Huge - U2 Review

Basics

  • population distribution: where people live, locations on the earth’s surface

  • 2/3 world population live in (top places people live in):

    • south asia

    • east asia

    • southeast asia

    • europe

    • north america, (eastern)

Demography

^ study of population characteristics (such as age, gender, occupation, fertility rate, health)

  • ecumene: portion of earth’s surface that is occupied permanently by human settlement

    • people usually are 90% of ppl are north of the equator, like good climate, close to sea level, and 2/3 of people live 300 miles from the ocean

    • also like living near the coast/urban - cities

    • ex. yellow river banks (?)

Factors that Affect Distribution

Environmentally

  • carrying capacity: max number of people land can withstand, sustain, hold without harming the environment

    • high pop. density = too many people concentrated in one are can destruct environment

    • (pressure, lack of water and food, arable, bad agriculture, too much waste)

Socially, Economically, Politically

  • social services and infrastructure are affected by density (how many people live in a certain area); water, jobs, houses

    • ex. cary, lots of people live here = increase of services like schools

  • we measure population by looking at the density, how many people live there

Types of Density

  • how we measure population

  • arithmetic: total number of people DIVIDED by land area = shows how many people live per square mile, etc.

  • physiological: total number of people DIVIDED by farmable land

    • higher = greater pressure people put on land to produce food (less farmable land)

    • how much farmland an area has

  • agriculture density: total number of farmers compared to land suitable for agriculture = shows how much farmers we have, technology advancement

    • USA has 2 farmers per km while China has 145

How to Measure Population Change

  • Crude Birth Rate (CBR): live birth rates per year after 1k ppl alive in the society

    • if rate is 10, there are 10 new babies per 1k

  • Crude Death Rate (CDR): live death rate per year every 1k ppl alive in society

    • South Africa

  • Natural Increase Rate (NIR): percentage that population grows in a year

    • formula: CBR - CDR/10

  • Total Fertility Rate (TFR): average number of children woman will have during childbearing years

    • replacement level fertility rate = 2.1; helps keep the population the same and where it is currently, to replace mother and father

    • middle east and africa have high replacement rates, while other countries are very low

  • africa is an example for all of the rates above

  • doubling rate: the time it takes to double population

    • divide 70 by birth rate

  • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): annual number of deaths of infants under 1 years old (compared to total live births)

  • life expectancy: years newborns/people can expect to live for at current morbidity levels/conditions

  • dependency ratio: population of people under 15 or over age of 65

    • ages that need assistance, and people that are in working age

Reasons for Different population Rates in Different Places

  • public policies: certain rules or encouragements that the gov. gives to citizens to regulate population to a certain amount (the way the want it)

  • economic development (developed or developing?)

  • education

  • gender empowerment

  • healthcare conditions

  • cultural and traditions (what is culturally accepted?)

Population Pyramid

  • population pyramid: graph that shows distribution of different age groups (by 5) and sex ratio of a region

    • shows population projections, what direction the population will go in with time, in the future, predictions

    • tells country wealth

  • developing countries = wider bases, younger people (because of more babies, and small life span)

  • developed countries = are wealthier, have uniform (equal) shaped pyramids (because of less babies and a longer life span)

  • opposite stats (in rates, such as CBR)

  • sex ratio may be unbalanced because of job opportunities


Theories

  • Malthusian Theory

    • we are becoming overpopulated

    • Thomas Malthus

      • was in and experienced industrial revolution

      • acknowledged that:

      population will outpace food production. population increases geometrically while food increase arithmetically

      • food shortage and famine

    • criticisms:

      • slowed: contraceptives, education, women empowerment

      • advanced farming

      • advanced technology

    • false

  • birth rates are declining because of gov. policies, education, contraceptives, women empowerment

  • Esther Boserup (opposite)

    • agriculture

    • population increase = they will solve the issue with technology.

      • Neo-Malthusians

        • concerned about sustainability

        • focus on earth’s resources (limited)

        • we have food, but not distributed properly, focus on developing countries

        • we waste our resources, do not use them wisely


Government Policies

  • expansive: seek to increase population, more babies

    • soviet union, denmark, sweden

    • pro natalist

  • restrictives: see to decrease population, less babies

    • China and India, kenya sometimes

    • anti natalist

  • eugenic: favors one racial or cultural sector of population

    • nazi

    • japan


DTM: Demographic Transition Model

  • analyze and predict trends in population

  • births, deaths, natural increase rates

  • to see how country progresses from pre to post industrial


Stage 1

  • lots of farming, agriculture = economy

    • poor diet/famine

    • lack healthcare

    • lack water

    • lack education

  • not enough housing

  • plague, disease = high death rate, not good tech

  • lots of births, not guaranteed to live

  • lots of young people

    • youth dependent

  • before industrial revolution

    • no current examples

    • nomads? tribes?

