Properties of Matter and Phase Changes

Particle Arrangement: Tightly packed, stay in place, vibrate, highly organized and fixed structure.
Shape: Fixed shape due to tightly packed particles.
Volume: Fixed volume; size and shape don't change unless forced.
Compression: Cannot be compressed because particles are already tightly packed with no space between them. Technically, they can be compressed a little under special circumstances but are generally incompressible.
Forces of Attraction: Very strong forces of attraction keep particles locked in place, only vibrating slightly.
Flow: Solids generally don't flow because tightly packed particles don't allow movement past one another. However, a few solids exhibit flow-like properties.
Density: High density because particles are close together with very little space in between, leading to a higher concentrated mass within a smaller volume.
Vibration of Particles: Particles vibrate in fixed positions; vibration increases when heated.

Particle Arrangement: Closely packed but not in a regular, fixed arrangement, allowing them to slide past each other.
Shape: No fixed shape; takes the shape of its container by flowing and conforming.
Volume: Fixed volume; particles are close together but can move freely, maintaining volume but changing shape.
Compression: Almost and barely compressible. Particles are close together, with very little space between them, making it incredibly hard to compress a liquid. Can be compressed under immense force, but practically incompressible.
Forces of Attraction: Moderate intermolecular forces, not as strong as in solids but not as weak as in gases. This allows particles to slide past one another.
Flow: Liquids can flow because particles can slide past one another, allowing them to take the shape of their container. They can flow and move slowly with ease because of the weaker intermolecular forces.
Density: Medium density because liquid particles are still close together, even if they lack a fixed shape. They're less tightly packed than solids but still have a significant amount of mass in a given volume.
Vibration of Particles: Particles can vibrate and move. They are very close to each other but not fixed, meaning they can slide past one another and vibrate, allowing liquids to flow and take the shape of their container.

Particle Arrangement: Particles are very far apart and widely spread, allowing them to move freely.
Shape: No fixed shape; fills the shape of its entire container and the available space.
Volume: No fixed volume; expands to fill any available space. Both shape and volume can change.
Compression: Gases can be compressed and are the most compressible state of matter because their particles are far apart and able to move freely. There's plenty of space between them, so you can push the particles closer together without actually changing the particles themselves.
Forces of Attraction: Very negligible or weak forces of attraction. While intermolecular forces exist, they’re often negligible under most conditions because the particles move independently.
Flow: Gases can flow because the particles can move freely in any direction, spreading out to fill the entire space they’re in. Considered fluids, along with liquids, as their particles move freely.
Density: Low density because molecules are spaced apart and move freely. All the empty space leads to lesser mass in a given volume, resulting in a lower density.
Vibration of Particles: Particles vibrate, move rapidly, and bounce in all directions. The vibration is part of their constant random motion.

Description: The 4th state of matter, characterized by an electrically conducting medium with a high concentration of free-moving electrons and ions.
Formation: Formed when a gas is ionized at extremely high temperatures (1000 degrees Celsius - 1,000,000,000 degrees Celsius). This causes some or all of their atoms to lose electrons and become ions.
Properties: Plasma is a great conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.

Description: A state of matter where a gas of bosons is cooled at an extremely low temperature, close to absolute zero ( $-273.15$ degrees Celsius).
Properties: Unlike other states of matter, BEC particles lose their individual identity, behaving as a single quantum entity. A macroscopic number of particles occupy the lowest energy state, so they all act in unison.
Shape/Volume: BECs do not have a definite shape or volume.
Quantum Effects: BECs display quantum mechanical effects on a macroscopic scale, such as superfluidity (flow without viscosity) and superconductivity (zero electrical resistance).