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Question: What is the origin of the word "police"?
Answer: It is derived from the Latin word "politia," meaning "civil administration."

Question: When and where did modern policing begin to appear?
Answer: 14th Century in France and the 19th Century in England.

Question: What is the fundamental difference between police power and military power?
Answer: Police are a civil power that maintains order. The military is used in war to kill and destroy the enemy.

Question: According to the text, what problem arises when police are trained like the military?
Answer: They may start to think in terms of an "enemy" and a "them vs. us" mentality, which contradicts their mission to serve the public.

Question: What were three early forms of policing mentioned?
Answer: "Hue and Cry," Vigilantes and Bounty Hunters, and the Statute of Winchester (which made it a crime not to assist).

Question: What has a historical study of policing from 5 B.C. to today consistently revealed?
Answer: A history of abuse and corruption.

Question: What are some obstacles to changing the criminal justice system in the US/NJ?
Answer: Small departments, internal promotions, home rule (local control).

Question: What is Common Law?
Answer: A body of law developed primarily from judicial decisions based on custom and precedent (borrowed from England).

Question: What is Statutory Law?
Answer: Laws passed by legislative bodies (federal Congress, state legislatures, or local ordinances from county/city governments).

Question: Who is Sir Robert Peel and what is he known as?
Answer: He is recognized as the "founder of modern policing." He established the London Police Department via the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829.

Question: What are the nicknames for police in England and Ireland derived from Sir Robert Peel?
Answer: English: Bobbies. Irish: Peelers.

Question: According to Peel, what is the basic mission of police?
Answer: To prevent crime and disorder.

Question: What is the test of police efficiency, according to Peel?
Answer: The absence of crime, not the visible evidence of police action.

Question: What does the principle "police are public and public are police" mean?
Answer: Police should be part of the community, not an invading army.

Question: According to Peel, when should physical force be used?
Answer: Only as a last resort.

Question: What is Crime Prevention?
Answer: The anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of crime risks and the steps taken to remove or reduce them.

Question: What are the three components of the Crime Triangle?
Answer: Criminal, Victim, Opportunity (C-V-O). Prevention involves "target hardening" to remove the opportunity.

Question: What was the primary problem with the first officers hired under Peel's model in London?
Answer: Drinking (military influence). In the first 8 years, turnover was extremely high.

Question: Why was there initial resistance to creating a police force in the U.S.?
Answer: Fear that a PD would threaten freedom, resistance to paying for it, and fear of the power it would hold.

Question: What was law enforcement like in colonial American cities?
Answer: It was "totally incompetent." Constables were paid through fines, and cities like 1840s New York were considered lawless.

Question: How did law enforcement differ between the North and South in colonial America?
Answer: North: Watch systems, often described as incompetent. South: Slave Patrols, where the patrol function was first accepted as a police practice.

Question: What dominated early policing in the 19th century?
Answer: Local politics. Police served as the enforcement arm of the political party, leading to little public respect.

Question: What was the "Police War of 1857" in New York City?
Answer: A conflict between the NYC Police and the state-controlled Metro Police. The state militia was called, the mayor was arrested, and the Metro force eventually became the NYPD.

Question: What tradition developed from the mutual disrespect between police and the community?
Answer: A tradition of police brutality. Officers used billy clubs to gain authority that was not freely given.

Question: What is the Posse Comitatus Act of 1879?
Answer: It forbids the use of the military to enforce civilian law.

Question: Who was Allen Pinkerton and what did he establish?
Answer: He established a detective agency in 1850, known for catching train robbers and protecting the interests of the wealthy (railroads, bankers).

Question: What are the two types of private policing?
Answer: 1. Proprietary (in-house, like GM or J&J). 2. Contract – Uniform.

Question: Besides law enforcement, what other duties did early American police have?
Answer: Cleaning streets, inspecting boilers, caring for the poor/homeless, operating ambulances, and other social services.

Question: What was the significance of the Boston Police Strike of 1919?
Answer: 70% of the PD went on strike, leading to riots. Governor Calvin Coolidge mobilized the state militia, fired all strikers, and public support turned against the police, ending police unionism for years.

Question: What was the impact of Prohibition (Volstead Act, 18th Amendment) on policing?
Answer: It led to the birth of organized crime and made local law enforcement even more corrupt.

Question: What was the Wickersham Commission (1929) and what were its key findings?
Answer: The first national study of the criminal justice system. It found police were criminal, inept, inefficient, racist, and brutal, and extensively used the "third degree" (torture) to get confessions.

Question: Who was August Vollmer and what is he known as?
Answer: The Chief of Berkeley PD, known as the "father of American modern policing." He was a key figure in moves toward professionalism.

Question: Why were the 1960s and 1970s the most turbulent era for U.S. policing?
Answer: Due to riots (Detroit, Newark), the Vietnam War, student protests, Supreme Court decisions (Miranda, Terry), the Civil Rights Movement, and assassinations.

Question: What were key developments in policing during the 1980s and 1990s?
Answer: Computers, community policing, zero tolerance/three-strikes laws, increased jail populations, Compstat, and high-profile cases like Rodney King and O.J. Simpson.

Question: What are the four styles of leadership mentioned?
Answer: Autocratic, Participatory, Democratic, Laissez Faire.

Question: Which police shift is typically the busiest?
Answer: The afternoon shift.

Question: What are some key trends and issues in policing from 2000 to the present?
Answer: Crime rate fluctuations, Compstat adoption, homeland security post-9/11, militarization of police, active shooter debates, "pro-police" vs. "defund police" movements, and the impact of technology.

Question: What is "Blue Flu"?
Answer: A protest action where a large number of police officers call in sick simultaneously.