_Score
271. What should be dragged to the Y-Axis?
Answer: Green_Spend
272. What icon is used to display the linear regression line?
Answer: “Add Fit Line at Total” icon
273. What correlation coefficient should be checked?
Answer: Pearson
274. What test of significance should be checked?
Answer: Two-tailed
275. What should be checked to flag significant correlations?
Answer: Flag significant correlations
276. In Simple Linear Regression, what goes into the Dependent box?
Answer: Green_Spend
277. What goes into the Independent(s) box?
Answer: Eco_Score
278. What should be checked under Statistics?
Answer: Estimates and Model fit
279. What confidence interval should be checked?
Answer: Confidence intervals (95%)
M. QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
280. What transforms unstructured textual, visual, or observational material into credible, coherent conceptual findings?
Answer: Qualitative data analysis
281. Enumerate the 3 things qualitative interpretation requires.
Answer:
Systematic abstraction
Reflexive rigor
Demonstrative evidence
282. Enumerate the 4 steps in the Step-by-Step Guide to Interpretation.
Answer:
Data Immersion & Unitization
Coding Strategies
Thematic Abstraction & Pattern Recognition
Theoretical Integration
N. LINCOLN & GUBA FRAMEWORK
283. What dimension ensures findings ring true to participants and match empirical reality?
Answer: Credibility (Internal Validity)
284. What technique cross-checks across multiple data sources?
Answer: Triangulation
285. What technique involves sharing synthesized themes with participants for validation?
Answer: Member Checking
286. What technique actively seeks outlier accounts that contradict dominant themes?
Answer: Negative Case Analysis
287. What dimension provides contextual richness so others can assess applicability to other settings?
Answer: Transferability (External Validity)
288. What technique details the institutional, historical, and environmental context of the research site?
Answer: Thick Description
289. What dimension demonstrates that analytical decisions are consistent and trackable over time?
Answer: Dependability (Reliability)
290. What technique documents coding scheme evolutions, codebook iterations, and research logbooks?
Answer: Audit Trail
291. What technique compares code applications among research peers to calibrate definitions?
Answer: Inter-Coder Discussion / Consensus
292. What dimension verifies that conclusions stem directly from the data, not researcher bias?
Answer: Confirmability (Objectivity)
293. What involves documenting the researcher’s background, institutional position, and presuppositions?
Answer: Epistemic Reflexivity
294. What anchors every interpretive claim in verbatim textual evidence?
Answer: Direct Grounding
295. Enumerate the 4 dimensions of the Lincoln & Guba Framework.
Answer:
Credibility (Internal Validity)
Transferability (External Validity)
Dependability (Reliability)
Confirmability (Objectivity)
O. REPORTING QUALITATIVE FINDINGS
296. What sequence should be adopted when structuring the results and discussion chapters?
Answer: “Claim, Evidence, Interpretation” Sequence
297. What should the Claim do?
Answer: Open each thematic subsection with an analytical statement stating the core insight.
298. What should the Evidence provide?
Answer: A concise, highly illustrative direct quotation or excerpt.
299. What should Interpretation do?
Answer: Explicitly dissect the quote.
300. Enumerate what the Interpretation should explain.
Answer:
Why the participant framed it that way
What structural pressures it reveals
How it connects back to your overarching research problem
301. Enumerate the 3 things quotes should reflect across the sample.
Answer:
Organizational roles
Tenures
Perspectives
P. BRAUN & CLARKE THEMATIC ANALYSIS
302. Enumerate the Six Phases of Braun & Clarke Thematic Analysis.
Answer:
Familiarizing the data
Generating Initial Codes
Searching for Themes
Reviewing Potential Themes
Defining & Naming Themes
Naming the Report
303. What is Phase 1 in the Braun & Clarke Framework?
Answer: Familiarization — Deep data immersion through transcribing and active reading.
304. What is Phase 2?
Answer: Coding — Generating succinct labels for meaningful text segments across the whole dataset.
305. What is Phase 3?
Answer: Generating Themes — Organizing individual codes into broader, meaningful clusters.
306. What is Phase 4?
Answer: Reviewing Themes — Quality control checks comparing candidate themes against coded extracts and the entire dataset.
307. What is Phase 5?
Answer: Defining and Naming — Formulating the conceptual core and narrative title of each distinct theme.
308. What is Phase 6?
Answer: Producing the Report — The final analytic write-up matching data quotes with existing scholarly literature.
Q. BRAUN & CLARKE EXAMPLE
309. In Phase 1 of the example, what does the researcher read multiple times?
Answer: The interview transcript
310. What three initial impressions are noted?
Answer: Guilt, physical space, and the inability to “switch off.”
311. What is Code Cluster A?
Answer: Lack of physical separation + Digital triggers + Visual reminders of work
312. What is the candidate theme for Code Cluster A?
Answer: The intrusive presence of work technology at home.
313. What is Code Cluster B?
Answer: Temporal boundary blurring + Constant availability pressure + Late-night emailing
314. What is the candidate theme for Code Cluster B?
Answer: The shift in expectations around working hours.
315. What does the researcher realize during the Adjustment?
Answer: “Technology” isn’t just an intrusive object; it acts as a psychological tether.
316. What is the Final Theme Name?
Answer: “The Omnipresent Office: Environmental Collapse and the Digital Tether”
317. What does the theme capture?
Answer: How the absence of physical walls combined with persistent digital notifications transforms the home into a permanent workplace.
318. What does the theme describe?
Answer: The psychological strain of being physically present at home while remaining digitally anchored to the workplace, leading to an inability to cognitively detach from job roles.
R. SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
319. Enumerate the software tools that can be used for qualitative analysis.
Answer:
Atlasti
Nvivo