  • population: 8k - 10k


Stage 2

  • natural increase is rapid

    • population boom

    • same high birth rate, high

  • deaths are falling rapidly, people are starting to survive

    • better nutrition and sanitation

    • medicine and vaccines

  • agricultural, not that much industry

    • agriculture revolution, better tech

    • sewers

  • england becomes overpopulation

    • industrialization start

    • moving to colonies

  • industrialization starts (near the end)

  • ex. pakistan, afghanistan, sub saharan africa, guatemala

  • population: 21k


Stage 3

  • slowing birth rate

    • children cost $$$

    • contraceptives

  • slower fall of death rate

    • people are older and living longer

  • access to meds

  • food preservation

  • urbanization, people moving to the cities

  • start of industrialization

    • mechanization, more machines less workers

    • no need for child labor

    • homes

  • women are working, higher education

  • natural increase is slower

  • population: 37k

  • ex. turkey, mexico, indonesia, india, russia, brazil

    • south east asia


Stage 4

  • birth rate is the same

  • death rate low

  • natural increase slows and straightens

  • elderly dependency

  • highly industrialized; post-industrialization

    • service jobs

  • working women; family planning

    • some do not have children

  • population: 40k

  • ex. more developed countries; north america, japan, west europe, england


Stage 5

  • contested, people don’t believe this stage exists

  • very low birth rate

  • low death rate

  • elderly dependent

  • replacement rate: way below

    • zpg: zero population growth

  • medically advanced

    • people living much longer

  • population: 42k

  • ex. japan and germany



ETM: Empidemiological Transition model

  • predictable stats of country while developing

    • sicknesses/diseases

    • life expectancy

    • what the cause of the death rate is


Stage 1

  • infectious disease

    • high death rate, no meds or vaccines n

    • cholera (waterborn, no cure);epidemic

    • bubonic plague

    • tuberculosis

    • pandemics and epidemics

  • animal attacks and accidents

  • malnutrition

    • poor diet and nutrition


Stage 2

  • receting diseases and pandemics are decreasing

    • industrial revolution: vaccines such as penicillin

  • sanitation improved

  • nutrition improved

    • agricultural revolution; growing more crops


Stage 3

  • degenerative and human made diseases

    • caused by human choices

    • diabetes start

    • cancer start

    • stress level rise = heart attacks

  • people living longer and lifestyle choices


stage 4

  • delaying cdr, getting rid of diseases due to advanced meds; allows them to living longer

    • heart diseases, strokes,

    • alzheimer’s and dementia because of longer life expectancy


stage 5

  • covid

  • re-emergence of infectious disease

    • bacteria

  • not taking antibiotics

    • new diseases



Migration

  • permanent or semi-permanent relocation of people from one place to another

    • immigration: coming into country

    • emigration: from a location, leaving

  • net migration: number value difference between emmigrants and immigrants


Types

  • international: permanent movement from one country to another, crossing border

    • forced: moving due to fears of violence/survival

    • voluntary: moving due to their own choices (job)

  • national or internal migration: moving within country

    • interregional: moving from one region of country to another (rural to urban)

    • intraregional: movement within region



Human movement

  • cyclic: quick non permanent migration, repeated / daily

    • driving to school and back, going to work

  • periodic: intermittent but recurrent movement

    • geese moving during a season but moving back

  • migration: one place to another, permanent or semi

    • person from out of country moving back

  • rural or urban: temporary or permanent

    • china moving to major cities from rural

    • city from rural

  • transhumance: swanson non permanent, winter and summers

    • herders moving livestock to higher altitudes


Voluntary migration

  • voluntary: moving by choice

  • step migration: stages of moving, cannot go to final destination in one go, immediately.

