Advanced Placement Art History: Comprehensive List of Required Works and Analysis Framework

CONTENT AREA 1: GLOBAL PREHISTORY 30,000–500 B.C.E. (11 WORKS)

  • 1. Apollo 11 stones. Namibia. c. 25,500–25,300 B.C.E.c.\,25,500–25,300\,\text{B.C.E.} Charcoal on stone.

  • 2. Great Hall of the Bulls. Lascaux, France. Paleolithic Europe. 15,000–13,000 B.C.E.15,000–13,000\,\text{B.C.E.} Rock painting.

  • 3. Camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine. Tequixquiac, central Mexico. 14,000–7000 B.C.E.14,000–7000\,\text{B.C.E.} Bone.

  • 4. Running horned woman. Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria. 6000–4000 B.C.E.6000–4000\,\text{B.C.E.} Pigment on rock.

  • 5. Beaker with ibex motifs. Susa, Iran. 4200–3500 B.C.E.4200–3500\,\text{B.C.E.} Painted terra cotta.

  • 6. Anthropomorphic stele. Arabian Peninsula. Fourth millennium B.C.E.\text{B.C.E.} Sandstone.

  • 7. Jade cong. Liangzhu, China. 3300–2200 B.C.E.3300–2200\,\text{B.C.E.} Carved jade.

  • 8. Stonehenge. Wiltshire, UK. Neolithic Europe. c. 2500–1600 B.C.E.c.\,2500–1600\,\text{B.C.E.} Sandstone.

  • 9. The Ambum Stone. Ambum Valley, Enga Province, Papua New Guinea. c. 1500 B.C.E.c.\,1500\,\text{B.C.E.} Greywacke.

  • 10. Tlatilco female figurine. Central Mexico, site of Tlatilco. 1200–900 B.C.E.1200–900\,\text{B.C.E.} Ceramic.

  • 11. Terra cotta fragment. Lapita. Solomon Islands, Reef Islands. 1000 B.C.E.1000\,\text{B.C.E.} Terra cotta (incised).

CONTENT AREA 2: ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN 3500 B.C.E.–300 C.E. (36 WORKS)

  • 12. White Temple and its ziggurat. Uruk (modern Warka, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 3500–3000 B.C.E.c.\,3500–3000\,\text{B.C.E.} Mud brick.

  • 13. Palette of King Narmer. Predynastic Egypt. c. 3000–2920 B.C.E.c.\,3000–2920\,\text{B.C.E.} Greywacke.

  • 14. Statues of votive figures. From the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 2700 B.C.E.c.\,2700\,\text{B.C.E.} Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone.

  • 15. Seated scribe. Saqqara, Egypt. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2620–2500 B.C.E.c.\,2620–2500\,\text{B.C.E.} Painted limestone.

  • 16. Standard of Ur. From the Royal Tombs at Ur (modern Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 2600–2400 B.C.E.c.\,2600–2400\,\text{B.C.E.} Wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone.

  • 17. Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khufu) and Great Sphinx. Giza, Egypt. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2550–2490 B.C.E.c.\,2550–2490\,\text{B.C.E.} Cut limestone.

  • 18. King Menkaura and queen. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2490–2472 B.C.E.c.\,2490–2472\,\text{B.C.E.} Greywacke.

  • 19. The Code of Hammurabi. Babylon (modern Iran). Susian. c. 1792–1750 B.C.E.c.\,1792–1750\,\text{B.C.E.} Basalt.

  • 20. Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall. Karnak, near Luxor, Egypt. New Kingdom, 18th18\text{th} and 19th19\text{th} Dynasties. Temple: c. 1550 B.C.E.c.\,1550\,\text{B.C.E.}; hall: c. 1250 B.C.E.c.\,1250\,\text{B.C.E.} Cut sandstone and mud brick.

  • 21. Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut. Near Luxor, Egypt. New Kingdom, 18th18\text{th} Dynasty. c. 1473–1458 B.C.E.c.\,1473–1458\,\text{B.C.E.} Sandstone, partially carved into a rock cliff, and red granite.

  • 22. Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters. New Kingdom (Amarna), 18th18\text{th} Dynasty. c. 1353–1335 B.C.E.c.\,1353–1335\,\text{B.C.E.} Limestone.

  • 23. Tutankhamun’s tomb, innermost coffin. New Kingdom, 18th18\text{th} Dynasty. c. 1323 B.C.E.c.\,1323\,\text{B.C.E.} Gold with inlay of enamel and semiprecious stones.

  • 24. Last judgment of Hu-Nefer. From his tomb (page from the Book of the Dead). New Kingdom, 19th19\text{th} Dynasty. c. 1275 B.C.E.c.\,1275\,\text{B.C.E.} Painted papyrus scroll.

  • 25. Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II. Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq). Neo-Assyrian. c. 720–705 B.C.E.c.\,720–705\,\text{B.C.E.} Alabaster.

  • 26. Athenian agora. Archaic through Hellenistic Greek. 600 B.C.E.–150 C.E.600\,\text{B.C.E.}–150\,\text{C.E.} Plan.

  • 27. Anavysos Kouros. Archaic Greek. c. 530 B.C.E.c.\,530\,\text{B.C.E.} Marble with remnants of paint.

  • 28. Peplos Kore from the Acropolis. Archaic Greek. c. 530 B.C.E.c.\,530\,\text{B.C.E.} Marble, painted details.

  • 29. Sarcophagus of the Spouses. Etruscan. c. 520 B.C.E.c.\,520\,\text{B.C.E.} Terra cotta.

  • 30. Audience Hall (apadana) of Darius and Xerxes. Persepolis, Iran. Persian. c. 520–465 B.C.E.c.\,520–465\,\text{B.C.E.} Limestone.

