HSC 230: Vocabulary Flashcards

Course Overview and Instructor Contact

  • Course: Human Anatomy & Physiology I (HSC 230) – Lecture component
  • Instructor: Professor Heidi B. Borgeas
  • Email: hborgeas@ut.edu
  • Office: HSC #208
  • Office Hours: see syllabus; by email appointment
  • Response time: usually within 24 hours on weekdays; weekend responses may be delayed
  • Communication tip: email at least 48 hours in advance to schedule live/Zoom meetings
  • Welcome message: course aims to be engaging, with dialogue, role-play, and supportive assessments
  • Important note: signed up for both linked lecture and lab unless you have prior approval from HSHP Department Chair
  • Getting started: click the Get Started icon to view big picture + details; then go to Modules
  • Module structure: Modules #1–#5 on the Home page; each module contains content and due dates; materials are primarily on the Home page and within modules

Course Tools and Platform Use

  • Canvas uses: course development, assignments, grades, class updates, etc.
  • Lecture and lab materials largely reside on the Home page and in Modules; each module addresses an exam
  • Three class-day assumptions:
    • A) Read the material associated with the class
    • B) View the PowerPoint & the videos
    • D) Do due activities (e.g., Connect) and print learning activities for the day
  • Students who physically write out information have ~40% greater retention and improved assessment performance

Module 1 Content (Get Started → Module #1)

  • Module #1: Introduction to A&P, Chemistry & Cellular Structure/Function; Homeostasis
  • Due dates and checklist are in the syllabus
  • Activities (in order):
    1. Read Chapters 1–3 & Atlas A (Avg time: 40extmins/chapter40 ext{ mins/chapter})
    2. Study the PowerPoint presentations (Avg time: 60extmins/presentation60 ext{ mins/presentation})
    3. Watch the videos corresponding to PowerPoints (Avg time: 60extmins/presentation60 ext{ mins/presentation})
    4. Complete the Guided Inquiry activity (in class) (Avg time: 20extmins20 ext{ mins})
    5. Submit to the Discussion Board: Chemical bonds & Alzheimer’s activity (Avg time: 20extmins20 ext{ mins})
    6. Submit to the Discussion Board: Learning Tool for Chapters 2–3 activity (Avg time: 30extmins30 ext{ mins})
    7. Submit Connect assignments for Chapters 1, 2 & 3 (Avg time: 50extmins/chapter50 ext{ mins/chapter})
    8. Submit COVI #1 (Avg time: 30extmins30 ext{ mins})
  • Bold items are graded
  • Practical note: Module banners help navigation; small-screen canvas can be confusing

Course Tools

  • Course Tool #1: Connect (McGraw Hill Connect)
    • Assignments per chapter (e.g., Chapter 1)
    • Due: specific dates per syllabus, due by 11:59extpm11:59 ext{ pm}
    • Points: variable; check syllabus
    • Functions: vocabulary acclimation, pinpoint troublesome concepts, opportunities to practice with no penalty, repetition supports success in A&P I
  • Course Tool #2: COVI Assignments
    • 3 assignments across the semester; due dates per syllabus by 5:00 pm; each worth 55 points
    • Functions: application of targeted content, repeated practice with no consequences, supports mastery in A&P I
  • Course Tool #3: iClicker
    • Real-time response system; practice run next week for points
    • If the bookstore sells out, online registration is available via ISBN on Canvas
    • Scoring: attend lecture and answer at least 3 of 5 questions correctly earns ~1 point per lecture (approx. 22extpts/semester22 ext{ pts/semester})
    • Bonus: answering all correctly yields a ~0.5-point bonus (up to 9 bonus points possible)
    • Policy: lowest 4 scores dropped over the semester; accommodates illness, emergencies, etc.
  • Course Tool #4: Kahoot
    • Student response/participation tool; app required; account should be under the student’s last, first name (e.g., Borgeas, Heidi)
    • Uses include course points, bonus points, and review session opportunities

Organization and Course Schedule

  • Use the syllabus and checklist to track progress; a sample layout shows weekly topics, Connect terms, COVI activities, and major exams
  • Sample components mentioned include: Terminology (Chapter 1 Connect), Chemistry (Chapter 2 Connect), The Cell (Chapter 3 Connect), Exam I (Chs 1–3), Histology & Integumentary (Chs 5–6), Bones & Skeletal Tissue (Chs 7–8), Arthrology (Ch 9), Muscular System (Ch 10–11), Nervous System (Ch 12), Brain & Cranial Nerves (Ch 14), Autonomic Nervous System & Reflexes (Ch 15), Exam IV (Chs 10–11/Atlas B), Exam V (Chapters 11+). See the module guide for details.
  • Week-by-week scheduling and points align with the course calendar; drop deadlines and finals week notes are provided in the syllabus

