Flashcards

Groups: Collections of individuals who interact and share a sense of unity.
Aggregates: A collection of individuals who are in the same place at the same time but do not interact.
Category: A classification of people based on shared characteristics.
Conformity: The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms.
Significant Others: Individuals who are important in a person's life and influence their behavior.

Primary Groups: Small, close-knit groups characterized by intimate, face-to-face interactions.
Secondary Groups: Larger, more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time-limited.
Outgroups: Groups that individuals do not belong to and may feel antagonistic towards.
Ingroups: Groups to which individuals feel they belong and identify with.
Authoritarian Leadership: A style characterized by strong, directive control.

Laissez Faire Leaders: Hands-off approach allowing group members to make decisions.
Expressive Leaders: Focus on emotional and relational aspects of group dynamics.
Instrumental Leaders: Task-oriented, focusing on achieving goals.
Democratic Leaders: Encourage group participation and consensus in decision-making.

Anomie: A state of normlessness or breakdown of social norms.
Differential Association: A theory that suggests deviance is learned through interaction with others.
Labeling Theory: Focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant.
Rational Choice Theory: Individuals make decisions based on a cost-benefit analysis.
Victimless Crime: Crimes that do not have a clear victim, such as drug use.
Illegitimate Opportunity Structures: Social structures that provide opportunities for illegal activities.

Primary Deviance: Initial acts of rule-breaking that may not result in a label.
Secondary Deviance: Deviance that occurs after an individual has been labeled as deviant.
Tertiary Deviance: When a labeled deviant seeks to normalize their behavior.
Corporate Crime: Illegal actions committed by a corporation or individuals acting on its behalf.
Status Offense: An act that violates the law only due to the age of the offender.

Deterrence: The use of punishment to prevent future criminal behavior.
Retribution: Punishment inflicted as vengeance for a wrong or criminal act.
Rehabilitation: The process of reintegrating a convicted person into society.
Incapacitation: Strategy to prevent future crime by removing offenders from society.
Restoration: Focuses on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior.

Upper-Upper Class: The highest social class, characterized by inherited wealth.
New Money: Wealth acquired recently, often through entrepreneurship.
Middle Class: Falls between upper and working classes, characterized by moderate income.
Working Class: Consists of individuals engaged in manual labor or low-skill jobs.
Alienation: Feeling of disconnection or estrangement from society or work.

Bourgeoisie: The capitalist class who own the means of production.
Proletariat: The working class who sell their labor for wages.
Realist Materialism: Emphasizes the material conditions of life.
Wealth: Total value of assets owned by an individual or group.
Prestige: Respect and admiration held by a person or group in society.
Power: Ability to influence or control behavior of others.
Oligarchy: Power structure where authority resides in a small number of people.

Theories of Stratification: Frameworks that explain hierarchical organization of society.
Global Stratification: Unequal distribution of resources and opportunities among countries.
Gini Coefficient: Measure of income inequality within a population.
High-Income Countries: Nations with a high gross national income per capita.
Middle-Income Countries: Moderate level of income and economic development.
Low-Income Countries: Nations with a low gross national income per capita.
Human Development Index: Composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income.
Core vs. Periphery vs. Semi-Periphery: Model categorizing countries based on economic development and power.