  • 31. Temple of Minerva (Veii, near Rome, Italy) and sculpture of Apollo. Master sculptor Vulca. c. 510–500 B.C.E.c.\,510–500\,\text{B.C.E.} Original temple of wood, mud brick, or tufa (volcanic rock); terra cotta sculpture.

  • 32. Tomb of the Triclinium. Tarquinia, Italy. Etruscan. c. 480–470 B.C.E.c.\,480–470\,\text{B.C.E.} Tufa and fresco.

  • 33. Niobides Krater. Anonymous vase painter of Classical Greece known as the Niobid Painter. c. 460–450 B.C.E.c.\,460–450\,\text{B.C.E.} Clay, red-figure technique (white highlights).

  • 34. Doryphoros (Spear Bearer). Polykleitos. Original 450–440 B.C.E.450–440\,\text{B.C.E.} Roman copy (marble) of Greek original (bronze).

  • 35. Acropolis. Athens, Greece. Iktinos and Kallikrates. c. 447–410 B.C.E.c.\,447–410\,\text{B.C.E.} Marble.

  • 36. Grave stele of Hegeso. Attributed to Kallimachos. c. 410 B.C.E.c.\,410\,\text{B.C.E.} Marble and paint.

  • 37. Winged Victory of Samothrace. Hellenistic Greek. c. 190 B.C.E.c.\,190\,\text{B.C.E.} Marble.

  • 38. Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon. Asia Minor (present-day Turkey). Hellenistic Greek. c. 175 B.C.E.c.\,175\,\text{B.C.E.} Marble (architecture and sculpture).

  • 39. House of the Vettii. Pompeii, Italy. Imperial Roman. c. second century B.C.E.c.\,\text{second century B.C.E.}; rebuilt c. 62–79 C.E.c.\,62–79\,\text{C.E.} Cut stone and fresco.

  • 40. Alexander Mosaic from the House of Faun, Pompeii. Republican Roman. c. 100 B.C.E.c.\,100\,\text{B.C.E.} Mosaic.

  • 41. Seated boxer. Hellenistic Greek. c. 100 B.C.E.c.\,100\,\text{B.C.E.} Bronze.

  • 42. Head of a Roman patrician. Republican Roman. c. 75–50 B.C.E.c.\,75–50\,\text{B.C.E.} Marble.

  • 43. Augustus of Prima Porta. Imperial Roman. Early 1st1\text{st} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Marble.

  • 44. Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater). Rome, Italy. Imperial Roman. 70–80 C.E.70–80\,\text{C.E.} Stone and concrete.

  • 45. Forum of Trajan. Rome, Italy. Apollodorus of Damascus. Forum and markets: 106–112 C.E.106–112\,\text{C.E.}; column completed 113 C.E.113\,\text{C.E.} Brick and concrete (architecture); marble (column).

  • 46. Pantheon. Imperial Roman. 118–125 C.E.118–125\,\text{C.E.} Concrete with stone facing.

  • 47. Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus. Late Imperial Roman. c. 250 C.E.c.\,250\,\text{C.E.} Marble.

CONTENT AREA 3: EARLY EUROPE AND COLONIAL AMERICAS 200–1750 C.E. (51 WORKS)

  • 48. Catacomb of Priscilla. Rome, Italy. Late Antique Europe. c. 200–400 C.E.c.\,200–400\,\text{C.E.} Excavated tufa and fresco.

  • 49. Santa Sabina. Rome, Italy. Late Antique Europe. c. 422–432 C.E.c.\,422–432\,\text{C.E.} Brick and stone, wooden roof.

  • 50. Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis. Early Byzantine Europe. Early 6th6\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Illuminated manuscript (tempera, gold, and silver on purple vellum).

  • 51. San Vitale. Ravenna, Italy. Early Byzantine Europe. c. 526–547 C.E.c.\,526–547\,\text{C.E.} Brick, marble, and stone veneer; mosaic.

  • 52. Hagia Sophia. Constantinople (Istanbul). Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. 532–537 C.E.532–537\,\text{C.E.} Brick and ceramic elements with stone and mosaic veneer.

  • 53. Merovingian looped fibulae. Early medieval Europe. Mid-6th6\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Silver gilt worked in filigree, with inlays of garnets and other stones.

  • 54. Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George. Early Byzantine Europe. 6th6\text{th} or early 7th7\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Encaustic on wood.

  • 55. Lindisfarne Gospels. St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page. Early medieval (Hiberno-Saxon) Europe. c. 700 C.E.c.\,700\,\text{C.E.} Illuminated manuscript (ink, pigments, and gold on vellum).

  • 56. Great Mosque. C3rdoba, Spain. Umayyad. c. 785–786 C.E.c.\,785–786\,\text{C.E.} Stone masonry.

  • 57. Pyxis of al-Mughira. Umayyad. c. 968 C.E.c.\,968\,\text{C.E.} Ivory.

  • 58. Church of Sainte-Foy. Conques, France. Romanesque Europe. Church: c. 1050–1130 C.E.c.\,1050–1130\,\text{C.E.}; Reliquary of Saint Foy: ninth century C.E.\text{C.E.}, with later additions. Stone (architecture); stone and paint (tympanum); gold, silver, gemstones, and enamel over wood (reliquary).

  • 59. Bayeux Tapestry. Romanesque Europe (English or Norman). c. 1066–1080 C.E.c.\,1066–1080\,\text{C.E.} Embroidery on linen.

  • 60. Chartres Cathedral. Chartres, France. Gothic Europe. Original construction c. 1145–1155 C.E.c.\,1145–1155\,\text{C.E.}; reconstructed c. 1194–1220 C.E.c.\,1194–1220\,\text{C.E.} Limestone, stained glass.

