Urology: Pathophysiology

L1: Urinary System

  • urinary system is also known as the renal system

    • This system maintains homeostasis

      • maintains pH, electrolyte, and fluid levels

  • The urinary system is composed of:

    • kidneys: filter and remove waste products

    • ureter: carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

    • Bladder: stores urine

    • urethra: carries urine outside the body

      • Urine exits from the urinary meatus

      • Releasing urine is called:

        • micturition

        • voiding

        • urination

L2: A&P of the male urinary system

L3: Pathophysiology of the male urinary system

  • Phimosis: tight foreskin prevents itself retraction over the glans.

  • Redundant prepuce: penile is so long it covers the glans.

    • cc: inflammation of the foreskin

    • Ass. Sym: Infection, immflamtion, and redness of foreskin

    • treatment: circumcision

  • Micropenis/ hidden penis

    • small penis/ delayed puberty

    • treatment: hormone treatments or testosterone

  • Hypospadias: birth defect of the urethra involving an abnormally placed urnary meatus.

  • Inguinal Hernia: soft tissue or intestine that protrudes through the abdominal muscles

    • treatment: can be reduced by Trendelenburg position

  • Spermatocele (Epididymal Cyst): fluid fluid-filled cyst in the tube that lies above and behind the testicle.

    • CC: a lump

    • no treatment is asymptomatic otherwise, corrective surgery is performed if there’s a loss of blood supply in the penis

  • Benign Prostatic Hyperlasia (BPH): Lower urinary tract symptoms casued by non-cancerous enlargements of prostate glands in aging men.

    • cc: bladder obstruction/prostate enlargement

    • symptoms: urinary frequrncy, urgency, straining

    • exam: prostate

    • treatment: UA?, urine culture, prostate-specific antigen screening (PSA), BUN?

  • Erectile Dysfucntion: inability to get or maintain an erection

    • treatment: PO meds, testosterone injections, penile implants, penis pumps

  • Low testosterone: also known as hypogonadism. seen in men as they approach their 60s.

    • treatment: testosterone replacement therapy

  • Peyronie’s disease: an inflammatory process of the penis caused by scar tissue called plaques formed inside the penis. Results in anatomical changes of the penis, causing curvature.

    • Symptoms: shrinkage, painful erections, and difficult penetration

  • Penile cancer: malignant growth found on the skin or tissue of the penis

    • treatment: chemo, surgery

  • Prostate cancer: cancer in the prostate

    • cc: difficulty with urination

    • exam: digital rectal exam

    • treatment: radiation or hormone therapy, oral meds, robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy, and laparoscopic prostatectomy

  • Testicular cancer: cancer in testicles

    • cc: testicular enlargement and discomfort

    • treatment: orchiectomy, chemo, stem cell transplant, radiation

L4: A&P of female urinary system

L5: Pathophysiology of the female urinary system

L6: A&P of the pediatric urinary system

L7: A&P of the urinary system