Part 1: the problem

Slide 7 Why Discuss Environmental Problems as a Lecture

1. Potential for catastrophic results

2. Economic system resists it

3. Global problem needs global solutions but we’re individual nations

Slide 8 What Environmental Problems?

Population up, extinctions, affect ecosystems, 70% loss of wildlife

Slide 9 What Environmental Problems? Contd

Coral bleaching, home to ocean life and connected

Slide 10 What Environmental Problems? Contd

Great barrier reef

Slide 11 What Environmental Problems? Contd

74% of great barrier reef dying

Slide 12 What Environmental Problems? Contd

Pesticides kill bees, less pollination and crops

Slide 13 What Environmental Problems? Contd

Co2 been going up and down but very up now

Slide 14 What Environmental Problems? contd

Global temp increase

Slide 15 What Environmental Problems? Contd

wildfires

Slide 16 What Environmental Problems? Contd

Fires in arctic

Slide 17 What Environmental Problems? Contd

Droughts, 

Slide 18 What Environmental Problems? Contd

Stronger storms, hurricane milton increase from 1-5 fast

Slide 19 What Environmental Problems? Contd

More natural disasters, needs government assistance, pay

Slide 20 What Environmental Problems? Contd

more natural disasters everywhere

Slide 21 What Environmental Problems? contd

Scientific consensus on climate change, environmental problems, caused by humans

97.1%

Slide 22 Is it too late?

Not permanent changes,

Slide 23 Is it too late? Contd

not hitting projections

Slide 24 Is it too late? Contd

Next meeting in 2030, stuff happened between like covid

Want drawdown, co2 decline, take more than release

Slide 25 Project Drawdown

632$ billion invested in plan, total cost 29 trillion

Slide 26 is it too late?

How get there, what to change, make sense

Part 2: Lessons from Structural Functionalism

Slide 28 Structural Functionalism

1. Stable patterns of social stuff

2. Structures maintain or undermine stability

3. Shared values or preferences

4. Equilibrium is est

Slide 29 Structural Functionalism contd

Macro, relationships, big picture, balance, not overhaul

Slide 30 Imbalance In The Equilibrium

1. Population strain

Slide 31 graph

Plateau then go down

Slide 32 Imbalance In The Equilibrium contd

2. Science lets us exploit resources, chat gpt, ai, needs energy

Slide 33 Imbalance In The Equilibrium contd

3. Never had to prioritize environment over economy

Slide 34 graph

3 related to food and diet, 2 related to gender inequality, 4 to land, 1 to material, 5 to energy

Not just energy but how we live and whole society

Slide 35 Structural Functionalism

Climate change is symptom not problem

Slide 36 1. Earth as an Externality

Externality: production of something has cost not related to price

Lung cancer not related to cigarette sales, from taxes not cigaret profits, add tax to cigarettes

Pollution, no cost but externality

Slide 37 1. Earth as an Externality contd

Environmental damage no cost,, now we need to pay

Slide 38 1. Earth as an Externality contd

Regulations: law or rule to alter actions and behaviours

Deforestation, pollution

Slide 39 1. Earth as an Externality contd

New ways, stop as externality

reusable bags cost for pollution, charge for bottles or charge for recycling

Slide 40 1. Earth as an Externality contd

Tax, like carbon tax, not popular cus more expensive gas

Slide 41 1. Earth as an Externality contd

Tax makes more expensive, canadians want carbon tax gone, 

don’t want to pay for externality

Slide 42 2. Path Dependency

Past decisions influence future, qwerty keyboard not efficient but it was first

Already know past, hard to change

Slide 43 2. Path Dependency contd

Past has momentum, hard to stop, wouldn’t change major in 4th year, 

cost of change is too great

Slide 44 2. Path Dependency contd

Rely on fossil fuels, work in the sector, sell it

Slide 45 3. Moral Foundation Theory

People born with morals

Slide 47 3. Moral Foundation Theory

Evolutionary sociological theory: humans are evolving animals

Keep morals that help us

Wouldn’t survive in wild but join together and form morals

Slide 48 3. Moral Foundation Theory I. Harm/Care

Bond, care, compassion, we’re social animals and we emphasise

Social part: how much we emphasise and justify suffering differs

Slide 49 3. Moral Foundation Theory II. Fairness/Reciprocity

No discrimination, justice, mutually beneficial, golden rule, treat as you want to be treated

Social part: different views on fairness

Slide 50 3. Moral Foundation Theory III. In-Group Loyalty

Must work together otherwise weak alone, blood thicker than water

Social part: differ who we consider in our group 

nationalism (nation) vs cosmopolitanism (one community not separate nations)

Different levels of loyalty

Slide 51 3. Moral Foundation Theory IV. Authority/Respect

Authority based on power and brutality and voluntary deference, ‘legitimate authorities” authority of tradition

Social part: differ who is authority and how much we respect

Slide 52 3. Moral Foundation Theory V. Purity/Sanctity

Disgust for impure

Social part: differ what's pure or impure

Slide 53 3. Moral Foundation Theory contd

2 higher-order clusters

Individual: care and fairness

Bonding: loyalty, authority, and purity

Liberals and conservatives value harm most then differ

Conservatives values authority, loyalty and purity, less fairness

liberals-fairness

Slide 54 3. Moral Foundation Theory contd

Liberals: 

• not fair to leave world worse (fairness), 

• natural disasters, poorest hit more (harm)

Consevative:

• me, country, family first (loyalty)

• Can’t disregard tradition and past (respect/authority)

• Our way of life, society not evil or wrong (purity), god didn’t make world wrong

• Decline bias-change is bad

Slide 55 4. Immediacy Bias

Like present more than long term, instant gratification, love future self

Politics about current not climate change, no votes from future

Slide 56 4. Immediacy Bias contd

People affected want it addressed

Slide 57 5. Misinformation

1. Free to pollute

2. Society stick to current

3. Different morals different political opinions

4. Immediacy bias, ignore future

Slide 58 5. Misinformation contd

Affinity or in-group bias-like people similar belief or background

Like what we believe, confirmation bias

Echo chamber: what we hear is what we believe, reinforce ideas, alternates gone

Social media feeds you your perspective, new arguments on your side, misinformation

Slide 59 5. Misinformation contd

Don’t believe climate change is real, only ⅔ believe

Slide 60 5. Misinformation contd

Pbs government sponsored, should be impartial

Slide 61 The PBS Debate on the Paris Agreement

Pro climate change: professor, nobel prize, UN committee, phd

Against climate change: no credentials, drop out, founded organization, funded by company

Slide 63 Is Basketball really a Sport? Not on test

Yes: lebron james, con:random guy

Slide 65 Is Kendrick Lamar a good rapper? Not on test

Yes: snoop dog, con: random guy funded by drake

Critical thinking in media

Slide 66 Part 1 Summary

Structural functionalist view:

1. Environment as externality, population, tech, don’t need to prioritise

2. Path dependency, rely on stuff set up in past

3. Moral foundation theory, different morals

4. Immediacy bias, focus on present, doesn’t affect now

5. Misinformation, don’t believe

Part 3: Lessons from Conflict Theory

Slide 70 Thought experiment: aliens from another planet show up one day.

Slide 71 Thought Experiment:

1. Want resources

2. Poop money

Slide 72 Thought Experiment: contd

Want our help

Slide 73 Thought Experiment: contd

On aliens’ side, want as much natural resources as possible

Slide 74 If I was Advising the Aliens 1) Buy private property.

Do what you want on it, most of US private but not canada

Slide 75 If I was Advising the Aliens 2) Dealing with Governments.

Negotiate Regulations and policies, crown land in canada owned by government

Slide 76 If I was Advising the Aliens 2) Dealing with Vulnerable or Concentrated Power Governments

Some dictatorships and military juntas and fragile governments

Slide 77 If I was Advising the Aliens 2) Dealing with Vulnerable or Concentrated Power Governments contd

Kim jun un= dictatorship, military junta=myanmar

Slide 78 If I was Advising the Aliens 2) Dealing with Vulnerable or Concentrated Power Governments contd

yemen=fragile, destabilize and overthrow or negotiate for resources

Start civil wars elsewhere

Slide 79 Yemen’s Civil War

Funded by outside foreign influences

Slide 80 If I was Advising the Aliens 2) Dealing with Wealthy Democratic Governments

Win over fairly, can’t bribe, no corruption

Find politicians not concerned about climate change

Slide 81 If I was Advising the Aliens

Make politics care about Other pressing topics, 

Slide 82 If I was Advising the Aliens 2) Dealing with Wealthy Democratic Governments

fund other topics like politicians or groups

Influence media by buying or adds

Make international competition

Slide 83 If I was Advising the Aliens 3) Dealing with Citizen Resistance in Concentrated Power Countries

Bribe community leaders or kill, or violence for trouble, police or military, 

Government on side

Slide 84 If I was Advising the Aliens 3) Dealing with Citizen Resistance

People disappear

Slide 85 If I was Advising the Aliens 3) Dealing with Citizen Resistance in Wealthy Democratic Countries

Police stop protests, associate protests as bad, police as good

Delegitimize protest, just complaining, minority

Slide 86 If I was Advising the Aliens 3) Dealing with Citizen Resistance in Wealthy Democratic Countries contd

Discredit academics, fund own studies, cigarettes are promoted by doctors

Slide 87 What is the Point of All This Craziness?

Critique of capitalism, money is unchecked power, money influences world

Slide 88 Gold-Pooping Aliens as an Analogy for Corporations 1) Buying private property to consume resources? check

Buy land, even government/crown land

Slide 89 Gold-Pooping Aliens as an Analogy for Corporations 2) Influence of foreign governments in poor countries? check

Countries influence others, don’t help to be good, benefit yourself 

Slide 90 Gold-Pooping Aliens as an Analogy for Corporations 2) Influencing Wealthy Democratic Governments? check

Political contributions, campaign like free speech, don’t need disclosing, democratic, US

Slide 91 Gold-Pooping Aliens as an Analogy for Corporations 2) Influencing Wealthy Democratic Governments? check

Canada needs disclosing donations, lobbying

Slide 92 Gold-Pooping Aliens as an Analogy for Corporations 3) Horrific Dealings with Citizens in Poorer Countries? check

Coca cola hired para-military groups, no unions

Slide 93 Gold-Pooping Aliens as an Analogy for Corporations 3) Horrific Dealings with Citizens in Poorer Countries? check

Slavery in mining

Slide 94 Gold-Pooping Aliens as an Analogy for Corporations 3) Stopping Citizen Resistance in Wealthy Democratic Countries? check

Stop protests with violence

Slide 95 Gold-Pooping Aliens as an Analogy for Corporations 3) Stopping Citizen Resistance in Wealthy Democratic Countries? Check Contd

Delegitimize protests, “achieve nothing”

Slide 96 Gold-Pooping Aliens as an Analogy for Corporations 3) Stopping Citizen Resistance in Wealthy Democratic Countries? Check Contd

Hire people as spokespersons

Slide 97 3 Reasons Environmental Problems are the Greatest Social Problem we Face

1. Potential for catastrophic results

2. Economic system resist environmental protection

Slide 98 So are corporations just evil psychopaths? No!

Slide 99 Two sociological principles helps us understand corporations

Competition as “external coercive law”-marx

Concept of bureaucracy - max weber

Slide 100 Famous Sociologist Karl Marx & The Capitalist Principle

Capitalism is competition, profitable survive, no profit die, race to bottom or buy out

Competition as external coercive law, want lowest price

Slide 101 Famous Sociologist Max Weber & Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy is polar night of icy darkness, humans into machines

Takes away individuality in system

Slide 102 Weber & Bureaucracy not on exam

Can’t give free food as server, 

everyone has role and structure that supervises them

Goal ensured by structure

Ceo of exxon can’t do anything or would be fired

Slide 103 Main take away from this… not on test

Beard is good

Slide 104 Actual Main take away from this…

Don’t hate player, hate game

Capitalism rewards profit, needs to survive

Competition as external coercive force-money as goal or die

Bureaucracy-everyone has role in mind, bank won’t give money if no profit

Slide 105 Bright Side

Complete control over corporations, rely on consumers, supply and demand

Consumers decide but people want lowest price

Part 4: Lessons from Symbolic Interactionism

Slide 107 3 Reasons Environmental Problems are the Greatest Social Problem we Face

Structural functionalism-all connected

Conflict theory-power and authority

Symbolic interactionism-global problem, global solution

Slide 108 SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

Communication, meanings, people make social circumstances, unpopular viewpoints

Slide 109 Social Constructionism

Objective less important than how it’s constructed

Slide 110 Symbolic Interactionism & Environmental Problems

Pollution from canada floats around

Need international solutions

Slide 111 Issue 1: Tragedy of the Commons

Common-all have access

Tragedy-exploit and destroy

No rules in international waters, fishing

Slide 112 Issue 1: Tragedy of the Commons contd

Bison almost extinct for fur

Slide 113 Issue 1: Tragedy of the Commons contd

Free bikes stolen or gone

Slide 114 Issue 1: Tragedy of the Commons contd

Dirty kitchens in dorms

Slide 115 Issue 1: Tragedy of the Commons contd

Don’t like group projects

Free rider problem: don’t contribute but benefits

Slide 116 Issue 1: Tragedy of the Commons contd

Monkey experiment: anger is natural from inequality

Slide 117 Issue 1: Tragedy of the Commons contd

Good when follows rules until someone doesn’t and takes advantage cus others are

1. Unfair share solution: take the high road, do it for them

2. Everyone loses: petty, no one helps

3. Violent enforcement: threats

Slide 118 Issue 1: Tragedy of the Commons contd

1. Clean for roommate

2. No one cleans

3. Kick out

Slide 119 Issue 1: Tragedy of the Commons contd

Need cooperation

Slide 120 Old Class Exercise

3% or 15%, no trust

Slide 121 Issue 2: The Social Contract

Should work together

Slide 122 Issue 2: The Social Contract contd

Prisoner dilemma, cooperate or defect

Slide 123 Issue 2: The Social Contract contd

Need to catch, snitches get stitches

Slide 124 Issue 2: The Social Contract contd

Social contract: come together, agreement not to cause problem

Slide 125 Issue 2: The Social Contract contd

All countries are roommate, planet is shared space

Slide 126 Video 2: Speech on Pulling out of Paris Agreement

Nationalism-only themselves, uk leave eu, US leave paris agreement

Slide 127 Symbolic Interactionism & Environmental Problems

Countries no real line, made up borders, social construct

Slide 128 Symbolic Interactionism & Environmental Problems contd

Created meaning, shapes interactions, affects bigger issues

Slide 129 Symbolic Interactionism Bright Side

Paris agreement to fix

What is sociology

Slide 10 What is sociology?

Hard to define

“Science of society, systematic study of collective behaviour of groups of humans”

Not helpful like phd in medical emergency, not real doctor

Slide 11 What is sociology? Contd

Everything else defined well, what they study, not sociology 

Slide 18 what is sociology contd

Best, Touches everything

Slide 19 what is sociology contd

Whale still touched by humans like global warming and pollution even if never touched by humans

Can be studied by sociology

Slide 20 what is sociology contd

Everything is sociological

Slide 21 what is sociology contd

Hard to guess and describe, studies everything

Slide 22 what is sociology contd

Not what it studies but how

Approach and strategies make it unique

Social, and cultural easy to explain

Contrast with individual or biological

Slide 23 what is sociology contd Sociological explanation of teenage depression

Biological: genetic factors, puberty, hormones, drugs

individual/psych: divorce, loss, heartbreak, social struggles

Slide 24 what is sociology contd

Sociologically: why that group of people

Gender? Age?

Drinking or crying

This generation?

Always depressed, only talking now?