  • 61. Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France, Scenes from the Apocalypse from Bibles moralis3es. Gothic Europe. c. 1225–1245 C.E.c.\,1225–1245\,\text{C.E.} Illuminated manuscript (ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum).

  • 62. R3ttgen Piet0. Late medieval Europe. c. 1300–1325 C.E.c.\,1300–1325\,\text{C.E.} Painted wood.

  • 63. Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation. Padua, Italy. Unknown architect; Giotto di Bondone (artist). Chapel: c. 1303 C.E.c.\,1303\,\text{C.E.}; Fresco: c. 1305c.\,1305. Brick (architecture) and fresco.

  • 64. Golden Haggadah. (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover). Late medieval Spain. c. 1320 C.E.c.\,1320\,\text{C.E.} Illuminated manuscript (pigments and gold leaf on vellum).

  • 65. Alhambra. Granada, Spain. Nasrid Dynasty. 1354–1391 C.E.1354–1391\,\text{C.E.} Whitewashed adobe stucco, wood, tile, paint, and gilding.

  • 66. Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece). Workshop of Robert Campin. 1427–1432 C.E.1427–1432\,\text{C.E.} Oil on wood.

  • 67. Pazzi Chapel. Basilica di Santa Croce. Florence, Italy. Filippo Brunelleschi (architect). c. 1429–1461 C.E.c.\,1429–1461\,\text{C.E.} Masonry.

  • 68. The Arnolfini Portrait. Jan van Eyck. c. 1434 C.E.c.\,1434\,\text{C.E.} Oil on wood.

  • 69. David. Donatello. c. 1440–1460 C.E.c.\,1440–1460\,\text{C.E.} Bronze.

  • 70. Palazzo Rucellai. Florence, Italy. Leon Battista Alberti (architect). c. 1450 C.E.c.\,1450\,\text{C.E.} Stone, masonry.

  • 71. Madonna and Child with Two Angels. Fra Filippo Lippi. c. 1465 C.E.c.\,1465\,\text{C.E.} Tempera on wood.

  • 72. Birth of Venus. Sandro Botticelli. c. 1484–1486 C.E.c.\,1484–1486\,\text{C.E.} Tempera on canvas.

  • 73. Last Supper. Leonardo da Vinci. c. 1494–1498 C.E.c.\,1494–1498\,\text{C.E.} Oil and tempera.

  • 74. Adam and Eve. Albrecht D2rer. 1504 C.E.1504\,\text{C.E.} Engraving.

  • 75. Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes. Vatican City, Italy. Michelangelo. Ceiling frescoes: c. 1508–1512 C.E.c.\,1508–1512\,\text{C.E.}; altar frescoes: c. 1536–1541 C.E.c.\,1536–1541\,\text{C.E.} Fresco.

  • 76. School of Athens. Raphael. 1509–1511 C.E.1509–1511\,\text{C.E.} Fresco.

  • 77. Isenheim altarpiece. Matthias Gr2newald. c. 1512–1516 C.E.c.\,1512–1516\,\text{C.E.} Oil on wood.

  • 78. Entombment of Christ. Jacopo da Pontormo. 1525–1528 C.E.1525–1528\,\text{C.E.} Oil on wood.

  • 79. Allegory of Law and Grace. Lucas Cranach the Elder. c. 1530 C.E.c.\,1530\,\text{C.E.} Woodcut and letterpress.

  • 80. Venus of Urbino. Titian. c. 1538 C.E.c.\,1538\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 81. Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza. Viceroyalty of New Spain. c. 1541–1542 C.E.c.\,1541–1542\,\text{C.E.} Ink and color on paper.

  • 82. Il Ges9. Including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco. Rome, Italy. Giacomo da Vignola, plan (architect); Giacomo della Porta, facade (architect); Giovanni Battista Gaulli, ceiling fresco (artist). Church: 16th16\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.}; facade: 1568–1584 C.E.1568–1584\,\text{C.E.}; fresco and stucco figures: 1676–1679 C.E.1676–1679\,\text{C.E.} Brick, marble, fresco, and stucco.

  • 83. Hunters in the Snow. Pieter Bruegel the Elder. 1565 C.E.1565\,\text{C.E.} Oil on wood.

  • 84. Mosque of Selim II. Edirne, Turkey. Sinan (architect). 1568–1575 C.E.1568–1575\,\text{C.E.} Brick and stone.

  • 85. Calling of Saint Matthew. Caravaggio. c. 1597–101 C.E.c.\,1597–101\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 86. Henri IV Receives the Portrait of Marie de’ Medici. From the Marie de’ Medici Cycle. Peter Paul Rubens. 1621–1625 C.E.1621–1625\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 87. Self-Portrait with Saskia. Rembrandt van Rijn. 1636 C.E.1636\,\text{C.E.} Etching.

  • 88. San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane. Rome, Italy. Francesco Borromini (architect). 1638–1646 C.E.1638–1646\,\text{C.E.} Stone and stucco.

  • 89. Ecstasy of Saint Teresa. Cornaro Chapel, Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria. Rome, Italy. Gian Lorenzo Bernini. c. 1647–1652 C.E.c.\,1647–1652\,\text{C.E.} Marble (sculpture); stucco and gilt bronze (chapel).

  • 90. Angel with Arquebus, Asiel Timor Dei. Master of Calamarca (La Paz School). c. 17thc.\,17\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 91. Las Meninas. Diego Vel0zquez. c. 1656 C.E.c.\,1656\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 92. Woman Holding a Balance. Johannes Vermeer. c. 1664 C.E.c.\,1664\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 93. The Palace at Versailles. Versailles, France. Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart (architects). Begun 1669 C.E.1669\,\text{C.E.} Masonry, stone, wood, iron, and gold leaf (architecture); marble and bronze (sculpture); gardens.

