Pharmaceutical Chemistry Review

Module 1 Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Inorganic and Organic Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry

Kathreen Mae D. Cascabel
BS Pharmacy

General Chemistry

• Chemistry: Study of matter

• Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass

  • Components of Matter:
  1. Composition
  2. Structure
  3. Changes that matter undergoes
  4. Energy involved in such changes or interactions

• Mass: Refers to the amount of matter present in the material.

• Weight: Defined as $ext{Weight} = ext{Mass} imes ext{Pull of gravity}$

Classification of Matter

• Types:
  • Element: Simplest form of matter, one kind of material or atom.
  • Compound: Substances composed of two or more elements united chemically in a definite proportion.
  • Mixture: Composed of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.

Units of Measurement

• Length: Meter (m)
• Mass: Kilogram (kg)
• Time: Seconds (sec)
• Temperature: Kelvin (K)

Plasma

• Definition: Colorless fluid part of blood, lymph, or milk in which corpuscles or fat globules are suspended.

Serum

• Definition: Amber-colored protein-rich liquid that separates out when blood coagulates.
• Uses: Provides immunity and is a diagnostic agent.

Classification of Mixtures

A. According to the Nature of Particles

• Homogeneous
• Heterogeneous

B. According to the Size of Particles

• Solution: Uniform mixture (homogeneous), composed of solute and solvent where solute is soluble.
• Suspension: Coarse mixture, finely divided solid materials distributed in a liquid where solid is insoluble.
• Colloid: Particles of solute not broken down to the size of molecules but are small enough to remain suspended and evenly dispersed throughout the medium.

Process of Separating Components of Mixtures

1. Decantation: Based on differences in specific gravity or density.
2. Distillation: Evaporation and then condensation.
3. Evaporation
4. Magnetic Separation
5. Filtration
6. Sorting
7. Centrifugation: Speeds up the settling process of a precipitate.
8. Fractional Crystallization: Lowering of temperature so that the more insoluble component crystallizes out first.
9. Chromatography: Based on differences in solvent affinity.

Properties of Matter

1. Intrinsic/Intensive Properties: Independent of mass or amount (e.g., density, specific gravity, melting point).
2. Extrinsic/Extensive Properties: Dependent on mass (e.g., weight, volume, pressure, heat content).

Changes that Matter Undergoes

1. Physical Change: Change in phase.
2. Chemical Change: Change in both intrinsic and extrinsic properties.

Evidences of Chemical Change

• Evolution of gas
• Formation of precipitate
• Emission of light
• Generation of electricity
• Production of mechanical energy
• Absorption/liberation of heat

Types of Chemical Reactions

A. Direct Union:
$ext{Fe} + ext{S} <br /> ightarrow ext{FeS} ext{ (all sulfides are BLACK)}$
B. Decomposition/Analysis:
$ext{Na}<em>2 ext{CO}</em>3 <br /> ightarrow ext{Na}<em>2 ext{O} + ext{CO}</em>2$
C. Single Replacement:
$ext{Na} + ext{HCl} <br /> ightarrow ext{NaCl} + ext{H}<em>2$ D. Double Displacement: $ext{NaCl} + ext{AgNO}</em>3 <br /> ightarrow ext{NaNO}_3 + ext{AgCl}$

Processes Involved in Chemical Change

1. Oxidation: Gain of oxygen.
2. Reduction: Loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.
3. Neutralization:
   $ext{acid} + ext{base} <br /> ightarrow ext{salt} + ext{water}$
4. Hydrolysis:
   $ext{water} + ext{salt} <br /> ightarrow ext{acid} + ext{base}$
5. Saponification:
   $ext{alkali} + ext{fats} <br /> ightarrow ext{soap} + ext{glycerol}$
6. Fermentation:
   $ext{organic substances} + ext{microbes} <br /> ightarrow ext{alcohol}$
7. Nuclear Change: Change in structure, properties, composition of the nucleus, e.g. transmutation of the element.