Course Topic Overview and Core Concepts

  • Part I: Science – Core components; chemical & biological basis
  • Part II: Cells → Tissues
  • Part III: Bones → Muscles
  • Part IV: Nervous & Sensory Systems
  • A&P Semester at a Glance: overview of major modules and sequencing

Scientific Foundations for A&P

  • Outline I: Science basics – how we approach & understand life
  • II. Homeostasis & Feedback mechanisms
  • III. Tying it all together & Independent studies
  • IV. Guided Inquiry Activity

Why Life Is a Science

  • Dynamic field; relies on direct & indirect observations
  • Develop hypotheses or questions; test hypotheses; confirm or reject; retest or redesign
  • If/Then statements are used

Scientific Method Essentials

  • Inductive vs Deductive Methods
    • Inductive: Specific instances → general conclusion (e.g., anatomy as a product of inductive method)
    • Deductive (Hypothetico-Deductive): General principles → prediction about a specific instance
  • Nature of scientific proof: cannot go past "proved beyond reasonable doubt"
  • Reliable observations: repeatedly tested and confirmed; not falsified by credible observations
  • All truth in science is tentative

Facts, Laws, and Theories

  • Scientific fact: independently verifiable information
  • Law of nature: description of how matter & energy behave; can be verbal or mathematical
  • Theory: a summary of conclusions drawn from observable facts; explains and predicts (e.g., Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction)

How the Human Body Is Studied

  • Anatomy: study of structure (developmental to gross levels)
  • Physiology: study of function (chemical to systems levels)
  • Anatomy & physiology are inseparable; mantra: Change structure → change function

8 Characteristics of Life

1) Complex order and organization (Biological unity; universal chemical composition)
2) Regulation of internal environment (Homeostasis)
3) Growth
4) Development
5) Metabolism (use energy)
6) Response to environment (irritability)
7) Reproduction
8) Evolution (capable of change)

Organization and Hierarchy of Life

  • Taxonomic levels: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
  • Mnemonic: “Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup”
  • Hierarchy: Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere
  • We will discuss levels 1–7 (Molecule to Organ System)

8 Necessary Functions of Life (Organismal Functions)

1) Maintain boundaries (internal vs external environments)
2) Movement (contractility)
3) Responsiveness (sense & respond to stimuli)
4) Digestion
5) Metabolism (all chemical reactions in body cells)
6) Excretion (nitrogenous wastes, digestion wastes)
7) Reproduction (cellular division; offspring production)
8) Growth (increase in size of parts or organism)

Metabolism and Enzymes

  • Metabolism: totality of chemical reactions in the body
  • Enzymes: accelerate each step of metabolic pathways; highly specific
  • Regulation: enzyme activity is controlled by supply and demand
  • Pathways: Catabolic (breaking down) vs Anabolic (synthesis)
  • Energy flow: Catabolic pathways release energy that drives anabolic pathways; reactions are coupled
  • Example pathways: Respiration (glucose → CO₂ + H₂O → ATP); Photosynthesis (in plants) as anabolic example

Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

  • Homeostasis: internal stability (steady-state) that allows systems to run smoothly
  • Core examples: thermoregulation; osmoregulation (water balance); excretion regulation
  • Negative feedback: returns to set point; main mechanism for maintaining homeostasis
  • Positive feedback: increases deviation from set point; not normally for maintenance; used for rapid completion of a process (e.g., childbirth)

Negative Feedback: Key Concepts and Steps

  • General flow: Stimulus → Receptor → Control Center (Integrator) → Effector → Response → Return to homeostasis
  • Goal: maintain stable internal conditions
  • Classic example: body temperature regulation
    • Temperature drop triggers furnace to warm; rise triggers heater to turn off; system returns to set point
  • Required components of any negative feedback loop:
    • Stimulus: change detected
    • Receptor (sensor): senses change
    • Control center (integrator): processes input and determines response
    • Effector: executes response to restore homeostasis
  • Structural representation:
    • Afferent pathway: information to control center
    • Efferent pathway: information from center to effector
  • Notation in the loop: balance vs imbalance states; feedback eventually reduces the original stimulus