“Get war out of you” wwii ptsd

Slide 25 what is sociology contd

Cognitive dissonance: core belief confronted by info that makes you think its wrong

• Opposing belief causes stress

White lie about crappy haircut? Find a way to make peace, white lie not real lie

Love lasts forever but sees divorce or kicking out

Distressing when core belief shattered

Slide 26 what is sociology contd

Raise children by how we want them

Cognitive dissonance: protecting kids better than before

Gen z most conservative in terms of risky stuff

Protected from harsh reality of life

Cognitive Dissonance & Teen Depression

Slide 27 Cognitive Dissonance & Teen Depression

True love! Beauty and the beast

Slide 28 Cognitive Dissonance & Teen Depression contd

Life is shit in reality

Hard lesson to learn

Slide 29 Cognitive Dissonance & Teen Depression contd

Good conquer evil

Historical and fictional like marvel and mlk jr

Slide 30 Cognitive Dissonance & Teen Depression contd

Evil wins in real life

25k people starve to death a day

Is it ok?

War criminals

Homelessness in wealthiest country in world

Slide 31 Cognitive Dissonance & Teen Depression contd

Do anything you want as a kid

Not possible in real life, can’t do everything you put your mind to, hard to get there

U of t 93% highschool average

⅔ of class wants to go med or law school

Average of socio course will be 70%

Used to get 90s now get 70s, 30% drop

very smart in school, average now

Principle 1 & University Student Anxiety

Slide 32 what is sociology?

Make peace that what you believed in as a kid isn’t real

Looks don’t matter but they do

Evil wins

Love isn’t like disney

Gen z protected better

80s commercial do you know where your child is

Kicked out at night, told to come back at certain time

mills= ability to connect personal challenges to larger social issues - thinking sociologically

Principle #1 see the general in the particular

Slide 33 Principle 1 & University Student Anxiety

Very depressed in college

Slide 34 Principle 1 & University Student Anxiety contd

Are we biologically messed up?

If so common, is it really biological or individual?

Slide 35 Principle 1 & University Student Anxiety contd

High tuition and rate, Bad for mental health, not financially secure

Slide 36 Principle 1 & University Student Anxiety contd

More competition, harder to achieve goals

Just good grades for medschool now need to cure cancer

Parents can’t identify and are more involved now

• More pressure

• Parental immigration sacrifice

• Don’t let down

Slide 37 Principle 1 & University Student Anxiety contd

What to do for rest of my life?

“adulting”?

Adult when you realize others aren’t adults

Trying to find Romantic connection 

Loneliness from moving away

Social pressure for time of your life

Slide 38 Principle 1 & University Student Anxiety contd

Wrong if you don’t feel fucked sociologically

Not fucked= better conditions, not mentally stronger, less stress

Slide 39 Principle 1 & University Student Anxiety contd

General in particular= thinking sociologically, not individual

Principle 2 & shaking hands

Slide 40 what is sociology?

Principle #2 see the strange in the familiar

Do because we’ve always done

Slide 41 principle 2 & shaking hands

Didn’t carry weapon before

Empty hand=come in peace

We don’t mean that anymore, rather sign of respect now

Slide 43 principle 2 & shaking hands

Movies show, like narnia, she doesn’t know why she shakes hand

Dirty hands, spread germs

Other cultures figured it out and bow instead

Other countries don’t follow our rules, maybe better

Other busy roads faster

Is our way we should do things?

Slide 44 principle 2 & shaking hands

Decline bias=any change is negative

Out of comfort zone is distressing

Older dislike young

Eg Long socks used to be gross, good now

Sexuality, race, immigration change

Lecture 3 week 3 sept 19 sociology notes end of 2nd lecture and The Sociology of Education part 2

From lecture 2 The Sociology of Education part 1

Slide 13 knowledge isn’t power until it is applied, applying sociology

Don’t be stupid

Slide 14 understanding our class

Why big class? Save money, less professors, economical

Slide 15 understanding our class contd

Older more harsh, younger idealistic max webber

Slide 16 instrumental vs. value rationality

Instrumental or means-end rationality- most efficient, practical and effective

Value rationality-ideal, do it for the sake

Slide 17 instrumental vs. value rationality contd

Politician

Value-best for society

Instrumental-balance, elected every 4 years, fundraise, limit ideals, get votes

Slide 18 instrumental vs. value rationality contd

Churchill, democracy worst except others, best way is talk to voters for 5 min

Not that easy, social forces/structural factors not character flaw

Lesser of two evils, no perfection

Slide 19 instrumental vs. value rationality contd

Webber, move from value to instrumental, rationalisation

Hard to get agreement in world, problems

Major:balance value (what you want) and instrumental (money)

Slide 20 instrumental vs. value rationality contd

Public school is 12.5k a year, morethan uni because government pays for uni

Slide 21 instrumental vs. value rationality contd

Tuition freeze

Slide 22 instrumental vs. value rationality contd

Less for same price, shrinkflation, inflation

Slide 23 instrumental vs. value rationality contd

Bigger class for inflation, less product for money, no money cus tuition freeze

Slide 24 other hypotheses

Unis just want money but unis are nonprofit, charity, should pay same as international

Pay too much, earn less than us, job market

Uni president makes less than ceo who supervise less

Slide 25 other hypotheses contd

Too much “fat”, no fat before

Slide 26 other hypotheses contd

Too much research, most money from government, more on student aid

No unis doing research, private research, bias

Slide 27 summary of instrumental/value rationality

Value- best education

Instrumental-less resources, harder

Solutions: more tuition (we’re poor), more tax (people leave), freeze tuition raise class size

Problems cus hard to fix, not don’t care

More tuition, more money after

Slide 28 summary of instrumental/value rationality contd

Internationals fund, mislead them

Slide 29 summary of instrumental/value rationality contd

Financial trouble, start cutting small programs,

Crossroads, international income capped, tuition freeze

Not don’t care, social forces, structural functionalism, conflict theory

Part 4: The Experience of Education

Slide 31 symbolic interactionism

Macro-big, structural functionalism, conflict big scale economy 

Micro-small, nuance, personal stuff, individual experience

Slide 32 symbolic interactionism contd

Micro

1. Face to face, specific people, meaning

2. Subjectivity, how we see stuff

3. Stress that makes social circumstance, not react

4. Validate unpopular opinions, not like macro where everyone’s the same, good for different views

Why you think that? Get into details

Slide 33 symbolic interactionism contd

Are you adult? How you act

Different circumstances

Slide 34 symbolic interactionism contd

Labelling theory, change how it’s labelled, interpret, viewed, and handled

like weed and guns in canada and us

Slide 35 the experience of education

Grades =intelligence

Slide 36 the experience of education contd

Grades on micro, means to you

Slide 37 the experience of education contd

Low self esteem, low sense of mastery/control

Grade chasing, just grades not learning, why they have cr/ncr

Slide 38 the experience of education contd

Bad grades=u of tears

Slide 39 the experience of education contd

sad

Slide 40 fixed versus growth mindset

Growth mindset, grow intelligence, different types

Smart not good socially, law, street smarts, drug dealers

Slide 41 fixed versus growth mindset contd

Grades don’t equal potential

Change way we view, adapt, how, learn from it

Slide 42 fixed versus growth mindset contd

Improve, more motivated, feel better, get better

Slide 43 fixed versus growth mindset contd

Learn from stuff and grow, be efficient, breaks

Slide 44 shifting the meaning of grades

Grades don’t define

Slide 45 shifting the meaning of grades contd

First year not important

Slide 46 do grades matter?

Studies as good as their design

Slide 47 do grades matter? Contd

Omitted variable bias, don’t consider factor, affects it

Slide 48 do grades matter? Contd

3rd thing causes 2 things

Slide 49 do grades matter? Contd

Didn’t control class

Slide 50 do grades matter? Contd

Class causes income and grades

Slide 51 do grades matter? Contd

ses=sociio economic status

Economic- don’t need to work part time, more money, tutors-don’t need job right away

Social capital: connections-better jobs

Culture: connect with elite-goat cheese, culture

Part 5: Gender Inequality in Education (true start of lecture 3)

Slide 55 Feminist Approach/Theoretical Perspective

1. Patriarchy, system

2. Difference from power makes better not biological, not biologically same

3. Micro and macro

4. More equal is good, men and women

Slide 56 feminism & education

In education

1. Underrepresentation in power

2. Gender presentation

3. Sexual harassment

Slide 57 feminism & education contd 1. Underrepresentation in Positions of Power

Social location bias, different perspectives and experience

Slide 58 feminism & education contd 1. Underrepresentation in Positions of Power contd

Underrepresented in government, men make decisions, problem

Slide 59 feminism & education contd 1. Underrepresentation in Positions of Power contd

Low leadership in school, getting better

Slide 60 feminism & education contd 1. Underrepresentation in Positions of Power contd

Bad policies, less in academia, masculine/feminine jobs

Slide 61 feminism & education contd 2. Gender Representation in School Activities

less in academia, masculine/feminine jobs

Slide 62 feminism & education contd 2. Gender Representation in School Activities contd

Less sports and funding, perpetuates divide

Slide 63 feminism & education contd 3. Sexual harassment

Hostile hallways, inappropriate

Slide 64 feminism & education contd 3. Sexual harassment contd

Blame women

Slide 65 feminism & education moving forward

Getting better, One part of whole

Part 6: Racial & Ethnic Inequality in Education

Slide 67 critical race theory

1. Race is social construct, kept changing

2. Normal, persistent in institutions

3. Interest convergence, progress, fit others’ interest 

4. Intersectional, different experiences

Slide 68 3. Interest convergence

Derrick bell, 1st black harvard law professor

Hire black people because white people on strike, afraid black people will steal jobs, more money

Separate but equal, cold war, didn’t like the look, appeal to rest of world

Not the right thing

Slide 69 4. Intersectionality

Kimberle crenshaw

Think types of discrimination is separate

Slide 70 4. Intersectionality contd

Multiple unique identity

Slide 71 4. Intersectionality contd

Statistical interactions: effects of variables depend on each other

Multiplicative vs additive

Slide 72 race, ethnicity, & education

Some groups do better

Slide 73 race, ethnicity, & education contd

More educated, allowed in

Slide 74 race, ethnicity, & education contd

Re-educate, no economic advantage, cultural and social capital

Slide 75 race, ethnicity, & education contd

Brain drain, lose good people to emmigration

Slide 76 race, ethnicity, & education contd

Micro and macro

Slide 77 symbolic interactionism & education

Sacrifice worth it

Slide 78 symbolic interactionism & education contd

Pressure to do good on sacrifice, proud

From lecture 1 Part 3: bias

Slide 14 understanding bias

We’re all biased unconsciously, unavoidable

Want to be objective, studies, facts, data, research

Universal laws in science, humans no laws, we don’t act the same

research= get diversity

Slide 15 understanding bias contd

World is My truth, not all truth

Is this course easy or hard, bird or not, 

• Other circumstances, commute, job, residence, english

Dressed as man and live like a man

Made models ugly and felt sad, didn’t know other feeling/truth

Slide 16 understanding bias 1. Social location bias

Position in the world, combination of factors like age, race, religion etc

We want to rely on first hand knowledge, not the truth, but our truth

White people no racism, their truth, different social location

Slide 17 understanding bias 1. Social location bias contd

Anecdotal evidence, personal experience, don’t want to rely

Shape how we see eg. covid

• Recover quickly, lockdown unnecessary

• Hospitalised, lost people

Slide 18 understanding bias 1. Social location bias contd

Our experience our truth, not the truth

High students debt interest increase in 80s, mortgage up, lost farm

Mcivor experience: debt makes you lose everything, wants to study debt

Interests shape social location

• Msrginalized people study sociology, injustice, figure out why, happened to them

• Psych majors fucked in head

Slide 19 understanding bias 2. Confirmation bias

Cognitive dissonance, uncomfortable with opposing facts

Confirmation bias=confirm what we know, very bias

Slide 20 understanding bias 

3. Fundamental attribution error

Favour ourselves

Fail test, think others are idiot, 

Things happen to other people, their fault,

4. Self-serving bias

Things happen to other people, their fault, my stuff not my fault

thinks it’s teacher’s fault if you fail, excuses

Slide 21 understanding bias contd

5. Optimism Bias

Good mood, look at things positively

6. Pessimism Bias

Bad mood, think bad

Rain is good, confirm how we feel

7. Cultural Bias

Own culture normal, others weird

Weird streets and traffic

Busy buffets in south america, ordered here

Slide 22 understanding bias contd

Can’t trust own opinion

Our experiences not the same

• Mcivor follows curriculum but filtered through him

The Sociology of Education part 1

Slide 25 Part 1: Trends in Education

Slide 26 Historical trends in education

Dont’t think how we got here

Education not free, reading not common

Free public education, public school canada pei 1852

Government says tax for education

Slide 27 Historical trends in education contd

After ww1 education more imprtant, stuff more complicated

1950, not common to finish school

• Work on farm when able, gradeschool

70s, universal to finish middle school

Slide 28 Historical trends in education contd

Higher graduation rates

Slide 29 Historical trends in education contd

Education for 

1. Better employees, no training, economy

Slide 30 Historical trends in education contd

2. Democracy, churchill says people don’t know whats going on, reading to stay informed, do basic stuff

Slide 31 Historical trends in education contd

3. Education great equalizer, less inequality

Slide 32 Historical trends in education contd

More college and school, recent plateau, 70%, tech and globalization

• From india business, ship, letters, bad tech before

• Now phones

• Different minimum wages in countries, lose jobs

• Knowledge economy

Slide 33 Historical trends in education contd

Happened in every country, lost jobs, tech stayed

Slide 34 Part 2: The Function of Education

Slide 35 General Sociological Theories

1. Structural functionlism

2. Conflict theory

3. Symbolic interactionism

4. Feminism

5. Critical race theory

Each theory different perspective, both right or wrong, focus on different stuff

Slide 36 General Sociological Theories contd

5 blind people live in village

Grab different parts of elephant, like different stuff

Fight of what elephant is, never speak again

Need all theories, well rounded, better understanding

Slide 37 General Sociological Theories contd

MAX WEBER “ideal types”

General sense of stuff

• What’s canadian? Nice, diverse cold

• Not every canadian, too big

Slide 38 General Sociological Theories contd

Ideal dog: fur, 4 limbs, understand emotion, bark, carnivore, tail etc

Not all dogs

Slide 40 Structural Functionalism

Ideal type theories, general, different types of everything

1. Human behaviour governed by stable patterns of social relations

   1. Stable things to expect

2. Structures maintain or undermine social stability

   1. Something goes wrong, problems

3. Emphasize social structures based on shared values or preference

   1. Meritocracy, be nice, innocent till proven guilty

4. Equilibrium good

   1. No police brutality

Slide 41 Structural Functionalism contd

Traditional like grandparents

Slide 42 Structural Functionalism contd

Different parts of society and identify relationship between

Macro theory, overall picture

Slide 43 Structural Functionalism contd

Human body, small change big effect

• Blood clot kill you

• Everything connected

• Education affect family etc

Slide 44 Structural Functionalism and education

What function is this serving? Why exists?

