Background
- A Red Scare had followed U.S. victory in World War I, largely due to the Russian Revolution in 1917.
- A second Red Scare followed U.S. victory in World War II.
During the early years of the cold war
- Communist successes in Europe & Asia led to paranoia about Communist spies in the US.
- Fear that Communists may have infiltrated U.S. State Department, the U.S. military, and all institutions in American society
Security & civil rights Under Truman
A. Loyalty Review Board
B. Leaders of Communist party were jailed for advocating the overthrow of the United States government (FBI)
C. Supreme Court Case: Dennis et al. v. United States (1951) (Not complete freedom of speech)
D. McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)
E. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) they call meetings to investigate communism in various industries
Alger Hiss Case
- Prominent official from the State Department who had assisted Roosevelt at the Yalta Conference
- Richard M. Nixon, a young Conservative, helped to investigate the case.
- Whittaker Chambers, a confessed Communist testified that Hiss gave him secret information.
- In 1950, Hiss was convicted of perjury and sent to prison.
- Result: Many Americans could not help wondering whether Communist spies infiltrated the highest levels of government.
Rosenberg Case
- American Question: How did the Soviets get the technology to do an atomic bomb?
- Klaus Fuchs, a British scientist who had worked on the Manhattan Project, admitted giving A- bomb secrets to the Russians.
- FBI investigation traced another spy ring to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in New York.
- After a controversial trial in 1951, the Rosenbergs were found guilty of treason and executed for the crime in 1953.
- Result: Civil rights groups raised questions about whether anti communist hysteria had played a role in the conviction and punishment of the Rosenbergs
Rise of Joseph McCarthy
- Republican Senator from Wisconsin
- Speech in 1950 charged that 205 Communists were still working for the State Department
- His Power = Based on fear of the damage McCarthy could do
- Working - class Americans loved that he aimed at the wealthy and privileged in society.
- Weakening the Democrats (Inadvertently helping Eisenhower become president)
Truman in Retirement
Another Democrat get elected in 1952?
- Second Red Scare
- Stalemate in Korea
- Loss of full diplomacy with China
- Scandals surrounding Truman’s advisers
Truman decided to return to private life in Missouri
Republicans blamed “mess on Washington” on Truman.