  • 94. Screen with the Siege of Belgrade and hunting scene. Circle of the Gonz0lez Family. c. 1697–1701 C.E.c.\,1697–1701\,\text{C.E.} Tempera and resin on wood, shell inlay.

  • 95. The Virgin of Guadalupe (Virgen de Guadalupe). Miguel Gonz0lez. c. 1698 C.E.c.\,1698\,\text{C.E.} Based on original Virgin of Guadalupe. Basilica of Guadalupe, Mexico City. 16th16\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas on wood, inlaid with mother-of-pearl.

  • 96. Fruit and Insects. Rachel Ruysch. 1711 C.E.1711\,\text{C.E.} Oil on wood.

  • 97. Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo. Attributed to Juan Rodr5guez Ju0rez. c. 1715 C.E.c.\,1715\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 98. The T9te 0 T9te. From Marriage 0 la Mode. William Hogarth. c. 1743 C.E.c.\,1743\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

CONTENT AREA 4: LATER EUROPE AND AMERICAS 1750–1980 C.E. (54 WORKS)

  • 99. Portrait of Sor Juana In3s de la Cruz. Miguel Cabrera. c. 1750 C.E.c.\,1750\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 100. A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery. Joseph Wright of Derby. c. 1763–1765 C.E.c.\,1763–1765\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 101. The Swing. Jean-Honor3 Fragonard. 1767 C.E.1767\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 102. Monticello. Virginia, U.S. Thomas Jefferson (architect). 1768–1809 C.E.1768–1809\,\text{C.E.} Brick, glass, stone, and wood.

  • 103. The Oath of the Horatii. Jacques-Louis David. 1784 C.E.1784\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 104. George Washington. Jean-Antoine Houdon. 1788–1792 C.E.1788–1792\,\text{C.E.} Marble.

  • 105. Self-Portrait. Elisabeth Louise Vig3e Le Brun. 1790 C.E.1790\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 106. Y no hai remedio (And There’s Nothing to Be Done). From Los Desastres de la Guerra (The Disasters of War), plate 1515. Francisco de Goya. 1810–1823 C.E.1810–1823\,\text{C.E.} (published 18631863). Etching, drypoint, burin, and burnishing.

  • 107. La Grande Odalisque. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. 1814 C.E.1814\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 108. Liberty Leading the People. Eug9ne Delacroix. 1830 C.E.1830\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 109. The Oxbow. (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm). Thomas Cole. 1836 C.E.1836\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 110. Still Life in Studio. Louis-Jacques-Mand3 Daguerre. 1837 C.E.1837\,\text{C.E.} Daguerreotype.

  • 111. Slave Ship. (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On). Joseph Mallord William Turner. 1840 C.E.1840\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 112. Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament). London, England. Charles Barry and Augustus W. N. Pugin (architects). 1840–1870 C.E.1840–1870\,\text{C.E.} Limestone masonry and glass.

  • 113. The Stone Breakers. Gustave Courbet. 1849 C.E.1849\,\text{C.E.} (destroyed in 19451945). Oil on canvas.

  • 114. Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art. Honor3 Daumier. 1862 C.E.1862\,\text{C.E.} Lithograph.

  • 115. Olympia. 9douard Manet. 1863 C.E.1863\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 116. The Saint-Lazare Station. Claude Monet. 1877 C.E.1877\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 117. The Horse in Motion. Eadweard Muybridge. 1878 C.E.1878\,\text{C.E.} Albumen print.

  • 118. The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel. (El Valle de M3xico desde el Cerro de Santa Isabel). Jose Mar5a Velasco. 1882 C.E.1882\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 119. The Burghers of Calais. Auguste Rodin. 1884–1895 C.E.1884–1895\,\text{C.E.} Bronze.

  • 120. The Starry Night. Vincent van Gogh. 1889 C.E.1889\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 121. The Coiffure. Mary Cassatt. 1890–1891 C.E.1890–1891\,\text{C.E.} Drypoint and aquatint.

  • 122. The Scream. Edvard Munch. 1893 C.E.1893\,\text{C.E.} Tempera and pastels on cardboard.

  • 123. Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? Paul Gauguin. 1897–1898 C.E.1897–1898\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 124. Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building. Chicago, Illinois, U.S. Louis Sullivan (architect). 1899–1903 C.E.1899–1903\,\text{C.E.} Iron, steel, glass, and terra cotta.

  • 125. Mont Sainte-Victoire. Paul C3zanne. 1902–1904 C.E.1902–1904\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 126. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. Pablo Picasso. 1907 C.E.1907\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 127. The Steerage. Alfred Stieglitz. 1907 C.E.1907\,\text{C.E.} Photogravure.

  • 128. The Kiss. Gustav Klimt. 1907–1908 C.E.1907–1908\,\text{C.E.} Oil and gold leaf on canvas.

  • 129. The Kiss. Constantin Brancusi. 1907–1908 C.E.1907–1908\,\text{C.E.} Limestone.

  • 130. The Portuguese. Georges Braque. 1911 C.E.1911\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 131. Goldfish. Henri Matisse. 1912 C.E.1912\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 132. Improvisation 28 (second version). Vassily Kandinsky. 1912 C.E.1912\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 133. Self-Portrait as a Soldier. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. 1915 C.E.1915\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 134. Memorial Sheet for Karl Liebknecht. K0the Kollwitz. 1919–1920 C.E.1919–1920\,\text{C.E.} Woodcut.

  • 135. Villa Savoye. Poissy-sur-Seine, France. Le Corbusier (architect). 1929 C.E.1929\,\text{C.E.} Steel and reinforced concrete.