Everything has function even bad

• Crime reaffirms social values, good

• Poverty is good, know to go to uni, can fail, motivator

• Eternal optimist

1. Select and sort, 

2. Socialization

3. Job training

Slide 45 Structural Functionalism and education 1. Selection and sorting

Meritocracy, all you do

Slide 46 Structural Functionalism and education 1. Selection and sorting contd

Equal race, nothing matters just performance and work ethic

Slide 47 Structural Functionalism and education 1. Selection and sorting contd

Historical, not meritocratic

• Only wealthy white men did good

• Not good for society, best regardless of stuff

Slide 48 Structural Functionalism and education 1. Selection and sorting contd

Brain surgery, best person or white

Slide 49 Structural Functionalism and education 1. Selection and sorting contd

Education gives meritocracy

• Learn strength and weaknesses

  • Bad at woodworking, good engineering

  • Good at sociology, bad physics

Slide 50 Structural Functionalism and education 1. Selection and sorting contd

Manifest function, something we do on purpose

Slide 51 selectiong/sorting function of education

Need to rank, grades, who gets in where

Make sure all classes are same

• No easy classes for more majors for more funding

• Standard professors

Slide 52 selectiong/sorting function of education contd

Standard grade scale

Slide 53 structural changes to grades

Raise average,  disadvantage

First year hardest grades

grade inflation, can’t rank

Slide 54 structural changes to grades contd

96 average rejected by every school

Parents more involved, higschool grades up, mostly 90

Grades lose meaning

Slide 55 structural changes to grades contd

Newtons 3rd law: every action has an equal opposite reaction

Anything changed in society affect something else

Higher grades, raise bar

Slide 56 structural changes to grades contd

US better grades, private schools, happy students

Separate all 4.0, gre, mcat, lsat

No standardized test in canada, judge on 40 courses not 1 test

Problems are theyre because they’re hard to fix

Harm reduction, lesser of two evils

Slide 57 Structural Functionalism and education 2. Socialization

Reach everyone at school, 99.5%

Slide 58 Structural Functionalism and education 2. Socialization contd

patriotism

Slide 59 Structural Functionalism and education 2. Socialization contd

Phys ed, eat right, stay active

Slide 60 Structural Functionalism and education 2. Socialization contd

respect

Slide 61 Structural Functionalism and education 2. Socialization contd

No drugs

Slide 62 Structural Functionalism and education 2. Socialization contd

Sex ed, controversial, history, slavery, good people bad stuff, bad people good stuff

Slide 63 Structural Functionalism and education 2. Socialization contd

Effective manifest function, reach people in school

Slide 64 Structural Functionalism and education 3. Job training

High tuition, 12k for elementary and middle school, higher than uni

Slide 65 Structural Functionalism and education 3. Job training contd

Human capital theory, we’re commodities

Education inaliable, can’t take it away

Be better person, educated workers

Slide 67 Structural Functionalism and education 3. Job training contd

Canada smart, rest of world not as great

Slide 69 Part 3: Class Inequality in Education

Slide 70 Conflict Theory

Everyone competing for resources

Who’s fighting who’s winning

Marx, get rid of authority, communism, 

bourgeoisie (owns means of production) vs proletariat (sell labour to survive)

Slide 71 Conflict Theory contd

1. Macro issues, socio-economic classes

2. How inequality makes stability or instability

3. Privileged keep advantage, others want power, power struggle

4. More equality the better

Slide 72 Conflict Theory and education

Against structural functionalism, annoying kid

Slide 73 Conflict Theory and education 1. selection/sorting

Functionalism: Meritocracy 

Conflict: equality of opportunity, different conditions, advantages

Slide 74 Conflict Theory and education 1. selection/sorting contd

Equality, the same vs equity, give what they need

Slide 75 Conflict Theory and education 1. selection/sorting contd

Functionalism, equality

Slide 76 Conflict Theory and education 1. selection/sorting contd

Conflict, Disadvantage, overt disadvantage to education, sexism, racism

Covert, less obvious, tutors

systemic=part of system, built in disadvantage

Slide 77 Conflict Theory and education 1. selection/sorting contd

Expensive to get diagnoses, systemic inequality

Slide 78 Conflict Theory and education 1. selection/sorting contd

Pierre bourdieu, disadvantages in education

1. Economic capital, expensive suits

2. Social capital, who they know not what they know

3. Cultural capital, swearing, lingo

Tell who’s who, political correctness outs uneducated

Slide 79 Conflict Theory and education 1. selection/sorting contd

1. Economic capital

Affect how to perform in school, 

• adequate housing own room, electricity, internet etc

• Educational resources, tutors, 

• breakfast, quality of food, 

• parents work, help with homework, regulation and control

Slide 80 Conflict Theory and education 1. selection/sorting contd

2. Social capital

Asking for help 

Monitor children

peers

Slide 81 Conflict Theory and education 1. selection/sorting contd

3. cultural capital

Interact with teachers

Enjoy school

Seen like school is for them

Slide 84 Conflict Theory and education 1. selection/sorting contd

manifest=best to top but reproduce class inequality, latent effect(unintended consequence)

Slide 85 Conflict Theory and education 2. Socialization

Hidden curriculum, obey, memorize and regurgitate

Slide 86 so…who is right?

Both sides right, make better, value to both, different perspectives

Mobility to succeed

Reproduce inequality

Finishing The Sociology of Education- Part 2

Slide 8 race, ethnicity, & education

Success is different

Symbolic interactionism, micro, meaning from circumstance

Slide 9 symbolic interactionism & education

Immigrants better in education, sacrifices from parents, put pressure and take on pressure

Slide 11 race, ethnicity, & education

Indigenous worse

Slide 12 race, ethnicity, & education contd

Residential schools, intergenerational trauma

Eg ukraine and russia, assmilation

Slide 13 race, ethnicity, & education contd

Very bad, sexual and physical abuse, more likely to survive war than residential schools

Slide 14 Symbolic Interactionism & Education

Cultural genocide

Slide 15 Symbolic Interactionism & Education contd

Important to learn

Slide 16 Symbolic Interactionism & Education contd

Create meaning and how to engage with, immigrant children vs. indigenous difference

Health & Mental Health

Part 1: Globalisation & The COVID Pandemic

Slide 19 Health & Globalization

Globalisation: more connected, no boundaries, interact with everyone and everything

Easier travel

Health challenges

Slide 20 Health & Globalization: Challenge 1 

1. Quick disease spread

   1. Zika virus rio olympics, mosquitos

   2. Covid, hard to stop, long to study

   3. Antibiotic resistant Stis, problems elsewhere

   4. Bad things cause militarization, terrorism

   5. More people struggling more diseases

   6. Black plague, different countries attacking

Slide 21 Health & Globalization: Challenge 2 

2. Harder to tax corporations and rich

   1. Can just leave if high tax and operate everywhere

      1. Apple left to ireland,

Slide 22 Health & Globalization: Challenge 2 contd

High tax people leave

Slide 23 Health & Globalization: Challenge 3

3. Bad working conditions in poor countries

   1. Race to bottom, cheapest,

   2. Attract more, 

   3. less wages, more poverty

Slide 24 Health & Globalization: Challenge 3 contd

Cheapest way to live, hunting

Slide 25 Health & Globalization: Challenge 3 contd

Product of poverty

Covid from bats, poor people poach to survive

Slide 26 Health & Globalization: Challenge 2 

More likely for disease

Government less prepared to deal cus less tax

Less corporate tax 30% 90s, 28% now

Slide 27 Health & Globalization: Challenge 2 contd

Countries borrow money

• Current national debt canada share individual is 58k, total 2.2 trillion

Less money to deal with problems, bad position

Slide 28 Health & Globalization: Challenge 1

Travel spread covid

Slide 29 Health & Globalization

Structural functionalism, everything connected

No one chose globalisation, world smaller, tech

• Cause less tax worse workers

• Compete with everyone

Part 2: Universal/Free vs. Privatized Healthcare

Slide 32 The Start of Universal Medical Care

Need tax, affect everyone

Tommy douglas founded free medical in saskatchewan

Meritocracy, hard work=success

Farming not meritocratic, sunshine, rain hail

• Bad year bad leg rest of life

Slide 33 The Start of Universal Medical Care contd

Born rich better off, nepo babies, not meritocratic

Slide 34 The Start of Universal Medical Care contd

You poor your fault

Slide 35 ASIDE: The Role of Framing

Some deaths not talked about, covid not opioid reporting

Slide 36 ASIDE: The Role of Framing contd

Drugs from doctors

Rich-good for you even though maybe generational, poor it’s your fault

Slide 37 The State of Canadian Care

Tech more expensive, health more expensive, ultrasounds, xray, surgery etc

Shooting up in 90s cus less tax

Slide 38 The State of Canadian Care contd

If government can’t pay, we pay, private

Everyone but US no free health

Slide 39 The State of Canadian Care contd

US most expensive, doctor must help even if you can’t pay, hippocratic oath

Slide 40 The State of Canadian Care contd

Private quality lower overall but rich get better quality

In canada can’t skip wait time even if rich

Slide 41 The State of Canadian Care contd

For profit, 11-15%

Slide 42 The State of Canadian Care contd

Supply and demand, free market

First bit of cost is on you

Slide 43 The State of Canadian Care contd

No power cus no time and money

Tragedy and financial instability

Slide 44 The State of Canadian Care contd

Us: Big pharma, 

canada: deal with government who represents everyone or no deal

Slide 45 drug prices in canada vs. philadelphia

Big difference

Part 3: Mental Health A Hidden Epidemic

Slide 49 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic

Spectrum

Mental health: mental function performance

Mental illness: abnormal thinking, significant distress and/or impairment in daily function

Slide 50 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Extent and Impact of Mental Illness

Hidden cus had stigma

Affect a lot

Slide 52 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Problems with Fixing the Problem

1. Socially defined

   1. Don’t know if worse before

   2. Recognize different things, culture

   3. Men depression to substance abuse, things turn to different problems

   4. Work too hard 

   5. Mental illness protected right, no firing, insurance

Slide 53 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Problems with Fixing the Problem contd

2. Tied to culture

   1. Beauty standards in north america

   2. No depression in japan

   3. Bleach skin

Slide 54 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Problems with Fixing the Problem contd

3. Tied to morality

   1. Why sad?

   2. Abnormal or supposed to happen

   3. Placebo effect?

   4. What someone discloses, self-defining, some control on mind

Slide 55 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Problem with Fixing the Problem

Suicide bomber mentally ill, air force bomber not, legitimacy of cause, root for underdogs

Slide 56 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Problem with Fixing the Problem contd

Concentration death camp, death sentence uc prison, Subjectivity of mental illness

Slide 57 3 key points:

1. How you define is important, what’s abnormal or not

2. Definition based on consensus vs. biology, different than medicine

3. Consensus is strong, what’s mental illness, killing?, what’s normal suffering

Part 4: Mental Health Stigmatization

Slide 59 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill

Erving goffman, canadian sociologist, dramaturgical perspective

• Scripts (conversation), props (clothes), roles (positions in different contexts)

Slide 60 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

Front stage: show world

Backstage: true self

Slide 61 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

Fear of mentally ill for 3 reasons

1. Don’t follow norms, like neurodivergence

   1. nervous

Slide 62 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

2. End up in prison, 2 norms

   1. Folkways-customs, habits, and manners

   2. Laws-seatbelt

Mental illness less likely to follow, in trouble with police, lead to assault etc and prison

Slide 63 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

3. Illegitimate violence and mental illness

   1. School shootings, mental health issues

Slide 64 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

Stigma of mental illness and violence

Slide 65 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

Factors why stigma stays

Part 5: Corporations & Bad Science

Slide 67 The Problem with Corporate Influence

Competition as coercive force (marx)

Weber’s principle of bureaucracy: job over morals

Slide 68 The Problem with Corporate Influence contd

Who holds corporations responsible, 

consumers, government, justice system

Slide 69 Corporate Funding of Science

Can corrupt doctors for capitalism

Slide 70 Cost of Doing Business

Lance armstron survive cancer, good biking but doping, but rich

Worth it to cheat, life better

Slide 71 Cost of Doing Business contd

Sackler market oxycontin as fine, sued by government

15 billion net worth but only 4 billion penalty, still rich

Slide 72 When Science is Dismissed for Opinion

Bad science, cigarettes were good, funded by private industry

Slide 73 When Science is Dismissed for Opinion contd

Academic science vs. private science

Slide 74 When Science is Dismissed for Opinion contd

Spurious, thought is related but not

variables

Finishing The Sociology of Education- Part 2

Slide 8 race, ethnicity, & education

Success is different

Symbolic interactionism, micro, meaning from circumstance

Slide 9 symbolic interactionism & education

Immigrants better in education, sacrifices from parents, put pressure and take on pressure

Slide 11 race, ethnicity, & education

Indigenous worse

Slide 12 race, ethnicity, & education contd

Residential schools, intergenerational trauma

Eg ukraine and russia, assmilation

Slide 13 race, ethnicity, & education contd

Very bad, sexual and physical abuse, more likely to survive war than residential schools

Slide 14 Symbolic Interactionism & Education

Cultural genocide

Slide 15 Symbolic Interactionism & Education contd

Important to learn

Slide 16 Symbolic Interactionism & Education contd

Create meaning and how to engage with, immigrant children vs. indigenous difference

Health & Mental Health

Part 1: Globalisation & The COVID Pandemic

Slide 19 Health & Globalization

Globalisation: more connected, no boundaries, interact with everyone and everything

Easier travel

Health challenges

Slide 20 Health & Globalization: Challenge 1 

1. Quick disease spread

   1. Zika virus rio olympics, mosquitos

   2. Covid, hard to stop, long to study

   3. Antibiotic resistant Stis, problems elsewhere

   4. Bad things cause militarization, terrorism

   5. More people struggling more diseases

   6. Black plague, different countries attacking

Slide 21 Health & Globalization: Challenge 2 

2. Harder to tax corporations and rich

   1. Can just leave if high tax and operate everywhere

      1. Apple left to ireland,

Slide 22 Health & Globalization: Challenge 2 contd

High tax people leave

Slide 23 Health & Globalization: Challenge 3

3. Bad working conditions in poor countries

   1. Race to bottom, cheapest,

   2. Attract more, 

   3. less wages, more poverty

Slide 24 Health & Globalization: Challenge 3 contd

Cheapest way to live, hunting

Slide 25 Health & Globalization: Challenge 3 contd

Product of poverty

Covid from bats, poor people poach to survive

Slide 26 Health & Globalization: Challenge 2 

More likely for disease

Government less prepared to deal cus less tax

Less corporate tax 30% 90s, 28% now

Slide 27 Health & Globalization: Challenge 2 contd

Countries borrow money

• Current national debt canada share individual is 58k, total 2.2 trillion

Less money to deal with problems, bad position

Slide 28 Health & Globalization: Challenge 1

Travel spread covid

Slide 29 Health & Globalization

Structural functionalism, everything connected

No one chose globalisation, world smaller, tech

• Cause less tax worse workers

• Compete with everyone

Part 2: Universal/Free vs. Privatized Healthcare

Slide 32 The Start of Universal Medical Care

Need tax, affect everyone

Tommy douglas founded free medical in saskatchewan

Meritocracy, hard work=success

Farming not meritocratic, sunshine, rain hail

• Bad year bad leg rest of life

Slide 33 The Start of Universal Medical Care contd

Born rich better off, nepo babies, not meritocratic

Slide 34 The Start of Universal Medical Care contd

You poor your fault

Slide 35 ASIDE: The Role of Framing

Some deaths not talked about, covid not opioid reporting

Slide 36 ASIDE: The Role of Framing contd

Drugs from doctors

Rich-good for you even though maybe generational, poor it’s your fault

Slide 37 The State of Canadian Care

Tech more expensive, health more expensive, ultrasounds, xray, surgery etc

Shooting up in 90s cus less tax

Slide 38 The State of Canadian Care contd

If government can’t pay, we pay, private

Everyone but US no free health

Slide 39 The State of Canadian Care contd

US most expensive, doctor must help even if you can’t pay, hippocratic oath

Slide 40 The State of Canadian Care contd

Private quality lower overall but rich get better quality

In canada can’t skip wait time even if rich

Slide 41 The State of Canadian Care contd

For profit, 11-15%

Slide 42 The State of Canadian Care contd

Supply and demand, free market

First bit of cost is on you

Slide 43 The State of Canadian Care contd

No power cus no time and money

Tragedy and financial instability

Slide 44 The State of Canadian Care contd

Us: Big pharma, 

canada: deal with government who represents everyone or no deal

Slide 45 drug prices in canada vs. philadelphia

Big difference

Part 3: Mental Health A Hidden Epidemic

Slide 49 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic

Spectrum

Mental health: mental function performance

Mental illness: abnormal thinking, significant distress and/or impairment in daily function

Slide 50 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Extent and Impact of Mental Illness

Hidden cus had stigma

Affect a lot

Slide 52 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Problems with Fixing the Problem

1. Socially defined

   1. Don’t know if worse before

   2. Recognize different things, culture

   3. Men depression to substance abuse, things turn to different problems

   4. Work too hard 

   5. Mental illness protected right, no firing, insurance

Slide 53 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Problems with Fixing the Problem contd