Positive Feedback: Key Characteristics

  • Not tied to homeostasis; drives processes away from the set point
  • Self-amplifying cycle; produces rapid change; usually temporary/harmful if unregulated
  • Examples: clotting cascade (stops bleeding) and oxytocin-mediated labor

Homeostatic Imbalance and Its Implications

  • Disturbance of homeostasis can:
    1) Increase disease risk
    2) Contribute to aging-related changes
    3) Allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (e.g., heart failure)

Review and Synthesis: Homeostasis and Communication in the Body

  • Nervous and endocrine systems coordinate via nerve impulses and hormones to maintain homeostasis
  • Homeostasis is a dynamic state of equilibrium maintained through continuous monitoring and regulation of various variables

Unifying Principles in Anatomy & Physiology

  • Unity of form and function: physiology cannot be separated from anatomy
  • Hierarchy of structure: levels of complexity
  • Homeostasis as a central organizing principle
  • Evolution: body is a product of natural selection

Vocabulary and Foundations: Anatomical Language

  • Most medical terms come from Greek and Latin roots
  • Anatomical positions, planes, and cavities: foundational vocabulary for locating structures

Anatomy and Physiology Memorable Topics

  • Anatomical positions, planes, and cavities: to be familiar with the key terms
  • Orientation terms (e.g., Superior, Inferior, Ventral, Dorsal, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal) and body planes (Frontal, Median/Midsagittal, Transverse)
  • Body cavities (two major closed cavities; also smaller cavities in the head: oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear, synovial)
  • Major organ systems: overview of the 12 organ systems with primary organs and functions

12 Organ Systems: Quick Reference

  • Respiratory: keeps blood oxygenated and removes CO₂; gaseous exchange in alveolar walls
  • Muscular: enables movement, posture, heat production
  • Lymphatic: immunity; returns leaked fluid to blood; houses lymphocytes; immune response
  • Urinary: eliminates nitrogenous wastes; regulates water, electrolyte, acid-base balance
  • Reproductive (Male): production of sperm and male hormones; ducts and glands aid delivery of sperm
  • Reproductive (Female): production of eggs and female hormones; supports fertilization and fetal development; mammary glands produce milk
  • Integumentary: external covering; protects tissues; synthesizes vitamin D; houses receptors; contains sweat and oil glands
  • Skeletal: protects and supports organs; framework for movement; sites for blood cell formation; stores minerals
  • Nervous: fast-acting control system; responds to changes by activating muscles/glands
  • Digestive: breaks down food into absorbable units; nutrients absorbed into blood; indigestible matter eliminated
  • Endocrine: glands secrete hormones regulating growth, reproduction, and metabolism
  • Cardiovascular: blood vessels transport blood; heart pumps blood; delivers oxygen, nutrients; removes wastes

Organ Systems: Intersectional Concepts

  • Many organs participate in more than one system (example: pancreas = Digestive + Endocrine; spleen = Lymphatic + Cardiovascular; thymus = Lymphatic + Endocrine)
  • Integrative view: digestion, respiration, cardiovascular, urinary, and lymphatic systems interconnect via circulation and interstitial fluid

Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory, and Interactions Diagram (Conceptual)

  • Digestive takes in nutrients, breaks them down, eliminates indigestible matter
  • Respiratory takes in O₂ and eliminates CO₂
  • Cardiovascular distributes O₂ and nutrients; removes CO₂ and wastes via blood
  • Interstitial fluid serves as the exchange medium between blood and cells

Anatomical Tools: Planes, Cavities, and Orientation Terms

  • Orientation Terms (Table 1.1):
    • Superior (cranial) – toward the head; above
    • Inferior (caudal) – away from the head; below
    • Ventral (anterior) – toward the front; in front of
    • Dorsal (posterior) – toward the back; behind
    • Medial – toward the midline
    • Lateral – away from the midline
    • Intermediate – between medial and lateral
    • Proximal – closer to the body origin or limb attachment
    • Distal – farther from the body origin or limb attachment
  • Body cavities (major, closed): Cranial cavity, Vertebral (spinal) cavity, Thoracic cavity (contains pericardial and pleural cavities and mediastinum), Abdominal cavity, Pelvic cavity; Abdominopelvic cavity combines abdominal and pelvic regions
  • Body planes: Frontal (coronal), Median (midsagittal), Transverse
  • Anatomical terms to know (examples): Cephalic, Frontal, Orbital, Nasal, Oral, Mental, Cervical, Thoracic, Axillary, Mammary, Sternal, Umbilical, Pelvic, Inguinal, Pubic; Upper limb terms (Acromial, Brachial, Antebrachial, Carpal, Manus, Palmar, Pollex, Digital); Lower limb terms (Coxal, Femoral, Patellar, Crural, Fibular/Peroneal, Pedal, Tarsal, Metatarsal, Hallux)