  • 136. Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow. Piet Mondrian. 1930 C.E.1930\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 137. Illustration from The Results of the First Five-Year Plan. Varvara Stepanova. 1932 C.E.1932\,\text{C.E.} Photomontage.

  • 138. Object (Le D3jeuner en fourrure). Meret Oppenheim. 1936 C.E.1936\,\text{C.E.} Fur-covered cup, saucer, and spoon.

  • 139. Fallingwater. Pennsylvania, U.S. Frank Lloyd Wright (architect). 1936–1939 C.E.1936–1939\,\text{C.E.} Reinforced concrete, sandstone, steel, and glass.

  • 140. The Two Fridas. Frida Kahlo. 1939 C.E.1939\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 141. The Migration of the Negro, Panel no. 49. Jacob Lawrence. 1940–1941 C.E.1940–1941\,\text{C.E.} Casein tempera on hardboard.

  • 142. The Jungle. Wifredo Lam. 1943 C.E.1943\,\text{C.E.} Gouache on paper mounted on canvas.

  • 143. Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Park. Diego Rivera. 1947–1948 C.E.1947–1948\,\text{C.E.} Fresco.

  • 144. Fountain (second version). Marcel Duchamp. 1950 C.E.1950\,\text{C.E.} (original 19171917). Readymade glazed sanitary china with black paint.

  • 145. Woman, I. Willem de Kooning. 1950–1952 C.E.1950–1952\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 146. Seagram Building. New York City, U.S. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson (architects). 1954–1958 C.E.1954–1958\,\text{C.E.} Steel frame with glass curtain wall and bronze.

  • 147. Marilyn Diptych. Andy Warhol. 1962 C.E.1962\,\text{C.E.} Oil, acrylic, and silkscreen enamel on canvas.

  • 148. Narcissus Garden. Yayoi Kusama. Original installation and performance 19661966. Mirror balls.

  • 149. The Bay. Helen Frankenthaler. 1963 C.E.1963\,\text{C.E.} Acrylic on canvas.

  • 150. Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks. Claes Oldenburg. 1969–1974 C.E.1969–1974\,\text{C.E.} Cor-Ten steel, steel, aluminum, and cast resin; painted with polyurethane enamel.

  • 151. Spiral Jetty. Great Salt Lake, Utah, U.S. Robert Smithson. 1970 C.E.1970\,\text{C.E.} Earthwork: mud, precipitated salt crystals, rocks, and water coil.

  • 152. House in New Castle County. Delaware, U.S. Robert Venturi, John Rauch, and Denise Scott Brown (architects). 1978–1983 C.E.1978–1983\,\text{C.E.} Wood frame and stucco.

CONTENT AREA 5: INDIGENOUS AMERICAS 1000 B.C.E.–1980 C.E. (14 WORKS)

  • 153. Chav5n de Hu0ntar. Northern highlands, Peru. Chav5n. 900–200 B.C.E.900–200\,\text{B.C.E.} Stone (architectural complex); granite (Lanz3n and sculpture); hammered gold alloy (jewelry).

  • 154. Mesa Verde cliff dwellings. Montezuma County, Colorado. Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi). 450–1300 C.E.450–1300\,\text{C.E.} Sandstone.

  • 155. Yaxchil0n. Chiapas, Mexico. Maya. 725 C.E.725\,\text{C.E.} Limestone (architectural complex).

  • 156. Great Serpent Mound. Adams County, southern Ohio. Mississippian (Eastern Woodlands). c. 1070 C.E.c.\,1070\,\text{C.E.} Earthwork/effigy mound.

  • 157. Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375–1520 C.E.1375–1520\,\text{C.E.} Stone (temple); volcanic stone (The Coyolxauhqui Stone); jadeite (Olmec-style mask); basalt (Calendar Stone).

  • 158. Ruler’s feather headdress. (Probably of Motecuhzoma II). Mexica (Aztec). 1428–1520 C.E.1428–1520\,\text{C.E.} Feathers (quetzal and cotinga) and gold.

  • 159. City of Cusco. Including Qorikancha (Inka main temple), Santo Domingo (Spanish colonial convent), and Walls at Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman). Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1440 C.E.c.\,1440\,\text{C.E.}; convent added 1550–1650 C.E.1550–1650\,\text{C.E.} Andesite.

  • 160. Maize cobs. Inka. c. 1440–1533 C.E.c.\,1440–1533\,\text{C.E.} Sheet metal/repouss3, metal alloys.

  • 161. City of Machu Picchu. Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1450–1540 C.E.c.\,1450–1540\,\text{C.E.} Granite (architectural complex).

  • 162. All-T’oqapu tunic. Inka. 1450–1540 C.E.1450–1540\,\text{C.E.} Camelid fiber and cotton.

  • 163. Bandolier bag. Lenape (Delaware tribe, Eastern Woodlands). c. 1850 C.E.c.\,1850\,\text{C.E.} Beadwork on leather.

  • 164. Transformation mask. Kwakwaka’wakw, Northwest coast of Canada. Late 19th19\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Wood, paint, and string.

  • 165. Painted elk hide. Attributed to Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody), Eastern Shoshone, Wind River Reservation, Wyoming. c. 1890–1900 C.E.c.\,1890–1900\,\text{C.E.} Painted elk hide.

  • 166. Black-on-black ceramic vessel. Maria Mart5nez and Julian Mart5nez, Tewa, Puebloan, San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico. c. mid-20th century C.E.c.\,\text{mid-20th century C.E.} Blackware ceramic.

CONTENT AREA 6: AFRICA 1100–1980 C.E. (14 WORKS)

  • 167. Conical tower and circular wall of Great Zimbabwe. Southeastern Zimbabwe. Shona peoples. c. 1000–1400 C.E.c.\,1000–1400\,\text{C.E.} Coursed granite blocks.

