quiz 1 review

  1. Nursing education for mothers taking meds while breastfeeding
    • Some meds pass into breast milk and can affect the baby.
    • Nurses should teach moms to:
    • Take meds after breastfeeding (if possible).
    • Choose meds that are safe for nursing.
    • Monitor the baby for any unusual signs (like sleepiness, rash, poor feeding).

  2. Half-life of a medication
    • Definition: The time it takes for half of the drug to leave the body.
    • Calculation:
    • Example: If 100mg is given and the half-life is 4 hours → 50mg will remain after 4 hours.

  3. Sublingual vs Buccal administration
    • Sublingual: Med goes under the tongue, absorbed quickly into the blood.
    • Buccal: Med goes between cheek and gum, absorbed slower than sublingual.
    • Both avoid the stomach and liver (no “first-pass” effect).

  4. Therapeutic range and drug monitoring
    • Therapeutic range: The safe and effective level of drug in the blood.
    • Drug monitoring: Checking blood levels to make sure the drug is working but not toxic.

  5. Drug interactions
    • Synergism: Two drugs work better together (1+1 = 3 effect).
    • Additive effect: Two drugs just add up (1+1 = 2 effect).
    • Displacement: One drug kicks another off a protein and changes effects.
    • Antagonism: One drug blocks another drug’s effect.

  6. Aging and drugs
    • Older adults have:
    • Slower absorption.
    • Less blood flow.
    • Slower liver and kidney function (affects breakdown and excretion).
    • Higher sensitivity to drugs.

  7. Idiosyncratic drug reaction
    • An unusual or unexpected reaction to a drug (genetic or random).

  8. How drugs are excreted
    • Mainly through the kidneys (urine).
    • Also through liver (bile), lungs, sweat, and breast milk.

  9. Pharmacodynamics
    • What the drug does to the body.
    • How the drug works at the receptor sites.

  10. Generic vs Brand name drugs
    • Generic: Same active ingredient, cheaper.
    • Brand: Original version by the company, more expensive.
    • They both work the same but might have different fillers.

  11. Routes of medication administration
    • Oral: Swallowed, slowest absorption.
    • Intramuscular (IM): Into muscle, faster than oral.
    • Intravenous (IV): Direct to vein, fastest effect.
    • Subcutaneous (SubQ): Into fat layer under skin, slower than IM.

  12. Phases of clinical trials
    • Phase 1: Test safety on small group (healthy people).
    • Phase 2: Test effectiveness on small group (with disease).
    • Phase 3: Test large group (compare with other treatments).
    • Phase 4: After approval, monitor long-term effects.

  13. Factors affecting absorption
    • Food (some drugs need empty stomach, others need food).
    • Blood flow.
    • Acidity in the stomach.
    • Other meds taken at same time.

  14. Pharmacokinetics
    • What the body does to the drug:
    • Liberation (release).
    • Absorption (into blood).
    • Distribution (to tissues).
    • Metabolism (break down, mostly in liver).
    • Excretion (get rid of, mostly by kidneys).

  15. Drug interaction
    • When one drug affects how another drug works (makes it stronger, weaker, or toxic).

  16. Teratogen
    • A drug that can harm a developing baby (cause birth defects).
    • Examples: Thalidomide, isotretinoin (Accutane), some seizure meds.

  17. Organs for drug metabolism
    • Liver is the main organ.
    • Also, kidneys, lungs, intestines can help.

  18. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs)
    • Harmful side effects that weren’t expected.
    • Most at risk: Elderly, babies, people taking many meds (polypharmacy).

  19. Agonist vs Antagonist
    • Agonist: Activates a receptor (makes the body do something).
    • Antagonist: Blocks a receptor (stops something from happening).