Geo
Pull
factors-Factors that attract people to a place.
Push
factors-Factors that encourage people to leave a city.
Globalisation isn’t new eg slave trade
Time-Space Compression
Where places seem closer together and more interconnected due to improvements in transport and communications technologies. The time and distance it takes to do something is shortened and appears instantaneous - ordering online instead of traveling to a shop or taking a virtual tour of London Zoo whilst you are in Sydney, Australia
Interdependent
Interdependence means that countries are dependent on each another in some way. E.g. developing countries are dependent on developed countries for manufactured goods or aid. Developed countries are dependent on developing countries for cheaper labour costs and raw materials.
Trade - import and export of raw materials, food goods and services through the reduction of trade barriers
Aid - most aid is economic either through receiving or donating, allowing developing countries to invest in education, health, infrastructure and trade
Foreign investment - either directly or indirectly through business opportunities e.g. Shell oil investing in Niger
Labour - important to the working of the global economy and labour migration fuels this market either with a specialist or cheap labour
Information - fast data transfer and communication are vital to the global economy
Commodity Chain
This refers to the stages involved in manufacturing a finished product or commodity to sell to consumers. It can also be referred to as a supply or production chain. The various stages can occur in different developing and emerging countries and shipped to developed countries for final checks/assembly and sales.
Network flows
Trade - buying and selling of raw materials, goods and services
TNC- countries that operate in several others
Foreign investment- when count or company invests on a project abroad
Labour - to do work especially physical Work
Development aid- money help or resources given to a country to help them improve
Economic Blocs- agreements where groups of countries agree to reduce taxes for goods and services traded between those countries
Transport - carrying people or goods from one place q to another by vehicle, aircraft or ship.
Information technologies- systems for sending storing and receiving information
Investment is not just monetary (economic), although this is a large part of it
Investment can be in people, research or products
Foreign investment is where individuals or firms from abroad invest in another country:
Call centres can be located anywhere e.g. India
Investment is made in the country through building the call centre, paying taxes etc.
Local people are employed and trained
Service is provided to the donor country - the UK
Moving manufacturing from developed to developing or emerging countries
China is the main area for manufacturing goods from around the world
Investment is made in China to produce goods
Completed goods are shipped back to the original country e.g. Germany
Investment in people either for cheap labour or for their expertise
Specialist surgeon from the USA to Australia
Investment in developments that attracts cheap labour - construction of Dubai attracts many Indian migrants
Research and development investment - motor car industry to build more fuel efficient motoring - Elon Musk's Tesla electric cars
Investment can be from aid for rebuilding after a disaster - Ukraine will need aid after the war with Russia ends
Aid can be funds sent to the government to use as necessary, although this can often lead to corruption and funds not going where they should
Aid can be in form of goods and services directed to the affected area - refugee camps or after a natural hazard such as a tropical storm or earthquake
Primary - Industry involving the collection or extraction
of raw materials from the earth or sea
(farming, fishing, mining).
Secondary -Industry taking the raw materials and
process them into manufactured goods and
products
.
Tertiary - This sector is also called the service sector
and involves the selling of services and
skills.
Quaternary-This is a relatively new industry which
consists of those industries providing
information services, such as ICT,
consultancy and research and development
(R&D).
The global shift: The movement of global manufacturing (secondary industry) from developed to developing countries over the last 50 years.
The majority of the world’s manufacturing has moved to Asia and has led to deindustrialisation (the decline of manufacturing industry) in developed countries like the UK and USA.
Why do you think manufacturing is shifting to developing countries,
particularly in south-east Asia?
• Transport is cheaper due to the development of containerisation so distance
from consumer is less of an issue.
• Communications technology is improving meaning all key players in the
production chain can communicate cheaply, easily and quickly.
• These countries often have sources of raw materials that can be exploited.
• The presence of cheap or unregulated labour.
• The absence of tight anti-pollution regulations (the UK has strict pollution
laws).
• The availability of cheap land for building large new factories.
• Too many employment and health & safety regulations in the UK.
• People in the UK expect higher wages and benefits.
• The UK has strict pollution laws.
Outsourcing is a practice used by some companies to obtain goods and services by contract from an outside supplier, rather than providing those
Loss of confidentiality.
• Losing management control of business functions.
• May have problems with the quality of tasks being completed e.g.
customer care.
• Cultural differences may cause difficulties.
• Businesses may become dependent on the outsource supplier.
This chart shows different types of population movement. Circulation refers to a temporary absence from home e.g. a holiday.
Migration is split into voluntary and forced and then international and internal.
The global economy describes the connectedness of the economies of the world’s individual countries which together are considered to be a single economic system.
Economic decisions or activities in one part of the world have important effects on what happens in other parts of the world