  • 168. Great Mosque of Djenn3. Mali. Founded c. 1200 C.E.c.\,1200\,\text{C.E.}; rebuilt 1906–19071906–1907. Adobe.

  • 169. Wall plaque, from Oba’s palace. Edo peoples, Benin (Nigeria). 16th16\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Cast brass.

  • 170. Sika dwa kofi (Golden Stool). Ashanti peoples (south central Ghana). c. 1700 C.E.c.\,1700\,\text{C.E.} Gold over wood and cast-gold attachments.

  • 171. Ndop (portrait figure) of King Mishe miShyaang maMbul. Kuba peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo). c. 1760–1780 C.E.c.\,1760–1780\,\text{C.E.} Wood.

  • 172. Power figure (Nkisi n’kondi). Kongo peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo). c. late 19th century C.E.c.\,\text{late 19th century C.E.} Wood and metal.

  • 173. Female (Pwo) mask. Chokwe peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo). Late 19th19\text{th} to early 20th20\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Wood, fiber, pigment, and metal.

  • 174. Portrait mask (Mblo). Baule peoples (C4te d’Ivoire). Early 20th20\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Wood and pigment.

  • 175. Bundu mask. Sande Society, Mende peoples (West African forests of Sierra Leone and Liberia). 19th19\text{th} to 20th20\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Wood, cloth, and fiber.

  • 176. Ikenga (shrine figure). Igbo peoples (Nigeria). c. 19thc.\,19\text{th} to 20th20\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Wood.

  • 177. Lukasa (memory board). Mbudye Society, Luba peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo). c. 19thc.\,19\text{th} to 20th20\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Wood, beads, and metal.

  • 178. Aka elephant mask. Bamileke (Cameroon, western grassfields region). c. 19thc.\,19\text{th} to 20th20\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Wood, woven raffia, cloth, and beads.

  • 179. Reliquary figure (byeri). Fang peoples (southern Cameroon). c. 19thc.\,19\text{th} to 20th20\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Wood.

  • 180. Veranda post of enthroned king and senior wife (Opo Ogoga). Olowe of Ise (Yoruba peoples). c. 1910–1914 C.E.c.\,1910–1914\,\text{C.E.} Wood and pigment.

CONTENT AREA 7: WEST AND CENTRAL ASIA 500 B.C.E.–1980 C.E. (11 WORKS)

  • 181. Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple. Nabataean Ptolemaic and Roman. c. 400 B.C.E.–100 C.E.c.\,400\,\text{B.C.E.}–100\,\text{C.E.} Cut rock.

  • 182. Buddha. Bamiyan, Afghanistan. Gandharan. c. 400–800 C.E.c.\,400–800\,\text{C.E.} (destroyed in 20012001). Cut rock with plaster and polychrome paint.

  • 183. The Kaaba. Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Islamic. Pre-Islamic monument; rededicated by Muhammad in 631–632 C.E.631–632\,\text{C.E.}; multiple renovations. Granite masonry, covered with silk curtain and calligraphy in gold and silver-wrapped thread.

  • 184. Jowo Rinpoche. Enshrined in the Jokhang Temple. Lhasa, Tibet. Yarlung Dynasty. Believed to have been brought to Tibet in 641 C.E.641\,\text{C.E.} Gilt metals with semiprecious stones, pearls, and paint; various offerings.

  • 185. Dome of the Rock. Jerusalem. Islamic, Umayyad. 691–692 C.E.691–692\,\text{C.E.}, with multiple renovations. Stone masonry and wooden roof decorated with glazed ceramic tile, mosaics, and gilt aluminum and bronze dome.

  • 186. Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh). Isfahan, Iran. Islamic, Persian: Seljuk, Il-Khanid, Timurid and Safavid Dynasties. c. 700 C.E.c.\,700\,\text{C.E.}; additions and restorations in the 14th14\text{th}, 18th18\text{th}, and 20th20\text{th} centuries C.E.\text{C.E.} Stone, brick, wood, plaster, and glazed ceramic tile.

  • 187. Folio from a Qur’an. Arab, North Africa, or Near East. Abbasid. c. eighth to ninth century C.E.c.\,\text{eighth to ninth century C.E.} Ink, color, and gold on parchment.

  • 188. Basin (Baptist9re de St. Louis). Muhammad ibn al-Zain. c. 1320–1340 C.E.c.\,1320–1340\,\text{C.E.} Brass inlaid with gold and silver.

  • 189. Bahram Gur Fights the Karg. Folio from the Great Il-Khanid Shahnama. Islamic; Persian, Il-Khanid. c. 1330–1340 C.E.c.\,1330–1340\,\text{C.E.} Ink and opaque watercolor, gold, and silver on paper.

  • 190. The Court of Gayumars. Folio from Shah Tahmasp’s Shahnama. Sultan Muhammad. c. 1522–1525 C.E.c.\,1522–1525\,\text{C.E.} Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper.

  • 191. The Ardabil Carpet. Maqsud of Kashan. 1539–1540 C.E.1539–1540\,\text{C.E.} Silk and wool.

CONTENT AREA 8: SOUTH, EAST, AND SOUTHEAST ASIA 300 B.C.E.–1980 C.E. (21 WORKS)

  • 192. Great Stupa at Sanchi. Madhya Pradesh, India. Buddhist; Maurya, late Sunga Dynasty. c. 300 B.C.E.–100 C.E.c.\,300\,\text{B.C.E.}–100\,\text{C.E.} Stone masonry, sandstone on dome.

  • 193. Terra cotta warriors. From mausoleum of the first Qin emperor of China. Qin Dynasty. c. 221–209 B.C.E.c.\,221–209\,\text{B.C.E.} Painted terra cotta.