Guided Inquiry Activity (GI) – Structure and Roles

  • Part I (5 minutes): Breakout groups of 3–4; introductions
  • Part II (15 minutes): Address activity questions; reconvene for class-wide reporting
  • Roles for group members:
    • READER: reads aloud
    • RECORDER: records group answers
    • FACILITATOR: manages time and ensures participation
    • SPOKESPERSON: reports answers to whole class
  • Goal: Accomplish the activity collaboratively without internet or textbook; report back findings as a class

Accountability and Self-Assessment

  • Check-in on accountability (self-assessment):
    • A) No preparation
    • B) Began some preparation
    • C) Watched all lectures and took good notes
    • D) Watched all lectures, notes, and studied at least 2 more hours
    • E) Fully prepared but did not watch lectures
  • Distribution for self-checks: evenly split 20% across categories

Course Policies and Final Grading

  • Evaluation & Resources:

    • Lectures: Exam components and a total of 500500 points
    • Pre/post/within-lecture assignments/events: included in the course grade
    • Participation: 8080 points
    • Total possible: 580580 points

  • Resources include: Textbook/Lab Manual, PowerPoints, videos, Academic Excellence Program (AEP) with free tutoring hours, and lab/digital resources via Canvas

  • Final Grades (percentiles):

    • A: 100-92 ext{ %}
    • AB: 88-91 ext{ %}
    • B: 87-82 ext{ %}
    • BC: 78-81 ext{ %}
    • C: 77-72 ext{ %}
    • CD: 71-68 ext{ %}
    • D: 67-60 ext{ %}
    • F: 59-0 ext{ %}

Academic Integrity, Accommodations, and Testing Policy

  • Refer to the syllabus for Title IX, ADA, and related policies
  • Academic integrity policy: violations (e.g., Proctorio misuse) can result in a zero for the exam and reporting for integrity violation
  • Accommodations: contact the instructor in the first week for clarification
  • Testing policy: in-class exams require devices turned off and removed from reach; assessment materials will be distributed by the professor
  • Missed exams: university-sanctioned makeup opportunities during finals week; deadlines enforced by computer locks; late submissions may be lost

Study Strategies and Learning Styles

  • Course Strategy emphasizes knowledge of self (VARK model: Visual, Auditory, Kinaesthetic)
  • Canvas Learning Practices Self-Evaluation is posted to help tailor teaching styles to student needs
  • Recommendations: print out the slides; do not rely solely on the computer for note-taking; use in-class clicker questions to reinforce learning
  • Self-assessment of learning style shows Visual dominance for many students; adapt study methods accordingly

Atlas, Vocabulary, and Independent Work

  • Start to work on Atlas A (vocabulary-rich) and Organ System Chart (posted on Canvas)
  • Foundational vocabulary to support understanding of anatomical positions, planes, and cavities

Mnemonics and Quick Memory Aids

  • System mnemonic: In School Nursing – My Ever Crazy Learning Doesn’t Utilize Rest (11 systems)
  • Alternative mnemonic: MURDER LINCS
  • Use these devices to recall the 11 (plus 12) body systems and their organ associations

Quick Reference: Key Figures and Measurements (Selected)

  • Exam structure and points: 500500 pts for exams; total course points 580580 including participation
  • Connect: due by 11:59extpm11:59 ext{ pm} on specified dates; per-chapter structure; time estimates per activity are example ranges

Summary: What to Focus On for the Next Lecture

  • Review the rhythm of the course tools: Connect, COVI, iClicker, Kahoot
  • Revisit homeostasis concepts: negative vs positive feedback, feedback loop components, and thermoregulation examples
  • Memorize directional terms, planes, and cavities (Tables 1.1 A–D)
  • Build organized notes using the module structure; print slide decks and prepare for Guided Inquiry Activity
  • Be prepared to discuss the unifying principles across anatomy and physiology and how structure determines function