2. Tied to culture

   1. Beauty standards in north america

   2. No depression in japan

   3. Bleach skin

Slide 54 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Problems with Fixing the Problem contd

3. Tied to morality

   1. Why sad?

   2. Abnormal or supposed to happen

   3. Placebo effect?

   4. What someone discloses, self-defining, some control on mind

Slide 55 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Problem with Fixing the Problem

Suicide bomber mentally ill, air force bomber not, legitimacy of cause, root for underdogs

Slide 56 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Problem with Fixing the Problem contd

Concentration death camp, death sentence uc prison, Subjectivity of mental illness

Slide 57 3 key points:

1. How you define is important, what’s abnormal or not

2. Definition based on consensus vs. biology, different than medicine

3. Consensus is strong, what’s mental illness, killing?, what’s normal suffering

Part 4: Mental Health Stigmatization

Slide 59 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill

Erving goffman, canadian sociologist, dramaturgical perspective

• Scripts (conversation), props (clothes), roles (positions in different contexts)

Slide 60 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

Front stage: show world

Backstage: true self

Slide 61 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

Fear of mentally ill for 3 reasons

1. Don’t follow norms, like neurodivergence

   1. nervous

Slide 62 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

2. End up in prison, 2 norms

   1. Folkways-customs, habits, and manners

   2. Laws-seatbelt

Mental illness less likely to follow, in trouble with police, lead to assault etc and prison

Slide 63 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

3. Illegitimate violence and mental illness

   1. School shootings, mental health issues

Slide 64 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

Stigma of mental illness and violence

Slide 65 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

Factors why stigma stays

Part 5: Corporations & Bad Science

Slide 67 The Problem with Corporate Influence

Competition as coercive force (marx)

Weber’s principle of bureaucracy: job over morals

Slide 68 The Problem with Corporate Influence contd

Who holds corporations responsible, 

consumers, government, justice system

Slide 69 Corporate Funding of Science

Can corrupt doctors for capitalism

Slide 70 Cost of Doing Business

Lance armstron survive cancer, good biking but doping, but rich

Worth it to cheat, life better

Slide 71 Cost of Doing Business contd

Sackler market oxycontin as fine, sued by government

15 billion net worth but only 4 billion penalty, still rich

Slide 72 When Science is Dismissed for Opinion

Bad science, cigarettes were good, funded by private industry

Slide 73 When Science is Dismissed for Opinion contd

Academic science vs. private science

Slide 74 When Science is Dismissed for Opinion contd

Spurious, thought is related but not

variables

Finishing The Sociology of Education- Part 2

Slide 8 race, ethnicity, & education

Success is different

Symbolic interactionism, micro, meaning from circumstance

Slide 9 symbolic interactionism & education

Immigrants better in education, sacrifices from parents, put pressure and take on pressure

Slide 11 race, ethnicity, & education

Indigenous worse

Slide 12 race, ethnicity, & education contd

Residential schools, intergenerational trauma

Eg ukraine and russia, assmilation

Slide 13 race, ethnicity, & education contd

Very bad, sexual and physical abuse, more likely to survive war than residential schools

Slide 14 Symbolic Interactionism & Education

Cultural genocide

Slide 15 Symbolic Interactionism & Education contd

Important to learn

Slide 16 Symbolic Interactionism & Education contd

Create meaning and how to engage with, immigrant children vs. indigenous difference

Health & Mental Health

Part 1: Globalisation & The COVID Pandemic

Slide 19 Health & Globalization

Globalisation: more connected, no boundaries, interact with everyone and everything

Easier travel

Health challenges

Slide 20 Health & Globalization: Challenge 1 

1. Quick disease spread

   1. Zika virus rio olympics, mosquitos

   2. Covid, hard to stop, long to study

   3. Antibiotic resistant Stis, problems elsewhere

   4. Bad things cause militarization, terrorism

   5. More people struggling more diseases

   6. Black plague, different countries attacking

Slide 21 Health & Globalization: Challenge 2 

2. Harder to tax corporations and rich

   1. Can just leave if high tax and operate everywhere

      1. Apple left to ireland,

Slide 22 Health & Globalization: Challenge 2 contd

High tax people leave

Slide 23 Health & Globalization: Challenge 3

3. Bad working conditions in poor countries

   1. Race to bottom, cheapest,

   2. Attract more, 

   3. less wages, more poverty

Slide 24 Health & Globalization: Challenge 3 contd

Cheapest way to live, hunting

Slide 25 Health & Globalization: Challenge 3 contd

Product of poverty

Covid from bats, poor people poach to survive

Slide 26 Health & Globalization: Challenge 2 

More likely for disease

Government less prepared to deal cus less tax

Less corporate tax 30% 90s, 28% now

Slide 27 Health & Globalization: Challenge 2 contd

Countries borrow money

• Current national debt canada share individual is 58k, total 2.2 trillion

Less money to deal with problems, bad position

Slide 28 Health & Globalization: Challenge 1

Travel spread covid

Slide 29 Health & Globalization

Structural functionalism, everything connected

No one chose globalisation, world smaller, tech

• Cause less tax worse workers

• Compete with everyone

Part 2: Universal/Free vs. Privatized Healthcare

Slide 32 The Start of Universal Medical Care

Need tax, affect everyone

Tommy douglas founded free medical in saskatchewan

Meritocracy, hard work=success

Farming not meritocratic, sunshine, rain hail

• Bad year bad leg rest of life

Slide 33 The Start of Universal Medical Care contd

Born rich better off, nepo babies, not meritocratic

Slide 34 The Start of Universal Medical Care contd

You poor your fault

Slide 35 ASIDE: The Role of Framing

Some deaths not talked about, covid not opioid reporting

Slide 36 ASIDE: The Role of Framing contd

Drugs from doctors

Rich-good for you even though maybe generational, poor it’s your fault

Slide 37 The State of Canadian Care

Tech more expensive, health more expensive, ultrasounds, xray, surgery etc

Shooting up in 90s cus less tax

Slide 38 The State of Canadian Care contd

If government can’t pay, we pay, private

Everyone but US no free health

Slide 39 The State of Canadian Care contd

US most expensive, doctor must help even if you can’t pay, hippocratic oath

Slide 40 The State of Canadian Care contd

Private quality lower overall but rich get better quality

In canada can’t skip wait time even if rich

Slide 41 The State of Canadian Care contd

For profit, 11-15%

Slide 42 The State of Canadian Care contd

Supply and demand, free market

First bit of cost is on you

Slide 43 The State of Canadian Care contd

No power cus no time and money

Tragedy and financial instability

Slide 44 The State of Canadian Care contd

Us: Big pharma, 

canada: deal with government who represents everyone or no deal

Slide 45 drug prices in canada vs. philadelphia

Big difference

Part 3: Mental Health A Hidden Epidemic

Slide 49 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic

Spectrum

Mental health: mental function performance

Mental illness: abnormal thinking, significant distress and/or impairment in daily function

Slide 50 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Extent and Impact of Mental Illness

Hidden cus had stigma

Affect a lot

Slide 52 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Problems with Fixing the Problem

1. Socially defined

   1. Don’t know if worse before

   2. Recognize different things, culture

   3. Men depression to substance abuse, things turn to different problems

   4. Work too hard 

   5. Mental illness protected right, no firing, insurance

Slide 53 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Problems with Fixing the Problem contd

2. Tied to culture

   1. Beauty standards in north america

   2. No depression in japan

   3. Bleach skin

Slide 54 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Problems with Fixing the Problem contd

3. Tied to morality

   1. Why sad?

   2. Abnormal or supposed to happen

   3. Placebo effect?

   4. What someone discloses, self-defining, some control on mind

Slide 55 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Problem with Fixing the Problem

Suicide bomber mentally ill, air force bomber not, legitimacy of cause, root for underdogs

Slide 56 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Problem with Fixing the Problem contd

Concentration death camp, death sentence uc prison, Subjectivity of mental illness

Slide 57 3 key points:

1. How you define is important, what’s abnormal or not

2. Definition based on consensus vs. biology, different than medicine

3. Consensus is strong, what’s mental illness, killing?, what’s normal suffering

Part 4: Mental Health Stigmatization

Slide 59 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill

Erving goffman, canadian sociologist, dramaturgical perspective

• Scripts (conversation), props (clothes), roles (positions in different contexts)

Slide 60 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

Front stage: show world

Backstage: true self

Slide 61 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

Fear of mentally ill for 3 reasons

1. Don’t follow norms, like neurodivergence

   1. nervous

Slide 62 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

2. End up in prison, 2 norms

   1. Folkways-customs, habits, and manners

   2. Laws-seatbelt

Mental illness less likely to follow, in trouble with police, lead to assault etc and prison

Slide 63 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

3. Illegitimate violence and mental illness

   1. School shootings, mental health issues

Slide 64 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

Stigma of mental illness and violence

Slide 65 Mental Illness: The Hidden Epidemic Fear of the Mentally Ill contd

Factors why stigma stays

Part 5: Corporations & Bad Science

Slide 67 The Problem with Corporate Influence

Competition as coercive force (marx)

Weber’s principle of bureaucracy: job over morals

Slide 68 The Problem with Corporate Influence contd

Who holds corporations responsible, 

consumers, government, justice system

Slide 69 Corporate Funding of Science

Can corrupt doctors for capitalism

Slide 70 Cost of Doing Business

Lance armstron survive cancer, good biking but doping, but rich

Worth it to cheat, life better

Slide 71 Cost of Doing Business contd

Sackler market oxycontin as fine, sued by government

15 billion net worth but only 4 billion penalty, still rich

Slide 72 When Science is Dismissed for Opinion

Bad science, cigarettes were good, funded by private industry

Slide 73 When Science is Dismissed for Opinion contd

Academic science vs. private science

Slide 74 When Science is Dismissed for Opinion contd

Spurious, thought is related but not

variables

ECONOMIC INEQUALITY

Part A: Understanding Income Inequality & The Matthew Effect

Slide 7 What is economic inequality?

Disparity of income between different groups

Rich or poor, study differences, how much money

Slide 8 What is economic inequality? Contd

Operationalizing: abstract concept/ideo to concrete

How long to be sad? Nitty gritty

Flying is simple concept: hard to actually fly

Slide 9 What is economic inequality? Contd

Dunning-kruger effect: overestimate knowledge, uninformed opinion

Social welfare mooching off, not really true, uncommon only 5%, ⅔ of those are disabled, ¼ are single parents, daycare covers wage, shouldn’t work, structural functionalism everything connected

Slide 10 What is economic inequality? Contd

Rich or poor? Past vs present?

Slide 11 inflation

Grew a lot in last few years, things cost more now, wages and costs grow, supply and demand

Consumer price index: basic necessities cost per month, track how much going up

Slide 12 inflation contd

Steady inflations till 70s, globalization in 80s

1$ in 2002 is 6 cents in 1915, 1.57 today

Slide 13 inflation contd

People make more

Slide 14 inflation contd

But adjust for inflation, less

Slide 15 Measuring/Operationalizing Income

Average not good measure

Slide 16 Measuring/Operationalizing Income contd

Prefer median, middle 

Slide 17 Example of why this matters:

Average has outliers bill gates billions, pull up, median more representative

Slide 18 Median & Average Household Income in Canada

Average income up a lot but median less

Know statistics, good liar

Slide 19 type of income

1. Active income, labor/time for money, 9-5

2. Passive income, not tied to labour/time for money, no work, stocks, house

Slide 20 Passive Income & The Stock Market

Sell shares for money, buy shares for ownership, part owner, each share is part

Slide 21 Passive Income & The Stock Market contd

Bonds: act like bank, loan for interest

Slide 22 Passive Income & The Stock Market contd

1. Know stocks/bonds for life

Slide 23 Passive Income & The Stock Market contd

2. Not just active income, mostly passive, marx communist manifesto, revolution

Slide 24 Where are you at? Individual Activity

Percent chance of becoming millionaire

Slide 25 An Example of Passive Income: How the Rich Stay Rich

Jennifer gates, bill gates daughter

Slide 26 An Example of Passive Income: How the Rich Stay Rich contd

Jen gets 5 million for stocks, 

Slide 27 An Example of Passive Income: How the Rich Stay Rich contd

Jen doesn’t work, money from interest from stocks

Slide 28 An Example of Passive Income: How the Rich Stay Rich contd

Jen richer after college, pay more when loaning than in cash cus interest

Jen’s money worked, forces that keep rich rich, poor poor

Slide 29 An Example of Passive Income: How the Rich Stay Rich contd

Ready to go with no distractions, 

drag/burnt out if have to work=allostatic load, burden of stress and life

Slide 30 An Example of Passive Income: How the Rich Stay Rich contd

Matthew effect: poor stay poor, rich stay rich

Slide 31 the matthew effect

Kylie not self made billionaire but cus she ‘earned’, doesn’t take into account oppurtunities

Slide 32 the matthew effect contd

Lowest 5th, 90% chance no millionaire

98% of nepo babies stay rich

Challenge meritocracy

Slide 33 the matthew effect contd

2% millionaire before 40, 14% in life as a whole

Slide 34 the matthew effect contd

0.1% of canadians will make a million a year

Slide 35 the matthew effect contd

1 in 300 million win lottery

Slide 36 taxing the wealthy 

Canada just below average for taxing wealthy, sweden at top

Slide 37 taxing the wealthy contd

Rich Pay more in taxes elsewhere

Slide 38 Tax as a force for equality

Small percent chance of being rich

1st million is hardest, all money from life

Slide 39 Tax as a force for equality contd

Ascribed status: no control, assigned at birth, advantages/disatvantage, family

Achieved status: disadvantage/advantage you work for, degree

Responsible for good stuff from parents, money, not bad, crimes

Part B: How Inequality has changed in Canada since 1980 & Why

Slide 42 Changes in Canadian Inequality Over Time

Inequality grown?, more now

Slide 43 Changes in Canadian Inequality Over Time contd

Income quintile, divided into 5ths

Slide 44 Changes in Canadian Inequality Over Time contd

Highest to lowest , upper-lower class

Slide 45 Changes in Canadian Inequality Over Time contd

Lowest gained least, upper gained most income

Slide 46 Changes in Canadian Inequality Over Time contd

Growth at top, tax a little more even

Slide 47 Changes in Canadian Inequality Over Time contd

1. Before tax or market income

2. After tax income

Slide 48 Changes in Canadian Inequality Over Time contd

Little change 

Slide 49 Changes in Canadian Inequality Over Time contd

but still difference

Slide 50 measuring income inequality: gini coefficient

Gini measure inequality 

Slide 51 measuring income inequality: gini coefficient contd

0-1 or 0-100%

0: no difference in income, 

1 or 100%: one person has everything,

Slide 52 gini coefficient

0 equal, 1 unequal

Slide 53 How has Economic Inequality Changed in Canada Since 1980?

Gini grew in canada

Slide 54 How has Economic Inequality Changed in Canada Since 1980? Contd

Rank countries

Slide 55 Gini coefficient by country (World Bank Data)

Us weird, canada middle

Slide 56 Why did Inequality grow so much in Canada?

1. Rich richer

2. Workers lose bargaining

3. Corporate consolidation

Slide 57 1) The Very Rich Get Even Richer

Rich control more money

Slide 58 Why have the rich gained so much?