    • stop place by place for a few years

  • brain drain: shortage of labor caused by people leaving country

    • better for u.s. because of talents and smarts from other countries

    • countries of origin is lacking, because of people being taken away

    • brain gain: positive for country that has high immigration

  • remittances: money that is sent back to families of origin (from migrants

    • balikbayan box

^ Laws

  • ernst ravenstein

    • migration flow generates a return or counter migration

      • exchange

    • majority of migrants move a short distance

    • migrants who move long distances choose big cities

  • urban residents are less migratory than in rural

  • families are less likely to make international moves than young adults


Push Factors - speed

  • reason why people move

    • poverty, persecution

  • environmental

    • natural disasters

  • economic:

    • great depression, find new jobs

  • political

    • gov. restrictions, ex. Jews

    • Ukraine


Pull Factors - speed

  • attracting migrants

  • social

    • move for jobs and education

    • religious freedom

      • quakers

    • because of discrimination

  • environment

    • visually pleasing places

  • political

    • free healthcare

    • no world conflict


  • social

    • moving to big ciites

  • environment

    • gold rush

  • political

    • moving to seek better living


  • chain migration: chain reaction

    • when person of country moves to u.s.

    • cultural clusters

    • telling people or origin about place you moved to positive things - they move

  • gravity model: measuring interaction of two cities

    • influences

    • ranked places migrants are attracted to


Migration Flows

  • global: moving from one country to anothe r

  • re


  • philippines to dubai: housekeeper

  • visa

  • have opportunities that stop person from moving to their next location

    • job opportunities

  • sometimes have things that block them from going to their final destination

    • missing family

    • language barrier


Refugee

  • refugees come from middle east and africa

    • war

    • fear their lives



Effects of Migration

  • chain migration and ethnic neighborhoods:

    • when you report to family about how good the place you moved to is, and they all start to move here creating an ethnic neighborhood

    • also called a cultural cluster

  • step migration: moving in shorter distances but having one final destination

    • intervening opportunity: when something positive stops a person from reaching a final destination

      • one of the “steps” you take

  • migrants can change political laws, can make new ones to reflect their beliefs.

  • economically: costly when refugees come in


Sudan ***

  • separated into a south sudan

  • north: arabs and muslims

  • south: christians

  • lost boys of sudan: targeted

  • refugee crisis

    • come from middle east and sub saharan africa because of colonization

  • ethiopia to kenya

    • only 12k out of 27k people made it to kenya from ethiopia

  • another civil war in south sudan

  • the lost boys


  • effects immigrants have:

    • population size?

    • society/religion?

    • culutral landscape?

    • economics and jobs?

    • laws?


Syria ****

  • people moving to western europe because of civil war

    • people fear that their culture is going to be “taken over” because of low replacement rates


Economic Effects

  • receiving countrie

    • immigrants = good for labor, (of less desirable and low paying work)

      • reduces jobs” even though americans don’t want to work that job

    • open up cultural businesses, stimulated economy

  • countries of origin

    • remittances: giving back money to play of origin afte rmovign out of country

    • brain drain

    • less strain on resources

    • decrease in unemployment


(positives) for the “new country”

  • social:

    • bring culture with them

      • some people dislike this, discriminatory

  • demographic:

    • low growth or 0 growth (4-5 stage)

    • need immigrants (main source of rise of population)

      • are working age, reduce dependency ratios

country of origin

  • demographic: young and elderly are left behind, as well as the women

    • makes a unbalanced sex ratio

  • politically:

    • restrictions: xenophobia, limiting cultural diversity

    • encourage: guest workers, family reunification


  • easier to move back than then now, costs



immigration to u.s.

  • quotas: max limit of people who can immigrate to a country

  • largest number of immigrants

Waves

  • colonial period: colonization, western european countries settling in “new world” aka u.s.

    • 17-18th centuries

    • majority coming in are indentured servants and enslaved africans

  • mid-nineteenth century: north europe, scotland, ireland sweden, scandinavian

    • rate naturally increased after 1820

    • 1836 - 1914

    • dangerous voyage

    • first immigration law in 1875

  • turn of 20th century: southern and eastern europe

    • emergency quota act (1921), and immigration act of 1924

      • restricting s and e europeans, jews, italians and slavs (increased in 1890.s)

      • ww2 refugees denied entry

  • 1945 - present: latin america and asia (china and india)

    • decline or european immigrants

    • immigration increased (mexico and central america)



  • migrants come from hispanic populations and work in physical jobs, low skilled (31% of u.s. population)


U.S. Migration Trends

  • 1900-1960’s = people leaving south and moving north for job opportunities

  • currently moving from north to south, sunbelt

  • mid 1900’s = urban to suburbs/rural

  • now = rural to urban, return to cities

  • offloading population from coastal areas inland

    • encouraging economic development in interior, inland since there are more settlements at coasts

International Migration Trends

  • south to north hemisphere (90% live in north)

  • poor → rich regions

  • tension → peaceful regions

  • rural → urban regions