Human Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1:

Warm up 1/23: What organelles are found in human cells?

  • Mitochondria: powerhouse, creates energy in the form of ATP, cellular respiration allows for it to occur, breakdown of glucose(breaking of bonds creates the energy)

  • Cytoplasm also breaks down in glycolysis

  • Nucleus: stores DNA- makes up chromosomes, genes located all over chromosomes

  • Golgi apparatus: “post-office” packs up and sends out materials (proteins, carbs, fats, lipids, nucleic acids)

  • endoplasmic reticulum: rough and smooth, transporting and making proteins (rough) makes ribosomes, smooth- transports, synthesizes fats+lipids

  • Ribosomes- always making proteins

  • Lysomomes- digestive enzymes, destroy pathogens

Notes unit 1

Anatomy- is the study of an organism’s body structures and location

physiology- the study of functions of each body part

  • cells

  • tissues

  • organs

  • organ system

Cells- the smallest structural unit of living things

  • take in food and oxygen

  • produce heat and energy

  • eliminating waste

  • perform unique tasks

  • reproduce new cells (mitosis & meiosis )

cellular respiration through diffusion

happens in the lung’s alveoli

cell membrane- boundary that is semipermeable

cytoplasm transports substances within the cell. site of all chemical reactions

nucleus- the “ brain “ controls the cell activities

ribosomes- composed of protein and RNA, structural support, synthesize proteins, bound to rough ER

Endoplasmic reticulum- transport system

Rough ER- studded with ribosomes, proteins are synthesized

Smooth ER- lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, absorbs fats

Golgi complex- refines, packages, and transports proteins

Mitochondria- powerhouse, creates energy in the form of ATP, cellular respiration allows for it to occur, breakdown of glucose(breaking of bonds creates the energy) bonds release energy

Lysosomes- “garbage disposal” enzymes dismantle debris and waste materials, aiding in cellular cleanup and recycling processes.

Microtubules- long slender tube structures in the cytoplasm, provide structural support and move organelles and other structures

Centrioles- in the cytoplasm, cylindrical structures that play a role in cell division to organize and ensure proper segregation of chromosomes

Nuclear membrane- double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus, controlling the passage of substances in and out of the nucleus, thereby maintaining the environment necessary for DNA and RNA processes.

Vacuole- acts as storage, moves other substances

Nucleoli- structure within the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes, made up of RNA+proteins

Microvilli- tiny extensions of the cell membrane that increase surface area or absorption of substances

Vesicles- store or transport substances within a cell

Peroxisomes- membranous sacs that contain enzymes, catalyze metabolic reactions

Warm up 1/24: Why do our cells need to replicate DNA before going through mitosis? What would happen if it does not replicate correctly? Happens in S (synthesis) Phase. the cells wont function correctly. Possibly genetic mutation Apoptosis- programmed cell death

Warmup 1/27: What are 5 functions of cells?

  • take in food and oxygen for cellular respiration to make ATP

  • cellular division/producing new cells (mitosis and meiosis)

  • producing heat and energy

  • eliminate waste

  • perform unique tasks

muscle cells contain lots of mitochodrian to produce ATP

proteins have nothing to do with energy but helps with recovery

nerve cells send signals to each other

  • from 1 glucose molecule, 32-36 molecules of ATP are produced

Metabolism

  • metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions within a cell, overall biochemistry and microbiome, bacteria

  • anabolism- building up complex substances from simpler ones. Amino acid → proteins

  • catabolism- breaking down complex substances into simpler ones. releases energy and CO2 starch→glucose

  • lactose intolerance can occur later in life due to enzymes not functioning as well anymore

  • our pH is 7.4

Cell reproduction: mitosis

  • mitosis

  • 2 functions

  • 1. growth and development

  • 2. repair

  • cells go through process at different rates

  • mitosis only about 80 min and then cells go through interphase

  • PMAT- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase

Steps in mitosis (PMAT)

  1. material in the nucleus condenses to form chromosomes

  2. nuclear membrane dissolves, chromosomes attach to the spindles

  3. chromosomes split. each cell has 23

  4. cytokinesis- (splits the cytoplasm) 2 identical cells

Meiosis

Main function: reproduction

  • creates 4 different cells

  • female: 1 survive or sometimes 2 survive twins

  • male: 4 survive

  • zygote (fertilized egg)

Tissue

  • four types:

    • epithelial: skin, body cavities and glands

    • connective: soft- lipids, adipose(fancy term for fat) hard-cartilage and bone

    • muscle: contracts for movement

    • nervous: carries messages controlling activities

organ and systems:

  • organ: groups of tissues working together to perform specific functions

  • system: collection of organs that carry out the body's major functions

Warm up 1/28: Why do our cells go through apoptosis? GIve examples

  • our cells go through apoptosis to get rid of unwanted cells

  • ex: old skin cells, replaced with mitosis, menstrual cycle, dead eggs called polar bodies, cancer cells, broke bone →healing process

  • send blood to injury to protect from infection

  • antibodies: proteins

  • lysosomes recycle cells

  • autophagy process when dismantles cells

  • apoptosis: programmed cell death, death of cells we want to occur

between 30 and 40 trillion cells

Organ systems:

  • the major body systems include:

    • integumentary system- skin, protects organs, temp regulation, retains water, epidermis, hypodermis, hair, nails, sebaceous glands (oil glands)

    • skeletal system- bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, for structure

    • muscular system- skeletal muscle tissue, smooth(visceral) muscle, cardiac

    • nervous system- central nervous system, peripheral central nervous system, provides sensory information,

    • sensory system

    • cardiovascular system- heart has 4 chambers, arteries carry blood away, veins carry blood “inward”

    • lymphatic system- lymphnodes, aids in immune function, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, tonsils, white blood cells target pathogens, antbodies

    • respiratory system- obtains oxygen and removed carbon dioxide, tubes that transport air, airsacs where gas is exchanged, removes particles from air you breathe in, produce vocal sounds, sense of smell

    • digestive system- breaks down food, hydrochloric acid in stomach,

    • urinary system- rids body of waste, metabolic waste, liver in detoxification, skin sweating, lungs exhaling, kidnets remove waste from blood

    • endocrine system- growth through hormones, adrenaline, adrenal glands rest on top of kidneys located in back, glands that secrete hormones

    • reproductive system- develops and sustains organs essential in producing offspring, gonands (testes male, ovaries female)\

Homeostasis:

  • keeping a state of internal balance in the body

  • must preserve a balance of fluids, temperature, pH, oxygen, electrolytes, and nutrients for survival

  • sweating, shivering, insulin from pancreas, throwing up to balance pH, blood flowing to your core to protect organs from cold,

interdependence of body systems

  • the cardiovascular system works with the respiratory and digestive system to supply oxygen/nutrients to the cells

  • nervous system and sensory= recognize changes

  • muscular and skeletal systems produce movement

abnormal cell conditions

  • atrophy- decrease in size of cells (muscles)

  • hyperplasia- an increase in number of cells (gums)

  • metaplasia- cells being replaced by other types of cells (esophagus)

  • dysplasia- cells changing in shape or organization (cervix) precursor to cancer

  • neoplasia- cells changing in structure with an uncontrolled growth pattern (cancer)

Warm up 1/29: compare mitosis/meiosis 3 similarities, 3 differences

  • mitosis: 1 division, diploid full set of chromosomes, form 2 new cells (identical), repair and growth, somatic cells

  • meiosis: 2 divisions, haploid cells 23 chromosomes, 4 new cells (genetically different), reproduction, gametes, crossing over in male and female chromosomes that allows for genetic variation

  • similar: take place in cell nucleus, occur in M phase, synthesizes DNA, all go through PMAT

Tumors

  • formed when cells divide abnormally and uncontrollably

  • two types of tumors

    • benign tumor- confirmed to a local area

    • malignant tumor- crowds out healthy cells and spreads (metastasize)

Cancer

  • common sites: Mouth, lungs, uterus, colon, blood, bone barrow

  • treatment= surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and stem cells, immunotherapy, hormonal treatment,

  • characteristics of cancer cells: large variably shaped nuclei, many dividing cells, disorganized arrangement, variation in size and shape, loss of normal features

  • most common type of male cancer: prostate

  • most common type of female cancer: breast

5 vital organs (79 total organs)

  • brain - the control center

  • lungs - respiration

  • heart - circulation

  • kidneys- balances fluids and releases toxins

  • liver - breaks down toxins and filters blood (over 500 functions)

Anatomical position

  • overall position = standing erect with palms and feet facing forward

  • sagittal plane- the plane diving the body into right and left portions

  • midsagittal plane/median- the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves

  • frontal/coronal plane- the plane dividing the body into front and back portions

  • transverse plane- the horizontal plane dividing the body into top and bottom portions

Positions and directions

  • anterior (ventral)- refers to a structure in the front

  • posterior (dorsal) refers to a structure in the back

  • superior (cranial)- refers to a structure being closer to the head

  • inferior (caudal)- refers to a structure being closer to the feet\

  • medial- refers to a structure being closer to the midline

  • lateral- refers to a structure being further away from the midline\

  • distal- structures being further from the torso/trunk

  • proximal- structures being closer to the torso/trunk

Warm up 1/30: Name the 5 vital organs and a description of their functions

  • brain: control center

  • lungs- respiration

  • liver- breaks down toxins and filters blood

  • kidneys- balance fluids

  • heart- circulation

Warm up 1/31: Describe the 4 types of tissue:

  • epitheliel- skin, glands, body cavities

  • connective- soft (lipids, adipose), hard (bone marrow)

  • muscle- for movement

  • nervous- carries messages, brain, spinal cord, nerves

over 500 functions for the liver

Integumentary system

  • skin is key component

  • skin is composed of several types of tissue also known as cutaneous membrane

  • has two distinct layers: epithelial tissue overlying connective tissue

  • outer layer is called epidermis- composed of stratified squamous epithelium

  • the deep layer or dermis is thicker and made of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers, smooth muscle, nervous tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels

  • a basement membrane anchors epidermis to the dermis

  • beneath the dermis is the subcutaneous layer or hypodermis- composed of areolar and adipose connective tissue, also collagen and elastic fibers

  • adipose tissue