Ceo paid more

Slide 59 Why have the rich gained so much? contd

Globalzation less leverage, more profit, race to bottom

Slide 60 1) The Very Rich Get Even Richer

Rich earn more than effort

Slide 61 2) Workers Lost Bargaining Power

Labor unions: strikes, band and fight together, holidays, minimum wage, safety standards

Slide 62 2) Workers Lost Bargaining Power contd

Unions disappeared

Slide 63 2) Workers Lost Bargaining Power contd

Want higher wages, Hire for cheaper elsewhere

Slide 64 2) Workers Lost Bargaining Power contd

Strong unions in police, firefighters, teachers, nurses, healthcare cus can’t export

Slide 65 3) Corporate Consolidation means less small business owners

Shift balance of power, conflict theory

Lot of small business owned by middle and upper middle, everything owned individually

Now, corporations globalize, operate everywhere

Big business=cheap, mcdonalds cheaper than homemade, bulk

Slide 66 3) Corporate Consolidation means less small business owners contd 

Oakley sunglasses were proudly independent

Luxottica wanted to buy, refused to sell, didn’t want to lose independence

Luxottica stopped selling oakley, oakley less sales and stocks

Luxottica won and bought

More profitable, more likely to survive, big fish eat small fish

Slide 67 3) Corporate Consolidation means less small business owners contd 

Corporations drive out small town businesses

Slide 68 3) Corporate Consolidation means less small business owners contd 

Small businesses can’t compete

Slide 69 3) Corporate Consolidation means less small business owners contd 

Oligopolies, few businesses own everything

less competition, bad for business, implement stuff simultaneously

Slide 70 main take aways:

1. Inequality grew from 

2. matthew effect

Slide 71 main take aways: contd

3. Globalization and corporations

Slide 72 main take aways: contd

Why not upset?

Part C: Why Aren’t More People Mad About Rising Inequality?

Slide 74 Rising Inequality and the Lack of Recognition & Response

Revolution, government change, social change, riots

2008 housing crash, occupy wall street and bay street but nothing happened

Slide 75 Rising Inequality and the Lack of Recognition & Response contd

Why not more angry?

Slide 76 Rising Inequality and the Lack of Recognition & Response contd

1. Second income, get more

2. More access to debt, get more now, pay later

Slide 77 1. Households Gained an Extra Income

50s, afford everything, good life on one income

Slide 78 1. Households Gained an Extra Income contd

Second income in 50s expected to be good

Slide 79 1. Households Gained an Extra Income contd

More women in workforce, less single income

Slide 80 1. Households Gained an Extra Income contd

Didn’t gain much

Slide 81 1. Households Gained an Extra Income contd

Men’s income down, women’s up back then adjusted for inflation

Slide 82 1. Households Gained an Extra Income contd

Median income decreased, more dual income

Slide 83 1. Households Gained an Extra Income contd

Get mad when do worse than parents

Slide 84 1. Households Gained an Extra Income contd

Still progress, don’t complain, women’s rights but still some inequality

Slide 85 1. Households Gained an Extra Income contd

2 people work instead of 1, accepted, no 3rd income

Slide 86 2. Inequality Became Invisible

Can’t see debt, don’t talk about finances

Wealth = net worth: assets=-liabilities

Slide 87 measuring wealth

1. Assets own

2. Liabilities owe

3. Net worth, assets-liabilities

Slide 88 for example:

Miss bigger picture, prof work but poor

Slide 89 Wealth vs. Income example 2:

Elderly don’t work but rich

Slide 90 2. Inequality Became Invisible: Growth of Debt

Debt grew, houses

Slide 91 2. Inequality Became Invisible: Growth of Debt

Debt was horrible before, desperate and irresponsible, can’t wait for money

Normal now

As debt increases, so does matthew effect, interest as expensive as loan, double

Slide 92 2. Inequality Became Invisible: Growth of Debt

Increase house price, could pay more

Rising debt: invisible inequality

Slide 93 An Example of How Wealth/Debt is Invisible

Families look the same but one’s in debt, one’s rich, live life the same, can’t tell difference

Invisible debt, not angry

Slide 94 for example

Monthly income less cus payments, student debt, mortgage, car + interest

Slide 95 for example contd

One richer, one has more debt interest, matthew effect

Slide 96 lecture conclusions

More inequality, 2nd income, same lifestyle cus debt, rising debt exacerbate matthew effect, critical point, bad, max debt

One Last Thing: Global Income Inequality

Slide 98 measuring poverty

Absolute poverty, no  necessities

Relative poverty: poor compared to others

Extreme poverty: less than 2.15 a day

Slide 99 global income inequality

10% extreme poverty

1% own half of global wealth

10% 70-90%

Poorest half barely 1%

Canada rich compared to world

Slide 100 global income inequality contd

Easy in canada to be rich compared to world, eat the rich is us

Part A: The Problem

Slide 6 Manufacturing Job or Sweatshop?

sweatshops

Slide 7 Manufacturing Job or Sweatshop? Contd

apple

Slide 8 What we Can Agree on about Apple Factory:

Work a lot, not paid well, live together, caged windows, suicide nets

Slide 9 What we Can Agree on about Apple Factory: contd

Not good for china

Slide 10 What we Can Agree on about Apple Factory: contd

Apartments and product you’re making is too expensive

Slide 11 What we Can Agree on about Apple Factory: contd

Bad workplace, can be replaced Assembly line, same thing over and over, no breaks, repetitive

Slide 12 Why are workers killing themselves?

1. No community, 

   1. only chores, work a lot, no connection, don’t know roomates names

2. No hope, 

   1. not temporary, no skills, no advancement, can’t afford, no better

3. alienation

Slide 13 Karl Marx’s Concept of Alienation

Saw industrialization in england, rural to factories

Alienation: estrangement from human’s essential nature

Slide 14 Karl Marx’s Concept of Alienation contd

Humans unique-creative potential: think, creative, pride in labour

Deprived, monotonous cause unhappiness

Slide 15 Why is Alienation So Important to Marx?

No time to think about mental health

Not fun to be animal, get eaten

Slide 16 Why is Alienation So Important to Marx? Contd

 Animal in zoo not good, no freedom, depressed, bored

Slide 17 Why is Alienation So Important to Marx? Contd

Maslaw’s hierarchy of needs, Basic, psychological, self-fulfillment needs

Physiological, safety, belong and love, esteem, self-actualization

Meet all needs

Slide 18 An Example Alienation

Make different types of chairs with creativity, whole chair, skilled

Slide 19 An Example Alienation contd

Assembly line chairs, make one part of chair, can’t make whole chair, cheap, fast

cause alienation, repeat, no fulfilment or creativity

Slide 20 Alienation at Apple

Like apple

Slide 21 Manufacturing Job or Sweatshop?

Either make or buy, apathy

Slide 22 Manufacturing Job or Sweatshop? Contd

Ethnocentrism, us vs china, china actually rich, bad in US too

High vs low skill-specifically trained, amazon no peeing in US, bad conditions

Slide 23 Our Role in This 

Sad, not my problem but we consume, sweatshops cus cheap

Slide 24 “Justice will not be served until those who are unaffected are as outraged as those who are.” – Benjamin Franklin

Not saluting to hitler, found out wife was jewish, personal, not moral/ethical

Consumers need to advocate so sweatshops stop

Everything connected, can’t separate 

Slide 25 check clothes tags

Vietnam, not rich countries, race to bottom

Slide 26 The Bad Sweatshop Factory Jobs

Low skill, no money, sweatshops, apple is good sweatshop

Bangladesh factory collapse, paid bad

Slide 27 Savar Building, Bangladesh Collapse

Saw wall crack, sway building, didn't want to work

Owner got inspector to say it was safe, workers didn’t want to work

If you didn’t work, you’d be fired and not paid for the month you already worked

Had to work to survive

Slide 28 Savar Building, Bangladesh Collapse contd

A lot died and civilians

Have to determine how much human life is worth

Owner only got 3 years jail

Lives worth 200$, 2 months salary but needed to pay for dna test and find body, no spouse, hard to find family cus they moved, can’t pay for lawyers

Most uncollected

Slide 29 The Bad Sweatshop Factory Jobs

Special economic zones: foreign trade and free trade

Things made easier

Slide 30 The Bad Sweatshop Factory Jobs contd

Canada: Tax finished product not things to make it

Slide 31 The Bad Sweatshop Factory Jobs contd

No labour, environmental, worker safety law

Slide 32 The Bad Sweatshop Factory Jobs contd

Mexico: sweatshops Depression, muscle disorders from repetition, chemical exposure only in economic zones, no unions, miscarriages, bad air

Slide 33 The Bad Sweatshop Factory Jobs contd

Owned by US, fire pregnant, abuse, no unions 

Slide 34 Labour Market & Globalization

1. Violations of human rights and international labor standards

2. Corporations power

Slide 35 Growing Power of Corporations

Corporations not evil, just profit, cheap as possible

Slide 36 What is the Countering Force?

Conflict theory, opposing forces, power and resources they have, government control

Slide 37 Nations Versus Corporations

Power: exert your will, weber added, can overcome resistance

Slide 38 Point to Ponder

Corporations more power than countries

Slide 39 Nations Versus Corporations

⅓ countries richer than corporations, companies ⅔ of top 100

Slide 40 Nations Versus Corporations contd

Individuals rich too

Slide 41 Defining the Problem

1. Bad work conditions

2. Powerful corporations

Part B: The Causes

Slide 44 What Is Globalization?

World more interconnected

Slide 45 What Is Globalization? Contd

More interaction

Slide 46 How Did Globalization Occur?

Colonization: appropriating a place/domain for own use

Alexander the great etc

Slide 47 How Did Globalization Occur? Contd

More globalization

Worst generation survived wwi and wwii, great depression, 

golden/silent generation, want to prevent future wars and have good economy

Get together with other nations, UN, 

bretton woods conference, 44 countries, US make international trade easier, no war

Internationalize economy

Suez canal stuck, raise price, don’t want to come down

Rich and connected countries don’t go to war, too expensive, impact everyone

Slide 48 How Did Globalization Occur? Contd

Governing bodies, US, international monetary fund, international labour, unicef

1944 brentwood

Slide 49 How Did Globalization Occur? Contd

Very successful, globolization up, no nuclear war

Slide 50 How Did Globalization Occur? Contd

Better tech, titanic boat to plane speed

Slide 51 How Did Globalization Occur? Contd

Cable under ocean, now call instantly, emails, business

Slide 52 How Did Globalization Occur? Contd

Kof index, 

Economic globalization: trades, investment, debt, reserves, payments

Social globalization: media, calls, mcdonalds, ikeas, immigration, emmigration

Political globalization: UN, embassies

Overall globalization: economic, social, and political

Slide 53 How Did Globalization Occur? Contd

All Globalization up

Slide 54 How Did Globalization Occur? Contd

Most globalized in EU, close together

Slide 55 How Did Globalization Occur? Contd

Economic growth from WWII to 80s

80s, stagnation or go down: uruguay rounds, drugs

Want brentwood again

Slide 56 How Did Globalization Occur? Contd

Uruguay rounds, brentwood pt 2

Bigger corporations, countries want their own corporations respected

Lululemon-canada, apple-US, no mistreatment

Slide 57 How Did Globalization Occur? Contd

Canada: corporations=⅓ -20%, blackberry death was bad

Uruguay round priority: protect companies

Slide 58 How Did Globalization Occur? Contd

Rely in economy for jobs

Slide 59 How Did Globalization Occur? Contd

Economy for pension, invested in stocks

Slide 60 How Did Globalization Occur? Contd

Interest went up, maintain home value, 2008 crash, housing bubble, prices drop

Everyone sell, worthless

Slide 61 How Did Globalization Occur? Contd

Lose homes, want free market, economy bad, start to worry, lower interest

Slide 62 Free Market Economics

Free market/laissez faire economics: unregulated, no control, do whatever

Invisible hand, supply and demand

Slide 63 Free Market Economics contd

No completely free market, between free market and socialism/communism, tolls

Slide 64 Free Market Economics contd

Progressive tax rates: more tax for more income

Proportional or flat tax rate: same for everyone

Slow public healthcare, just let go, free market

Slide 65 Free Market Economics contd

Free trade agreement, economy grow, uruguay rounds

Slide 66 Free Trade Agreements

Free trade agreement: easier to trade, less restrictions and tarifs

Slide 67 Free Trade Agreements contd

Help economy, don’t know what will happen

Slide 68 Free Trade Agreements contd

Had tarifs, nafta

Slide 69 Free Trade Agreements contd

Tariffs on other cheaper countries, protect your own stuff, make cheaper, mexico corn

Slide 70 Free Trade Agreements contd

No tariffs, no own country but better for citizens, pay less, canada corn

Slide 71 Free Trade Agreements contd

Cheaper to make cars in mexico than detroit, mexico needs jobs

Slide 72 Free Trade Agreements contd

Consumers better off, balance off, switch industries, more specialized, skills

Slide 73 Free Trade Agreements contd

Non-tariff barriers-restrict trade without tariffs

Quota: limit

Embargo: ban

Sanctions: restrict

Levies: seize for payment of debt

Slide 74 Free Trade Agreements contd

Framework to make predictable investments, change rules, can sue governments if change rules, easier economy

Slide 75 Free Trade Agreements contd

Canada pay cus don’t let nestle take water, can’t dump chemicals

Slide 76 Free Trade Agreements problems

Tax break to protect workers, not free market cus government interfere

Slide 77 Free Trade Agreements problems

Us can have dolphin safe, mexico can’t unfair, have to remove labels cus unfair

Slide 78 More Power for Corporations over Nations

After WWII, increase trade, globalozation, better tech

Economic growth till 80s when stagnant

Come together, protect against non-tariff barriers, brentwood

Power to corporations over governments cus they can sue

Slide 79 More Power for Corporations over Nations

Race to bottom, play-off, apple to ireland

Slide 80 More Power for Corporations over Nations

Have to do what parents say cus live with them, apple obey US

Slide 81 More Power for Corporations over Nations

Now apple moved out, go to ireland

Slide 82 More Power for Corporations over Nations

Corporate taxes drop, race to bottom, compete against each other

Slide 83 More Power for Corporations over Nations

Conflict theory: corporations more power, countries don’t cooperate

Slide 84 More Power for Corporations over Nations

More money, more powerful than countries

Part C: Labour Effects

Slide 86 Who Else Can Resist Corporate Profits

Bourgeoise control work, proletariat work-marx

Slide 87 Who Else Can Resist Corporate Profits contd

Sell for more than take to make-surplus value

Slide 88 Who Else Can Resist Corporate Profits contd

Keep surplus value, rebel, but has corruption, absolute power corrupts absolutely

Slide 89 Worker Power/Labour Unions

Labour union: deals with employers

Slide 90 Worker Power/Labour Unions contd

Breaks, safety, minimum age, bloody sunday, beat to go back to work, fought back hard

Slide 91 Worker Power/Labour Unions contd

Want better conditions but more workers want less, pick others

Slide 92 Worker Power/Labour Unions contd

Unionization decline, men

Slide 93 Worker Power/Labour Unions contd

Race to bottom

Slide 94 Worker Power/Labour Unions contd

Job exportation -move

Slide 95 Worker Power/Labour Unions contd

Bangladesh protest, make unions but nothing happened cus another country will take jobs, race to bottom, left bangladesh

Slide 96 conclusion

Systems, tech, global forces, more tech

Problem: corporations more power

Cause: globalization, governments work together, brentwood

Brightside: not evil, goal was world peace, pandora’s box, supply and demand, tech, want cheap, competition

Slide 97 What can be done?

Marx end communist manifesto, working people unite, consumers control

Everyone needs to agree

Slide 98 What can be done? Contd

Shift to focus on fair trade, shift perspectives, cheap not best

Tech can be bad but also good

Foundations of culture

Slide 5 What is Culture?