  • 194. Funeral banner of Lady Dai (Xin Zhui). Han Dynasty, China. c. 180 B.C.E.c.\,180\,\text{B.C.E.} Painted silk.

  • 195. Longmen caves. Luoyang, China. Tang Dynasty. 493–1127 C.E.493–1127\,\text{C.E.} Limestone.

  • 196. Gold and jade crown. Three Kingdoms Period, Silla Kingdom, Korea. Fifth to sixth century C.E.\text{C.E.} Metalwork.

  • 197. Todai-ji. Nara, Japan. Various artists, including sculptors Unkei and Keikei, as well as the Kei School. 743 C.E.743\,\text{C.E.}; rebuilt c. 1700c.\,1700. Bronze and wood (sculpture); wood with ceramic-tile roofing (architecture).

  • 198. Borobudur Temple. Central Java, Indonesia. Sailendra Dynasty. c. 750–842 C.E.c.\,750–842\,\text{C.E.} Volcanic-stone masonry.

  • 199. Angkor. The temple of Angkor Wat, and the city of Angkor Thom, Cambodia. Hindu, Angkor Dynasty. c. 800–1400 C.E.c.\,800–1400\,\text{C.E.} Stone masonry, sandstone.

  • 200. Lakshmana Temple. Khajuraho, India. Hindu, Chandella Dynasty. c. 930–950 C.Ec.\,930–950\,\text{C.E} Sandstone.

  • 201. Travelers among Mountains and Streams. Fan Kuan. c. 1000 C.E.c.\,1000\,\text{C.E.} Ink and colors on silk.

  • 202. Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja). Hindu; India (Tamil Nadu), Chola Dynasty. c. 11thc.\,11\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Cast bronze.

  • 203. Night Attack on the Sanj4 Palace. Kamakura Period, Japan. c. 1250–1300 C.E.c.\,1250–1300\,\text{C.E.} Handscroll (ink and color on paper).

  • 204. The David Vases. Yuan Dynasty, China. 1351 C.E.1351\,\text{C.E.} White porcelain with cobalt-blue underglaze.

  • 205. Portrait of Sin Sukju (1417–1475). Imperial Bureau of Painting. c. 15thc.\,15\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Hanging scroll (ink and color on silk).

  • 206. Forbidden City. Beijing, China. Ming Dynasty. 15th15\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} and later. Stone masonry, marble, brick, wood, and ceramic tile.

  • 207. Ryoan-ji. Kyoto, Japan. Muromachi Period, Japan. c. 1480 C.E.c.\,1480\,\text{C.E.}; current design most likely dates to the 18th18\text{th} century. Rock garden.

  • 208. Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings. Bichitr. c. 1620 C.E.c.\,1620\,\text{C.E.} Watercolor, gold, and ink on paper.

  • 209. Taj Mahal. Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. Masons, marble workers, mosaicists, and decorators working under the supervision of Ustad Ahmad Lahori, architect of the emperor. 1632–1653 C.E.1632–1653\,\text{C.E.} Stone masonry and marble with inlay of precious and semiprecious stones; gardens.

  • 210. White and Red Plum Blossoms. Ogata Korin. c. 1710–1716 C.E.c.\,1710–1716\,\text{C.E.} Ink, watercolor, and gold leaf on paper.

  • 211. Under the Wave off Kanagawa (Kanagawa oki nami ura). Also known as the Great Wave, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji. Katsushika Hokusai. 1830–1833 C.E.1830–1833\,\text{C.E.} Polychrome woodblock print; ink and color on paper.

  • 212. Chairman Mao en Route to Anyuan. Artist unknown; based on an oil painting by Liu Chunhua. c. 1969 C.E.c.\,1969\,\text{C.E.} Color lithograph.

CONTENT AREA 9: THE PACIFIC 700–1980 C.E. (11 WORKS)

  • 213. Nan Madol. Pohnpei, Micronesia. Saudeleur Dynasty. c. 700–1600 C.E.c.\,700–1600\,\text{C.E.} Basalt boulders and prismatic columns.

  • 214. Moai on platform (ahu). Rapa Nui (Easter Island). c. 1100–1600 C.E.c.\,1100–1600\,\text{C.E.} Volcanic tuff figures on basalt base.

  • 215. ‘Ahu ‘ula (feather cape). Hawaiian. Late 18th18\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Feathers and fiber.

  • 216. Staff god. Rarotonga, Cook Islands, central Polynesia. Late 18th18\text{th} to early 19th19\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Wood, tapa, fiber, and feathers.

  • 217. Female deity. Nukuoro, Micronesia. c. 18thc.\,18\text{th} to 19th19\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Wood.

  • 218. Buk (mask). Torres Strait. Mid- to late 19th19\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Turtle shell, wood, fiber, feathers, and shell.

  • 219. Hiapo (tapa). Niue. c. 1850–1900 C.E.c.\,1850–1900\,\text{C.E.} Tapa or bark cloth, freehand painting.

  • 220. Tamati Waka Nene. Gottfried Lindauer. 1890 C.E.1890\,\text{C.E.} Oil on canvas.

  • 221. Navigation chart. Marshall Islands, Micronesia. 19th19\text{th} to early 20th20\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Wood and fiber.

  • 222. Malagan display and mask. New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea. c. 20thc.\,20\text{th} century C.E.\text{C.E.} Wood, pigment, fiber, and shell.

  • 223. Presentation of Fijian mats and tapa cloths to Queen Elizabeth II. Fiji, Polynesia. 1953 C.E.1953\,\text{C.E.} Multimedia performance (costume; cosmetics, including scent; chant; movement; and pandanus fiber/hibiscus fiber mats), photographic documentation.

