STS REVIEWER

MODULE 1: ANCIENT, MIDDLE, AND MODERN TECHNOLOGIES IN THE WORLD AND THE PHILIPPINES

ANCIENT AGE: THREE-AGE SYSTEM

  • Three-age system: A classification based on tool development stages.

    • Stone Age (2.55 million years ago - 300 BC):

      • Tools made from stone and bone; no metal use.

    • Bronze Age (300 BC - 1200 BC):

      • Emergence of tools and weapons made from bronze, a metal extraction process from ore (smelting began with copper).

    • Iron Age (1500 BC - 450 AD):

      • Characterized by advancements in smelting techniques to produce iron.

BRONZE AGE (3700 BC - 1200 BC)

  • Timeline of significant developments:

    • 3700 BC: Bronze use began near the Middle East.

    • 3500 BC: Bronze Age commences in Bohemia and spreads to Mediterranean and Eastern Europe.

    • 2500 BC: Early trading center in Indus Valley, bronze tools, weapons, and ornaments discovered.

    • 2400 BC: Longshan culture in China made bronze tools.

    • 2300 BC: Commencement of the Bronze Age in Europe.

    • By 1200 BC, bronze tools in use began to be replaced by stone tools.

  • Additional Developments:

    • 1700 BC: Shang Dynasty in China established bronze-working communities.

    • 1650 BC: Mycenaean Civilization's Bronze Age in Greece starts.

    • 1640 BC: Bronze Age begins in Egypt.

    • 1000 BC: Introduction of bronze in Korea by Chinese.

    • 300 BC: Japan enters the Bronze Age, utilizing both bronze and iron tools.

IRON AGE (1500 BC - 450 AD)

  • Initiated with the capability to smelt iron ore at higher temperatures.

  • Iron technology gradually spread from North Africa into Sub-Saharan Africa.

MIDDLE AGES (450 - 1450 AD)

  • Notable scientific and technological advancements occurred during this period.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1440 - 1690 AD)

  1. Universe Model by Copernicus:

    • Sun-centered universe; planets revolve around the sun.

  2. Law of Planetary Motion by Kepler:

    • Planets orbit in elliptical paths.

  3. Work of Motion by Galileo:

    • Established relations of distance, velocity, acceleration, and inertia.

  4. Law of Motion by Newton:

    • 1st Law (Inertia): Objects remain at rest or in motion unless acted upon.

    • 2nd Law: Acceleration is produced by force acting on mass.

    • 3rd Law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

INFORMATION AGE

  1. Pre-Gutenberg World: Prior to the invention of the printing press.

  2. Gutenberg Revolution: Introduction of the printing press.

  3. Post-Gutenberg World: Growth of the internet and World Wide Web.

RISE OF DIGITAL AGE

  • Computers: Developed by Charles Babbage (Father of Computer).

  • Internet: Created in the 1960s by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn.

  • Email: Invented by V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai in 1978; granted in 1982.

  • World Wide Web: Developed by Tim Berners-Lee in the early 1990s.

  • Major social media platforms:

    • Facebook: Launched in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg.

    • Twitter: Created in 2006 by a team including Jack Dorsey.

    • YouTube: Developed in 2005 by Steve Chen and Chad Hurley.

    • Google: A 1996 research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin.

    • Instagram: Launched in 2010 as a photography app by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

PARADIGM SHIFT IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

  • Thomas Kuhn:

    • Proposed the Kuhn Cycle concept describing the evolution of scientific progress.

KUHN'S PHASES OF SCIENCE

  1. Pre-Paradigmatic Phase: Lack of consensus among scientists.

  2. Normal Science Phase: Acceptance and implementation of established paradigms.

  3. Crisis Phase: Scientists question existing theories due to anomalies.

  4. Scientific Revolution Phase: Emergence of significant new discoveries and paradigms.

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF WORLD DEVELOPMENT

  • Ancient Period (5000 MYA):

    • Notable inventions: Watermill, cartography, paper (papyrus).

  • Medieval Period (5th to 15th Century):

    • Innovations: Printing press, hourglass, gunpowder.

  • Renaissance (13th to 17th Century):

    • Advancements in S&T, art, and literature.

  • Industrial Revolution (18th to 19th Century):

    • Marked by railways, steamships, and major inventions like the lightbulb and telephone.

FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

  1. Mechanization increased production efficiency.

  2. Began in Great Britain in the 1700s, following the agricultural revolution.

KEYS TO GREAT BRITAIN’S INDUSTRIALIZATION

  • Access to raw materials, effective transportation, capital availability, and government support.

PEOPLE BEHIND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

  1. Thomas Newcomen:

    • Invented the atmospheric steam engine.

  2. James Watt:

    • Improved steam engine efficiency, introduced horsepower mechanics.

  3. James Hargreaves:

    • Invented the Spinning Jenny to enhance textile production.

  4. Henry Cort:

    • Developed the puddling process for iron production, leading to high-quality wrought iron.