Doesn’t exist but affects life

Culture: non-material way of life, language, write it to be material

How we think, behave, hold values, comes with material objects

Material and non-material

Slide 6 Material Culture

All tangible objects that define a specific way of life

If culture is lost, you find material culture from ancient societies

Reflect non-material culture, approach to stuff

Slide 7 Non-Material Culture

Non physical, non tangible, can’t engage with senses aspects of life

When culture gone, lose non-material, can gain insight from material, 

eg don’t know sea faring people

Influence every part of life, we know what stuff communicates, clothes, norms 

Slide 8 Non-Material Culture 1. Symbols

Clothes, symbols that have meaning, recognized by people who share culture

Like country’s animal is symbol of country, eagle, beaver etc, emojis, 

peace sign offensive in UK cus cut off fingers using war so can’t use weapons, kissing teeth

Determine how people approach you

Slide 9 Non-Material Culture 2. Values

cultural standards of good/bad, right/wrong, basis of how to live

Take shoes off, hold door open, cleanliness, 

individualism good in some places, like canada, collectivism, like japan, 

determined by culture

Diversity, equity, inclusion, quebec needs frenchness, less diversity

Grades, what it communicates, intelligence, important, valued, capability, success, competition

Slide 10 Non-Material Culture 3. Norms

Norms and expectations that guide behaviour in society

Sleep 7,8,9,10 hours is norms cus science and medicine, interacting with profs

Expectations for people with jobs, customer always right, doctor should be professional

Treat parents with respect

Symbols, values, norms, values have right or wrong, next level, norms are everything

Values on abstract, norms in practice

Slide 11 3 Types of Norms

1. Folkways, unwritten, informal rules that guide behaviour

   1. Shaking hands, types of language, no swearing, face front in elevator, no fart

2. Mores, norms rooted in morality, bad if violate

   1. no stealing, murder, nice to family

   2. Farting is strange, folkway but heroine is bad like mores

3. Taboos, most extreme norms, central to how to live, universal across cultures

   1. Incest, pedophilia, cannibalism, necrophilia, big deal, super wrong

Norms are culturally and contextually dependent, 

• no god bless you after sneeze, more in georgia not canada

• Asking out cousins not taboo in some places

• Murder is more not taboo cus sometimes fine, self defence, military, army, etc

Abstract Quality of Culture

Slide 13 The Abstract Nature of Culture

Especially non-material

Play big role, shape world, what world means, but doens’t exist, not tangible, not outside of culture, if everyone died, it’s gone

Post-modernism theory-no objective explanation for anything, subjective

Objective-truth and fact, no opinions

Subjective-has opinions

Slide 14 Post-Modernism

70s, 80, hippies, drugs, anti-establishment, person sounds high

Objective reality not real cus language blurs everything, colorblind sees things differently

From abstract art, picasso, weird stuff is post-modernism, regular art is modernism

Slide 15 Post-Modernism contd

Jean baudrillard-princess diana car accident death, lots of mourning

People talking about her on news don’t know her, grieve over subjective idea of her

How she presented herself, fashionable, commoner married into royalty

Hyperreality-can’t separate reality from its representation

Mac miller death, don’t know him fr, instagram is fake, inception tricks you, life is simulation

Love means different stuff to people, die or not for you

Postmodernism is deep hole, not practical

Slide 16 The Abstract Nature of Culture

Need to be abstract to understand culture

Ubiquity of culture: everything, everywhere, all at once, can’t escape culture

Obstinance of culture: no one has control over it, but big effect, won’t move willingly

Slide 17 The Obstinance of Culture

Organizations can influence culture, conspiracies can’t be erased, no control

Slide 18 The Obstinance of Culture contd

Marx thought of communism but didn’t start it, not really how supposed to be

Talked about production and value ideas but problem is hard to produce

Labour, effort, no value cus can reproduce idea

Ceos start companies but don’t work, marx says get rid of them, no exploit, work for us

Want small-based society, minimalism, chill, now think it’s type of government, too late

Slide 19 The Obstinance of Culture contd

Tarana burke, #metoo but no credit till alyssa milano celeb from weinstein

When idea comes out, gone, no control-obstinance of culture

Cultural change

Slide 21 Transmission of Culture

Cultural transmission: how passed down with socialization

Socialistion: lifelong process of learning expected material and non-material culture, 

primary socialization: pass down culture with family and friends, interact when child, intentionally passed down, teach emojis, and unintentionally, don’t need to learn language

Slide 22 Primary Socialization

Humans are social animals, bad animal, not strong etc, vulnerable

Kids quick observations, strength when together, learn to survive naturally from socialization

Slide 23 Primary Socialization contd

Closer to primary socialization, more it sticks

Exposed to stuff in uni, question yourself cus it’s from family

Culture follows path dependency-once something goes a certain way, stay on it cus consequences, upper years path dependent to major or will slow, just graduate

Slide 24 Path Dependency

Keyboards, qwerty not most efficient but it’s what we stick with, dvorak better, material

Slide 25 Path Dependency & Sex

Non-material same, sex was more serious, associated with disease, syphilis

Single moms before birth control, no paternity laws, no child support, bad

Sex frowned upon, regulated, bad consequences, conservatism

Slide 26 Path Dependency & Sex contd

Better medicine, birth control, std, etc, nature changed

Sex positivity movement-everyone should have space to embody and explore sexuality and gender without shame or judgment, no stigma, normal as life, discuss normally, good sexed

Slide 27 Path Dependency & Sex contd

Highly controversial, bad sex culture, no sexed

Cultural lag-culture needs time to catch up, cause social conflict, culture not as fast as society, gets phone early but movies is pg 13

Slide 28 Cultural Lag

Scientists put monkey in enclosure, banana at ladder, if try to climb, get sprayed

Develop culture not to climb ladder, get kicked, no spray

Put in new monkeys, still beat them, learn don’t climb ladder

Keep adding new monkeys till monkeys never sprayed, cultural norm not to climb ladder

Don’t know why it’s rule but still follow rule, no spray

Once trait develops, people resistant to change cus think its there for good reason

Gay vs straight, gay written bad in religion, bad for reason even if circumstances changed, no real good reason

Right to bear arms changed, maybe gun control cus more powerful but need to stick

Slide 29 Secondary Socialization

Socialized outside family, many cultures and levels, country, province, city etc

Popular culture-popular stuff with majority

Mainstream culture-patterns that fits societies ideals and values

Pop culture and mainstream not always in sync

Sexulaise women in pop culture, not good in mainstream

Cognitive dissonance, teen depression, mainstream say beauty no matter but culture no

Slide 30 Secondary Socialization contd

Sub culture-patterns that set apart segment of population, 

• chinese, french, etc, places, friend groups

Counter-culture-push back on mainstream or pop to change how society operates

minimalism

Counter is subculture, anything not mainstream is sub, sub can be main, 

sexual identities and gender became mainstream

Counter can change to mainstream, feminism and voting

Subculture doesn't need to be counter culture, sports music

Slide 31 Secondary Socialization contd

Exposed to sub and counter, learn about main-secondary-cause cognitive dissonance

Slide 32 Secondary Socialization contd

New ideas-conflict in mind, doesn't need to be done this way, different religions, place

Cultural displacement-no home culture cus went to new one, don’t belong in new but adapt and change and take some things but go back and don’t fit in, between stuff, no belonging

Saskatchewan to ontario, academic not farmer

Slide 33 Cultural Displacement

Music video, back to middle east, joy but now outsider, no prayers, clothes, job, no fit in

Slide 34 Cultural Diffusion

Cognitive dissonance

Cultural diffusion: mix 

A lot since globalization-worldwide flow, integration and stuff cus more communication and economic interests, more connected

Slide 35 Cultural Diffusion contd

Liquid modernity-cultural develop, cultural diffusion, culture in constant state of flux, change faster

Upper year uni don’t know freshmen

Cause polarization cus different, grow up with phones

Media & technology

Slide 38 media

Primary way to get socialized secondarily, learn about world, value culture, big role

Slide 39 Fake News 

Trump, news is enemy of people

Slide 40 Fake News contd

Rise since tech of non-science beliefs, unverified from studies

Slide 41 Fake News contd

Slide 42 Fake News contd

Slide 43 Fake News contd

Slide 44 Fake News contd

World is round, vaccines mostly very safe, 2020 election not rigged, kids of gay parents fine

Slide 45 Fake News contd

Know cus science

Slide 46 Fake News contd

Trust cus follows methodology that gets to objective truth, don’t rely on social location, hypothesis, tests, studies, audits, court for election

Need to take research class, how to do studies

Slide 47 Fake News contd

Need science to know what’s true, when backseat is dangerous

Dark ages cus ran on religion, wrong=burned

Rely on confirmation bias, look for evidence, comforting lies, uncomfortable with truth, global warming

Slide 48 Fake News contd

Rise in believing unscientific stuff

Lots of science says world round but 1/3 teens say no

Our generation most likely to believe conspiracies

Slide 49 Fake News contd

Vax safe, kids say no

Slide 50 Fake News contd

Kids of gay parents fine, more open-minded, less judgmental, good things, negative cus stigmatization cus not straight parents, ⅓ americans say not ok

Slide 51 Fake News contd

Everything says election fine, no irregularities but trump says no, ⅓ americans agree

Slide 52 Fake News contd

Beliefs matter, jan 6, global warming hoax, politicians believe so don’t help, healthcare workers no vaccines, most of world doesn’t allow gay adoption but no evidence against, q-anon-rich elite molest kids, cannibalise, run stuff behind scenes, woke person 

Slide 53 Fake News contd

Our generation, young people, might get worse

3 trends

1. Newer more skecptical, critically think

2. Internet and social media as evidence

3. Feedback loop with politics, social media, news

Slide 54 Fake News contd Trend 1

Trend 1, our generation unique, more skeptical and critically think more

Big leap, question authority more than before, because i said so is invalid argument

Don’t challenge authority before, now everyone challenged

Slide 55 Fake News contd Trend 1

Not necessarily bad, should challenge but inefficient at work, disrespect

Can’t argue with TAs, want to change stuff, need to explain why right, inefficient

Doesn’t work for military to decide where to attack

Entitlement? More experience, upset always challenged

Challenge doctor, lack respect for experience

Why believe science? Don’t know why, need to try to understand, respect experience

Slide 56 Fake News contd Trend 2

Want to challenge everything, own research, end up on internet and social media

False info

Social media makes money on keeping you there, ads, show what you like to keep

Cause confirmation bias

Slide 57 Fake News contd Trend 2

Google search results different, first link only right for you

Dylan roof thinks whites in danger, murdered people, google told him

Slide 58 Fake News contd Trend 2

Younger people influence by non-scientific belief

Slide 59 Fake News contd Trend 3

Feedback loop from news, media, politics

More people watch, more ads, fox give conservative stuff

State-sponsored news more boring than private stuff

Slide 60 Fake News contd Trend 3

You are product, viewership over news

Slide 61 Fake News contd Trend 3

News doesn't need to be right, free speech

Feedback loop-outcome causes input, 

Being stressed makes cancer worse then worse and you’re anxious

Slide 62 Fake News contd Trend 3

Some people think bigfoot is real, news reports cus people talking about it

Politician says to stop bigfoot, self sufficient chain of belief

media believe, news, and politician believe

Slide 63 Fake News contd

People believe, news report, politician wants to be elected, feed on each other

Legitimise false stuff

Slide 64 Social Media & Fake News

Soroush vosoughi-biggest social media study

Slide 65 Social Media & Fake News contd

False stuff on twitter spread more than truth, want to spread new stuff

In the know, exclusive, feel smarter

React more, click something off, promoted more cus entertaining, engaged

Slide 66 Mass Media

Mass-reach lots of people

Media-don’t engage face to face, passive/online

Was one-sided, tv, billboard, can’t interact

Now 2 way, social media, good for democracy, can engage and creat but no filter

Slide 67 History of Mass Media

Tech drives change, tech developed fast

3 trends, want structure for why stuff change, not individual, west

1. Protestant reformation, more literate, engage with bible by yourself, not priest, agency

2. Expansion of democracy, no longer monarchy, votes, know how to read to know what to vote, media coverage important

3. Capitalist industrialization, everything formal, bureaucracy, money, ads, algorithms to be on longtime 

Slide 68 Functionalist View of Media

1. Coordinate, share info, road closures

2. Agent of socilaisation, values from tv, trends, beauty standards

3. Social control: conformity, expect norms, mores

4. Entertainment

Memorize! C.a.s.e.

Dysfunction in media

Nacrotization: as more consume, overwhelmed by info, numb, tune out, less energy, lots of negativity, need to turn off

Slide 69 Conflict Theory View of Media

Institutions like media not positive for society

Not democratic, only elite and powerful control and influence

1. Broadcast stuff, beliefs, values, ideas, create acceptance, meritocracy, underdog stories, do what put mind to, business stuff, bill gates rich not garage, keep thinking society functions well but not

2. Concentrated, owned, influence what talk about

Slide 70 ​​Hegemony

Antonio gramsci, italian communist from prison

Hegemony-social, cultural, ideologic, economic influence by dominant group

Win against monarchy, police get you, more subtle now

Promote ideas to accept stuff even if shouldn't, meritocracy

Ask if lower class feel disadvantaged at uni, say no cus have work ethic, not real

Social, cultural, economic benefit is big, upper class get leg-up, outperform, can’t just work hard, keeps from revolting against system

Slide 71 US Media Influence 

Us strongest influence in world, canada dominated by us, needs percent of canadian stuff

Cultural imperialism, take over influence over other, more symbolic and subtle, hollywood, make music and media, good image, positive, immigrants famous, talented people, movie stars

Benefit us, disadvantage others

Canadians like canadian news but like US tv and movies, now bollywood and korea

Slide 72 Example of Media Concentration

Rogers own a lot of stuff, media devices, how to engage, big influence, conflict theory says it’s bad

Slide 73 Symbolic Interactionist View of Media & Technology

How engage with media

Consume social media more, only confirmation bias, uncomfortable say unpopular stuff in person, say it online, world is flat

Tribalism-different tribes and groups that have ideas and embolden people, cause polarization, believe strongly, no middle, good or bad

Slide 74 Symbolic Interactionist View of Media & Technology contd

Phones make us available, consume constantly, way you live

Blur boundary between separating from media, notifications, engage all the time

More anxiety, glavin, work was isolated, people can’t reach but now can text, less separation, watch kids games and work, more anxiety, maybe cell phone dependency

Power outage cause real outage, lose connection, crisis, organic, potential for bad

Slide 76 Symbolic Interactionist View of Media & Technology contd

Tech is structure, change society

Dating apps-change dating, worse, easier to find people before

40% of women got 90% of men’s likes

Men only got 10% of likes, womanizers, less serious, incels, more women than men, no likes, society broken, women no likes get depressed

Part 1: Opening discussion

Slide 11 Studying Gender

Social location: where we are in society determines how we see society

See different cus different experiences

Ascribed status: no control

Achieved status: control over

Slide 12 Studying Gender contd

Different statuses change how affect you, can hide he’s professor

Harder to hide other statutes: master statuses, race and gender

• Shape very interaction in world, how see the world, how society treats and interacts with you

Slide 13 Studying Gender contd

Weber-verstehen-in others shoes

Were macro, now micro topics, gender and race, personal consequences

Slide 14 Studying Gender contd

Weird lecture, white straight guy, tries his best, social location

Partner longer to walk to house, not walk slow but didn’t cut parks at night, dangerous

Slide 15 Studying Gender contd

Social location bias from feminism, standpoint theory, sandra harding

Women going into academia, challenge how it was ran

Epistemology-nature and origins of knowledge

Sociology was missing female perspectives, problematic, what we find interesting depends on who we are, study student debt cus had student debt

Slide 16 Studying Gender contd

Dorothy smith-everyday world as problematic

Scholars from marginalised communities experience difference, unwelcome

Feminism got interviews, experiences,

before was stats and history, one person’s opinion doesn’t matter, wasn’t legitimate

men=macro, global warming and economics

Women dealt with minutia, interact with people, emotional labor, symbolic interactionism, micro

Slide 17 Studying Gender contd

Patricia collins, black feminist thought, precursor of intersectionality

Matrix of oppression, iphone 14

Intersectionality was additive, iphone 16

Precursor to social location bias

Slide 18 Studying Gender contd

Don’t wanna be called feminist cus heard ideas

Feminist: social, economical, political equality between sexes, regardless of biology, equal rights, not feminism definition

Theories, ideal types, elephants, core, dogs, general no particulars

Different types of feminism, no one type, different views, some counter opposed

Some progressive, feminist to stay home, conservative, think shouldn’t stay home, perpetuate male domination, look down, both feminism

feminist=equality, feminism=how it looks like, how to get there

Slide 19 Feminism

4 tenants

1.patriarchy, As important as class inequality in determining person’s opportunities in life

2.subordination determined not by biological necessity but structures of power and social convention. subordinate because men enjoy more rights;

3. patriarchy in both micro and macro settings;

4.gender inequality should be changed for the benefit of all members of society. differences in the way boys and girls are raised, barriers to equal opportunity, unequal division of domestic responsibilities between women and men.