CONTENT AREA 10: GLOBAL CONTEMPORARY 1980 C.E. TO PRESENT (27 WORKS)

  • 224. The Gates. New York City, U.S. Christo and Jeanne-Claude. 1979–2005 C.E.1979–2005\,\text{C.E.} Mixed-media installation.

  • 225. Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Washington, D.C., U.S. Maya Lin. 1982 C.E.1982\,\text{C.E.} Granite.

  • 226. Horn Players. Jean-Michel Basquiat. 1983 C.E.1983\,\text{C.E.} Acrylic and oil paintstick on three canvas panels.

  • 227. Summer Trees. Song Su-nam. 1983 C.E.1983\,\text{C.E.} Ink on paper.

  • 228. Androgyn III. Magdalena Abakanowicz. 1985 C.E.1985\,\text{C.E.} Burlap, resin, wood, nails, string.

  • 229. A Book from the Sky. Xu Bing. 1987–1991 C.E.1987–1991\,\text{C.E.} Mixed-media installation.

  • 230. Pink Panther. Jeff Koons. 1988 C.E.1988\,\text{C.E.} Glazed porcelain.

  • 231. Untitled (#228), from the History Portraits series. Cindy Sherman. 1990 C.E.1990\,\text{C.E.} Photograph.

  • 232. Dancing at the Louvre. From the series The French Collection, Part I; #11. Faith Ringgold. 1991 C.E.1991\,\text{C.E.} Acrylic on canvas, tie-dyed, pieced fabric border.

  • 233. Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People). Jaune Quick-to-See Smith. 1992 C.E.1992\,\text{C.E.} Oil and mixed media on canvas.

  • 234. Earth’s Creation. Emily Kame Kngwarreye. 1994 C.E.1994\,\text{C.E.} Synthetic polymer paint on canvas.

  • 235. Rebellious Silence. From the Women of Allah series. Shirin Neshat (artist); photo by Cynthia Preston. 1994 C.E.1994\,\text{C.E.} Ink on photograph.

  • 236. En la Barberia no se Llora (No Crying Allowed in the Barbershop). Pepon Osorio. 1994 C.E.1994\,\text{C.E.} Mixed-media installation.

  • 237. Pisupo Lua Afe (Corned Beef 2000). Michel Tuffery. 1994 C.E.1994\,\text{C.E.} Mixed media.

  • 238. Electronic Superhighway. Nam June Paik. 1995 C.E.1995\,\text{C.E.} Mixed-media installation (49-channel closed-circuit video installation, neon, steel, and electronic components).

  • 239. The Crossing. Bill Viola. 1996 C.E.1996\,\text{C.E.} Video/sound installation.

  • 240. Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. Spain. Frank Gehry (architect). 1997 C.E.1997\,\text{C.E.} Titanium, glass, and limestone.

  • 241. Pure Land. Mariko Mori. 1998 C.E.1998\,\text{C.E.} Color photograph on glass.

  • 242. Lying with the Wolf. Kiki Smith. 2001 C.E.2001\,\text{C.E.} Ink and pencil on paper.

  • 243. Darkytown Rebellion. Kara Walker. 2001 C.E.2001\,\text{C.E.} Cut paper and projection on wall.

  • 244. The Swing (after Fragonard). Yinka Shonibare. 2001 C.E.2001\,\text{C.E.} Mixed-media installation.

  • 245. Old Man’s Cloth. El Anatsui. 2003 C.E.2003\,\text{C.E.} Aluminum and copper wire.

  • 246. Stadia II. Julie Mehretu. 2004 C.E.2004\,\text{C.E.} Ink and acrylic on canvas.

  • 247. Preying Mantra. Wangechi Mutu. 2006 C.E.2006\,\text{C.E.} Mixed media on Mylar.

  • 248. Shibboleth. Doris Salcedo. 2007–2008 C.E.2007–2008\,\text{C.E.} Installation.

  • 249. MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts. Rome, Italy. Zaha Hadid (architect). 2009 C.E.2009\,\text{C.E.} Glass, steel, and cement.

  • 250. Kui Hua Zi (Sunflower Seeds). Ai Weiwei. 2010–2011 C.E.2010–2011\,\text{C.E.} Sculpted and painted porcelain.

APPENDIX C: PROCESSES OF ART HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

  • Overview: Analysis often involves concurrent investigation of form, function, content, and context.

  • Analyzing Form:     * Investigate component materials and how they create physical/visual elements.     * Use knowledge of design elements and principles to examine fundamental visual components.     * Relationship of components to the work in its entirety.

  • Analyzing Function:     * Consider the artist’s intended use(s) and the actual use(s).     * Actual uses may change according to context.     * Categories: Utility, intercession, decoration, communication, commemoration.     * Scopes: Spiritual, social, political, personally expressive.

  • Analyzing Content:     * Explore interacting design, representation, and presentation elements.     * Includes subject matter: Formal, representative, and/or symbolic depictions.     * Narrative types: Narrative, symbolic, spiritual, historical, mythological, supernatural, propagandistic.

  • Analyzing Context:     * Examine original and subsequent historical/cultural milieu.     * Time, place, and culture of creation.     * Audience interaction (how, when, where).     * Artist’s intended purpose and site choice; subsequent locations.     * Modes of display: Paraphernalia and multisensory stimuli.     * Characteristics of artist/audience: Aesthetic, intellectual, religious, political, social, economic.     * Patronage, ownership, power relationships, and audience response.     * Evidence Sources: Records, reports, religious chronicles, personal reflections, manifestos, academic publications, mass media, sociological data, cultural studies, geographic data, artifacts, narrative/performance, documentation, archaeology, and research.