Part 2: Spectrums

Slide 21 Studying Gender

Gender studies is new discipline, died to socio, criminology was socio then separated

Big push against gender studies, banned in hungary

Slide 22 Studying Gender contd

Talk about resistance in news

Slide 23 Studying Gender contd

Resistance cus binary vs. spectrum

Sex: biological, male, female intersex, birth

Secuality: physical intimacy, romantic

Gender: social construction, like culture, norms 

Non-binary: not male or female all the time

Cisgender: sexual identity match at birth

Slide 24 Studying Gender contd

Gender identity: internal thing, does not depend on external, you decide

Gender expression: how express, internal vs external, don’t say fuck the midterm, stay inside, choose to express

Gender roles: what society says to do as man, woman, non binary, norms

Slide 25 Why do some take issue with Gender Studies?

Backlash against not having a binary, not heterosexual, thought alarming

No black and white, everything grey, debate paper argue both sides, non binary

Slide 26 Why do some take issue with Gender Studies? Contd

Spectrum, male, female, stuff in between

Gender: man woman

Express, feminine masculine

Sexual orientation: women, men, all/both

Sex: male, female, intersex

Asexual: no sexual attraction 

Agender: no gender/neutral

Xenogender: lexical gap-no words for smt, can’t articulate

Internal issue

Polygender-multiple genders

Slide 27 Gender Expression as a Spectrum 

Know not binary gender expression, 

the rock and mr. rogers both men, kendall jenner vs boxer

Slide 28 Biology as a Spectrum 

Biological sex not binary hard to understand

Not all male or female

Slide 29 Biology as a Spectrum contd

Intersex-fill lexical gap, no clear anatomical distinction

1.7%, not uncommon, 500k canadians

Slide 30 The Case of Caster Semenya

Professional runner, olympics, gold 800m, 2 laps, masculine

Competitors wanted sex verification test, withdrew from competition, invasive testing

Biological female but made more testosterone

Slide 31 The Case of Caster Semenya contd

Had to take meds to lower testosterone, change natural biology

Only change rule for her races

Slide 32 The Case of Caster Semenya contd

Appealed to swiss court but upheld rules, technically intersex

Slide 33 Biology as a Spectrum 

Hard to define male or female

1. Chromosomes, but different combinations

2. Internal reproductive organs, testicals, ovaries for make hormones

3. Hormones, testosterone, estrogen

4. External reproductive genitals, penis, vagina, at birth

Slide 34 Biology as Non-Binary

Grey even with objective biological facts, different combination of categories

Testosterone not clear, depend on age and other factors

Slide 35 Biology as Non-Binary contd

500 ng/dl take meds, average woman is 70 ng/dl

Men over 45, lower testosterone, “not man”

Slide 36 Biology as Non-Binary contd

Biology social construct, consensus to determine if male or female

Slide 37 Biology as Non-Binary contd

Evolutionary theory: depending on environment, characteristics of animals thrive more than others, change in different directions

Global warming, get web feet, gain advantage, water world, 

unique trait-advantage over others, diversity in species, survive better against change

Tall short size biological traits skills, survive in change, diversity

Social aspect, walking dead, zombies, people now not helpful, 

eg elon musk, money useless, live in woods, “failure”, good for zombie apocalypse

Some better prepared to thrive in different circumstances

Diversity in nature, every physical trait

Slide 38 Biology as Non-Binary contd

More rare to be 7 ft tall 0.000038% than intersex 1.7%

No issue with tall but issue with intersex even if more rare

Michael phelps, big arms, good swimmer, no problem

Grey area of sex even if classified male or female, different testosterone and estrogen

No 2 categories

Slide 39 Biology as Non-Binary contd

Heteronormativity: opposite sec is natural expression of sexuality, reproduce

Social construct, recent, gays throughout history, alexander the great gay, common in greece, philosphers promoted gay stuff, mentorship, bisexuality was norm before

Wasn't always this way, not unusual

Slide 40 Gender Identity as Non-Binary

Trans: gender identity/expression that transcends rule of gender, identify with other gender than assigned at birth

Slide 41 Gender Identity as a Spectrum 

Debate from Cultural diffusion: between country ideas

Canadians support but us doesn’t

Slide 42 Gender Identity as a Spectrum contd

Canada tolerant but can grow, still discrimination

Slide 43 Gender Identity as a Spectrum contd

Canada tolerant

Slide 44 Why are Gender Studies Important?

Need gender studies cus important status, look for gender to determine if attracted

Gender built into language, actor vs actress, no reason for difference

Linguistic relativity: language shapes thoughts and stuff, how perceive and see it depend on language, different languages different expressions, indigenous had many words for snow, we just see snow

Different words for genders and stuff, reinforce that it’s important

Society treats differently by sex, social construction affect

Culture doesn’t really exist but affects us, no exists without us, ubiquitous

Obstinance: no control, taylor swift can’t control, some won’t buy in

Male or female, big affect on life

Men want to be protector, traditional masculinity, women look for it, tall

Don’t want to get spider, control over emotion, handle stuff, suppress

Serious consequences, couldn’t access emotions, stopped them

Emotional pain affect differently, women just depressed, 

men get alcohol and drugs, suppress

Pain defined by gender, can’t separate from stuff, need to study, understand ourselves and people around

Part 3: Culture

Slide 46 Culture & Gender Inequality

Culture: symbolic part of life, norms etc

Slide 47 Culture & Gender Inequality contd

Strange straights, academic

Ath dependency, liquid modernity-change faster and faster

Fast and slow to change, generational issue, solidified in 20s, golden age, solidified

Change faster cus like internet, 

great and grandparents similar, parents and me different worlds, hard to understand child

Gap is bigger

Georgia like back in time, too pc, back in toronto less pc, went to 4th years for advice for freshment but they don’t know

Move fast between generations, slow when in generation

Sociolization, move through secondary, tvs and stuff, develop values and beliefs

Slide 48 Let’s Talk About Privilege

Didn’t allow left-handedness, beat kids, less stuttering cus not forcing right hand

King’s speech, stutter cus left hand

World not for left hand, right hand tables, right scissors, write left to right

Slide 49 Let’s Talk About Privilege contd

Privilege as right hand, right hand not assholes but not cus right handed

Doesn’t mean to switch to left hand

Acknowledge cus there’s advantages, ascribed vs achieved, accommodate

Metaphor for race, gender etc, differences

People reject, say have hard life too, doesn’t counteract other thing

Just privilege has benefits

Slide 50 Male Privilege

Male privilege, socioeconomic, political or rights just cus man

Men less assaulted, dv, etc

Female News anchor criticised for outfit, man wore same thing, only changed tie

Show different expectations

Slide 51 Male Privilege examples continued….

Drive, don’t need to cover face, gender pay gap

Slide 52 Male Privilege examples continued…. Contd

Don't’ sacrifice career

Slide 53 Male Privilege examples continued…. contd

More politics, women ¼ of politicians, men in movies, lotr

Slide 54 Male Privilege

Has female privilege, lighter sentences for jail, no drafts to war

Talk about male privilege more cus more privileged overall

Slide 55 Male Privilege contd

Male privilege and sexism in culture, hard to see if no experience

Don’t sleep next to creepy people on plane

Slide 56 Male Privilege contd

Men need to recognize, easier to resit than demand privilege, when benefiting

Feminism for men

Slide 57 Male Privilege contd

Resist, share duties, call out playboy who shames, challenge objectification

Story of male privilege

Slide 59 Gender Inequality

Sexism: innate psychological, behavior, intellucatal that men better than women, INNATE

Slide 60 Sexist Beliefs

Men less emotional

Slide 61 Sexist Beliefs contd

Women maternal instincts, naturally better not socialised

Slide 62 Sexist Beliefs contd

More compassionate naturally, hormones, not socilaization

Slide 63 Sexist Beliefs contd

Structural and cultural sexism

Slide 64 Structural Sexism

Structural: institutions make subordination cus sex

Slide 65 Structural Sexism

Women less school, more women for sociology, psych, artsci, nursing teaching

From gender socialisation: direct to different interests and priorities

Men prioritize salary, women look for that, 666 rule

Women prioritize meaningful job, like it, wanna do it, contribute smt, men want money

Slide 66 cultural Sexism

culture reinforce difference, happy meal, different toys, boys vs girls stuff

Slide 67 cultural Sexism 

Women move out, but didn’t change how house was ran, 

second shift, work but raise children and run house, 2 jobs, try to undo

Slide 68 Current Issues

Toxic masculitny, sexual violence

Gender wage gap

Part 4: Gender Violence

Slide 70 Learning to be Gendered

Men learn to be men, vice versa

Primary source: watch parents, dad or mom, men around

Secondary sources: tv, media

Learn feminine is opposite of man, vice versa

Not attracted cus lifts weights, woman cuts grass, man cooks

Natural sociolization, some direct

Slide 71 Learning to be Gendered contd

Norms, and roles associated, masculinity and femininity

Slide 72 Masculinity

1. Traditional masculinity, normal expectations

2. Hegemonic masculinity: justify inequality, get what you deserve, meritocracy justify rich or poor, homeless deserve cus didn’t work, masculinity that promotes domination, homophobia, don’t cry, no nails, hair

Slide 73 What does it mean to be a man in society?

3. Toxic masculinity, norms that lead to negative behaviour

Slide 74 What does it mean to be a man in society? Contd

All masculinities are traditional, hegemonic and toxic inside

Or can be independent

Women don’t want men with fish in dating apps, outdoors, just traditional, not hegemonic or toxic

Hegemonic is toxic cus promote domination, objectification, homophobia, violence

Toxic, not always hegemonic, not always above, dominant, alcohol and drugs to cope, isolation, can’t communicate

Traditional, toxic, hegemonic-most specific

Social media, men less personal connections, social isolation, bad

Slide 75 Toxic Masculinity

And sexual violence

Slide 76 Toxic Masculinity contd

Draws on all theories, symbolic, conflic, structural

Slide 77 Symbolic Interactionism

micro

Slide 78 Conflict Theory

power

Slide 79 Structural Functionalism

Slide 80 Moving Away From Bad Apple Theory

Bad apple theory, only some people, nothing to do

Dangerous explanation, hard to stop random people, no policies to stop them

Slide 81 Moving Away From Bad Apple Theory contd

Move away, too common, not just bad actors. Too frequent

Smt wrong with system of society

Slide 82 Moving Away From Bad Apple Theory contd

Most women experienced harassment, ⅓ assaulted

Slide 83 1. Mixed Messages in Society

Understand, values taught not problem, respect, inside not outside, no objectification

Slide 84 1. Mixed Messages in Society contd

Problem in economics of society, profit cus competition as coercive world

Woman in bikini to get men to shave, sports illustrated swimsuits, serena williams sexualized

Slide 85 1. Mixed Messages in Society contd

Economy for profit, sex sells well, objectification, porn profitable,

Froom value and culture bad, but economics is good

Slide 86 1. Mixed Messages in Society contd

Cognitive dissonance not to objectify but surrounded with it

Harsher self image for women, know will be judged more know on cognitive level

Slide 87 1. Mixed Messages in Society contd

More objectification

Slide 88 The Men we Idolize

Can get women

Slide 89 1. Mixed Messages in Society

Gillette add to challenge toxic masculinity but only ran add where people would like it

Different stance for demographics

Slide 90 1. Mixed Messages in Society contd

Women at car shows, sex sells, profit

Slide 91 2. Lack of Sexual Education

Sex is stigmatized, when confused, ask parents or authority

Don’t wanna talk about sex with parent

Slide 92 2. Lack of Sexual Education contd

Sex ed controversial, abstinence preffered

Consent is cup of tea, controversial but simple

Slide 93 2. Lack of Sexual Education contd

Info from bad sources, porn, internet, older students

Consent is complex, nuanced, need to be discussed with authority but sex sitgmatised

Naked bum in canada-pg 13, boobs pg14, below belt, pg18

Decide appropriate for kids

Kids get phones at 10, can see whatever

Slide 94 Masculinity

Identify mixed messages don’t discuss sex, doesn’t excuse sexism and bad behaviour

Understand what contributes to problem, structural functionalism

Section 1: Race as a Social vs. Biological Concept

Slide 17 intro

Race, ethnicity, immigration

Slide 18 IS RACE REAL?

Rationality or region, american vs english

Religion, skin color

Race is social construct not biological, biological roots

No principles for different races, 

Before race was determined by language

Slide 19 RACE AS A BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT

Munas 99.9% alike, use visible characteristics to sort, facial features

Variation within and outside skin

Slide 20 How about nose structure?

Slide 21 Maybe hair thickness or shape?

Slide 22 How about eye color?

Slide 23 OK skin color then!

Sunburns, makeup

Slide 24 OK skin color then! Contd

Different in white people and asians

Depend on country, may or may not be able to tell difference, 

thought indigenous were white, bosnia 3 ethnicities can’t tell

Slide 25 When we use physical features to determine race we often get it wrong. 

Rachel dolezal was white but became president as naacp

Slide 26 RACE AS A BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT

Doesn’t matter, socially not scientifically important

Region not race make difference, medical, blood type

Slide 27 RACE AS A SOCIAL CONCEPT

Race: shar physical characteristics, deemed socially significant

perceive=see

Socially significant=culture, history

Black people in us, indigenous in canada

Slide 28 RACE AS A SOCIAL CONCEPT contd

More races before, didn’t like irish

Slide 29 RACE AS A SOCIAL CONCEPT contd

Brazil, different combinations of races

Slide 30 RACE AS A SOCIAL CONCEPT contd

Race is ascribed, no control can kinda influence with dying hair, surgery

Important cus politics, us vs. them

Slide 31 RACE AS A SOCIAL CONCEPT contd

Race social not biological

Section 2: Ethnicity

Slide 33 ETHNICITY

Shared cultural heritage or nationality, social construct

Less physical characteristics, more identity

Language, family structure, religion etc

Canada move out asap, italy stay home, food

Slide 34 RACE vs. ETHNICITY

Race tied to physical

1. Less fluid, hard to change and hide than ethnicity

2. Ethnicity, what identify with, can convince others of other, white people all white

Both socially defined and constructed

Both from history

Section 3: immigration

Slide 36 Immigration 

Push and pull, country to another

Push factors: wanna leave, war, poor, etc

Pull factors: wanna come, opportunity, etc

Slide 37 Immigration contd

Big in politics

Had big families, many siblings/kids

Slide 38 Immigration contd

Lower birth rate, 

Slide 39 Immigration contd

more expensive, less useful cus don’t need to be supported, birth control, social, longer to be financially stable

Slide 40 Immigration contd

Birth rate down everywhere, need 2.1 kids to have stable population, extra 0.1 cus kids die

If population goes down, too many old people to support, pensions

Wants to grow population, important on world scale, china, india, usa

Slide 41 Immigration contd

Accept best and brightest

After war, europe decimated, immigrate, some were different races, discrimination

Now immigrants from more diverse places

Slide 42 Immigration contd

Races: some races better than other

Prejudice: favourable or unfavourable with no proof

Decline bias: things get worse as they change, don’t like changing population

Slide 43 Immigration contd

Scapegoating: blame on someone else

See visible change, easy to blame, 

less immigrants cus expensive housing but related to policies etc, wanna live in cities

Canada rich now

More unemployment 

Assimilation: need to become like people there when you move, speak english

Pluralism: mix cultures, stay as is

Slide 44 Immigration contd

Want less immigration

Slide 45 Immigration contd

Echo chambers: social media give same views

Misconception: people think from middle east and north africa, racism etc but really 12%

Warped view

Slide 46 Does Immigration Hurt Canada?

Politics is opinion, not facts, popularity contest, democracy, what people want

Immigrants keep economy going, more valuable, more tax, less social assistance

Less unemployment, less arrested, more healthy, smarter

Slide 47 Does Immigration Hurt Canada? Contd

Cus only take best people, point system, brain drain

No old people, criminals, unhealthy etc

Natives can’t immigrate into their own country

Slide 48 Brain Drain: Why immigrants do better

Brain drain, best people

People against immigration but benefit from it

Section 4: Case Study of Racial Discrimination by Police

Slide 50 Current Events

Blm protest, colin kapernick knee during antheml, race important

Awareness, 2013, trayvon martin shot, george zimmer

Walking, looked suspicious, george floyd, breona taylor

Slide 52 Black Lives Matter

1. Overt discrimination: clear, direct discrimination, won’t sell to them cus black

2. subtle discrimination: lear or indirect discrimination, won’t sell cus lower credential

3. Systemic discrimination: pattern in structure, women overtime

Slide 53 Discrimination 

4. Adaptive discrimination, based on prejudice of others

No business overseas but do business in russian, bad, not me but others

Slide 54 Discrimination contd

5. Cultural racism: in culture

6. Whitewashing: conceal unpleasant stuff

Confederate flags everywhere, civil war about state’s right not slavery, stonemountain, founding of kkk, black person picnic, reframed, 

south didn’t want to stop slavery but didn’t wanna be told what to do

Residential schools were nice

Slide 55 Discrimination contd

7. Conscious discrimination: know you're racist

8. Unconscious or implicit discrimination, don’t know, shady on street subconscious

Overt vs subtle is perception, conscious and unconscious is if people know they’re racist

Grandparents, where are you really from-overt and unconscious

9. Microaggression: small racist thin often unconscious, where are you really from

Slide 56 Critical Race Theory

1. Race socially constructed

2. Racism everywhere

3. Interest convergence, majority with minority, south has resources

4. intersectional

Slide 57 Quick Review

blm

Slide 59 Anthem Protests & BLM

More white people killed by black people than police in US a year, proportion

More white people than black people-trump

Slide 60 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Black people more likely killed, indigenous more shot too, black people more arrested

Slide 61 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Not just US, canada #2

Slide 62 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Overt and conscious discrimination 

some racist police, represent population, racism common

Police kkk, white supremacists try to get into police, minorities are threats, protect

Slide 63 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Starlight tours, punish indigenous people more, make people walk to police in cold, die, police knew it was happening

Slide 64 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Most people don’t like racism, should expect no racism

Slide 65 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

1. Social desirability bias, don’t admit to drugs, not good, don’t wanna be judged on survey, lie

2. Sampling bias, not representative, young white uneducated men least likely to do surveys, most likely to be racist, trump forecasted not to win in 2016 but didn’t do surveys

Slide 66 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Different way of asking, if racism is problem yet, are others racist

Slide 67 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

White people don’t think there’s discrimination, social location bias

Their truth not whole truth, don’t see extent

Slide 68 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Low perceived frequency for white people

Slide 69 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Subtle and implicit/unconscious racism

Black people more threatening

Slide 70 Police being called for…

Sell water, sit in starbucks, fell asleep in library, babysitting, picnic

Slide 71 Police being called for…contd

Golf, swim, mowing lawn

Associate black people with criminality and threat, saw and news

Slide 72 Anthem Protests & BLM 

Systemic cultural racism

Slide 73 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Civil war, north wins, votes, equal protection, no slavery

Slide 74 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Black people elected cus can vote

Black codes, don’t wanna pay, can’t be homeless, pay less, arrested if no job

No indentured servitude except criminals, black people vagrancy

Slide 75 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

More prisoners cus no job, 1st instance that black people commit crime

Why else arrested

Slide 76 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Vote but needs to be literate, if grandparents vote, don’t need to prove literacy but were slaves

Slide 77 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Civil rights movement wasn’t progressive at the time

Slide 78 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Civil rights protest caused arrests, more to stereotype, rosa parks arrested

Slide 79 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Mlk called criminal, liar, whitewashed movement cus weren't progressive

Black people and criminality

Slide 80 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Malcolm x, look after own community, black panther party painted violent

Slide 81 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Started free stuff but advocated for 2nd amendment, guns, others scared

Framed as extreme terrorists

Slide 82 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Fred hampton negotiated peace treaty between gangs, rainbow coalition, 

Fight for racial equality

Police raided apartment, killed everyone there

Slide 83 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

But most bullets from police, won lawsuit

Slide 84 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

tied down in monopoly

Slide 85 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

barrier

Slide 86 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Intergenerational trauma-passed down, dna change not social, nervous system, biology

Slide 87 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Take many generations to recover

Slide 88 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Malcolm x preacher, dad murdered, no investigation, mom had mental health issues

Kids separated, servant, said black people shouldn’t be smart

Slide 89 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Dropped out, drugs, jail, reads, released, civil rights leader

Starts family, house burned, assassinated, repeat of father

Slide 90 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Using institutions, police, courts, schools, in system

1. Oppress people of colour, not biological

2. institutional

Slide 91 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Nixon election based on racist fears that black people want revenge

Criminalise black people and hippies

Slide 92 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Associate hippies with weed, black people with heroine, criminalise drugs

Knew lying about drugs, vilify

Slide 93 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Was legal to keep segregation recently, 

Racial bias cus cultural racism and systemic discrimination, in culture for long time

Slide 94 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Statistical discrimination, seems real using stats

Slide 95 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Black people commit more crime so more police, but catch more and investigate more

Slide 96 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Don’t check white people cheating, only catch black people, seem like black people cheat more, only caught people not white so keep going

Slide 97 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Most drug people arrested black, but white people use it more

Overrepresented and arrested more but as a group, use drugs less

Used to justify problem

Slide 98 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Contact hypothesis, contact with more diversity, used to it, see everyone’s the same, humanize, people are people

Slide 99 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Bad interaction between police and black people, feedback loop

Black people don’t like police, vice versa, negative interaction, don’t like

Police don’t like defunding from blm

Gangs bad history, police hurt them, pretend to snitch on birthday

Slide 100 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Matthew effect, rich stay rich, Slide 101 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

why black people are poor cus couldn’t build wealth

Slide 102 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Feel less mastery-less control

Slide 103 Anthem Protests & BLM contd

Overt and conscious, subtle and systemic, feedback loop, effects

No loans, not race but wealth but tied to inequality=systemic

Systemic, cultural important, can’t compensate past inequality

Slide 104 What can be done?

whitewhashed

Slide 105 What can be done? Contd

Think not a problem

Slide 106 What can be done? Contd

Need interest convergence

Slide 107 What can be done? Contd

Tyranny of majority, wolves can eat sheep and fair cus majority

Slide 108 What can be done? Contd

Need intersectionality

Slide 109 What can be done? Contd

verstehen

Slide 110 What can be done? contd

Teach how to avoid police confrontation

Gender & Inequality

Part 5: Gender Wage Gap

Slide 11 Gender Pay Gap

Kids helpful in sociology

Sociology send messages, 

pickup, can filter out when older, take at face value when young

Kids no filter

Slide 12 Gender Pay Gap contd

Kids brutally honest

3rd graders worst things people can do, murder, obesity, smoking

Pick up on fatphobia early

Slide 13 Gender Pay Gap contd

Women portrayed, scattered, not career-focused, dexter, smart brother dumb sister

Common in kids shows, kids focus on it

Slide 14 Gender Pay Gap 1. Difference in occupational choices

72 cents on the dollar, know what’s going on not how to fix

Prefer different jobs, male jobs pay more, compsci, engineering, health pay less

Men want money to provide and be desired, women like, buy stuff

Wome want fulfilment, meaningful, work life balance

Average answer

Can’t force individual freedom

Structural sexism, male dominant sexist, emasculated in female jobs but nice

What we choose and what we value, what’s taught not innate

Slide 15 Gender Pay Gap 2. Societal Expectations around childbirth

Maternity leave, leave with kids, stay home when young

Society expects

Slide 16 Gender Pay Gap contd

Pay gap biggest in 30s, good in unit, equal in 20s, more in 30s cus kids

Work is greedy institution, no days off, leave, wanna stay, overtime, more

Slide 17 Gender Pay Gap 2. Societal Expectations around childbirth

80% pay during maternity leave, lose income during maternity leave but expensive kid

Men work more to makeup money, 

fatherhood premium, fathers seem more responsible, dependable, better

Promotions raises

Slide 18 Gender Pay Gap 2. Societal Expectations around childbirth contd

Structures influence societies and life, culture

Mandatory paternity leave affect life, switch roles ish

Denmark, men take care of kids, women chilling cus paternity leave

Bond more with kid, father used to primary care giver, take free leave

Slide 19 Gender Pay Gap 3. Discrimination

Resume studies, fake, change name

Women offered less jobs, pay less, some sexism 

Slide 20 Gender Pay Gap 3. Discrimination contd

And statistical discrimination

Overpolice, catch more crime, keep overpolicing, minorities even use drugs less

Men less likely to leave during kids, work harder cus need to provide and support

Women leave, maternity leave, need to pay while they’re gone and hire replacement

Slide 21 Gender Pay Gap 3. Discrimination contd

Logical reason to discriminate

Mother not ideal, work part time, fathers work full time

Slide 22 Gender Pay Gap 3. Discrimination contd

Women worse, less promotions, time off, less hours

Men more reliable, less leave

Slide 23 Gender Pay Gap 3. Discrimination contd

Statistical discrimination not morally good but still used

Businesses-competition as coercive force, only profit to survive

Opiates and smoking safe then epidemic, made more than sued for

Structural secism, paid time off, can discriminate cus more likely to take leave

Fix with paternity leave, balance out, less gap, both take leave, equal, not a factor

Slide 24 Moving Forward

Everyone keep standards, up to everyone to challenge, prioritise if want change

Lecture 11

Part 1: Social Control

Slide 26 Social Control

Big part of life than notice, wear, dress, act, behave, don’t act out

Jeremy bentham panopticon, don’t know if being watched, regulate themselves

Religion social control before, god sees anytime, punished

Deviant now, judged, santa knows if bad or good, teach to behave

Slide 27 1) Informal Social Control

Formal or informal

Complain test too hard-social control, wanna be liked

Judge hairstyle or clothes-not good

Joke about you-don’t do it

Friend drops you, violate trust

Informal, not ingrained

Slide 28 1) Informal Social Control contd

Facial expressions not controlled

Slide 29 2) Formal Social Control

Criminal justice system-formal control-primary form

Plagiarism, cops, jail for murder, fired

Part 2: The Criminal Justice System

Slide 31 Criminal Justice System

1. law enforcement officials, rcmp, campus police

2. criminal court, prove guilty, formal process

3. Prison, punished

Slide 32 4 Crime Facts 1) Every place has formal rules (laws) and people who break those rules, but there is great variation between countries.

3 parts of criminal justice system in every society-fundamental parts

Rules, enforce, punish

Different rules in places

Singapor no gum, canada no voyerism, singapore don’t show naked, drinking ages or banned, hijab or not, poster in north korea, otto warmbier

Slide 33 4 Crime Facts 2) Most countries have the same components in their criminal justice system (law enforcement, courts, and prisons)

Uk, police no guns, less shot, buckingham palace has rifles, scary

Differnet way of using system, incarceration rates, us high, canada 12th

After civil war, incarceration back to slavery cus commited crime

Expensive to keep people in jail

Slide 34 Prison Types & Purpose

Norway campus, different goals

Rehabilitate so stop, us want punishment but recidivism, come back

Scandinavia, retrain, keep out, job training and help

Slide 35 4 Crime Facts 3) Adult males are disproportionately crime suspects and perpetrators in all countries

Most serial killers male, want male protection, bigger, stronger, testosterone, biology

Slide 36 4 Crime Facts 4) In all countries, theft is the most common type of crime and violent crime is relatively rare

Super small chance of murder, most murderers know you, random is rare

Women-partner, men-friends and associates

Less murder in canada

Think odds hire, news coverage, shocking and rare, big population, more killed

Slide 37 Crime Facts 4) In all countries, theft is the most common type of crime and violent crime is relatively rare

Like murder, women, media give what they want

Profiling not real job, serial killers too rare, stats not helpful

Bad childhoods but not all are serial killers

Slide 38 Role of Media in thinking Murder is Common 4) In all countries, theft is the most common type of crime and violent crime is relatively rare

More srial killers from 60s-2000s, now better forensics, police talk to each other

Don’t know people are killed, different jurisdictions

Now dna and fingerprints

Slide 39 4 Crime Facts

Laws everywhere, same, male more, theft common, murder rare

Part 3: Why People Commit Crime

Slide 41 Why do People Commit Crimes

Durkheim: crime to reafirm society values, don’t commit cus don’t care

Murder unique, need to understand cus not follow society, identify

Metoo, reaffirm what’s ok, suing pharmacies, tell business not ok

Slide 42 Structural Functionalism’s Explanation for Crime

30s, goal and ability to achieve misaligned

Slide 43 Merton’s Strain Theory

Accept or reject cultural goals, accept or reject how to achieve

Slide 44 Merton’s Strain Theory What are the culturally defined goals in our society?

Sell unique eye for lots of money, give if can cure blindness

Misaligned values, do it to be nice but not for money, usually want money, misaligned

Money is goal, be comfortable

Uni for good job, won’t go if don’t need

Slide 45 Merton’s Strain Theory What are the legitimate means in our society?

Security by working, college then job

Some jobs don’t need, model, athlete, actor, but hard to get, limited

Break laws not legitimate means to get money

Gray area: only fans, kinda illegal

Slide 46 Merton’s Strain Theory

Slide 47 Merton’s Strain Theory i. CONFORMITY

Accept goals and hot to obtain, most people

Slide 48 Merton’s Strain Theory

Slide 49 Merton’s Strain Theory ii. INNOVATION

Accept goals but not how to get, crimes

Poor, hard to recover if disadvantaged, can’t read, fake but no uni, no options

Alberta no school for oil, less crime cus money easily, not jail

Economic opportunity determine crime

Slide 50 Merton’s Strain Theory

Slide 51 Merton’s Strain Theory iii. Ritualism

Accept hot to get goal but not the goal

Don’t need money, philanthropist

Slide 52 Merton’s Strain Theory

Slide 53 Merton’s Strain Theory iv. Retreatism

Reject goals and hot to get, different forms per generation

hippies in 70s, did nothing, chill, no worry about jobs and stuff

Don’t participate in society

Modern, backpack around world, minimum wage and chill, fulfilled and happy

Now neet, no employment education or training, rot at home, rely on parents

Slide 54 Merton’s Strain Theory

Rebellion, reject goal and how, make new, not retreat

Slide 55 Merton’s Strain Theory v. Rebellion

Not great, manson family 60s, murder rich people and celebrities

Try to frame on black people, start race war, stop hippy movement cus don’t trust

Now incels, neet people get into personal problems, women bad

Different from retreat, try to change it, different means and goals for what you want

Can be good

Slide 58 Testing your memory: 5 adaptations (Conformist, Innovator, Retreatist, Ritualist, Rebellion)

Grace, poor, bad life, wants do be doctor, never in poverty

Fake adhd, get adderall, sell pills, sells drugs, innovator, want goal, not means

Info useless, want money or follow rules

Slide 59 Testing your memory: 5 adaptations (Conformist, Innovator, Retreatist, Ritualist, Rebellion) contd

Avery, rich, artsy, retreatism, no money or rules

Slide 60 Testing your memory: 5 adaptations (Conformist, Innovator, Retreatist, Ritualist, Rebellion) contd

Ted, chill, money, worked hard, lawyer, conformist, money and work

What class, most people think working class, 

50-70k middle, working, 150k for elite, skewed perception, compare to rich

Underestimate what they have

Slide 61 Testing your memory: 5 adaptations (Conformist, Innovator, Retreatist, Ritualist, Rebellion) contd

Jerell, poor, need education, turn down jobs, nice, ritualist, work no money

Slide 62 Testing your memory: 5 adaptations (Conformist, Innovator, Retreatist, Ritualist, Rebellion) contd

Hank, white supremacist, coockoo, rebellion, new means and goal

Part 4: Conflict Theory’s View of Crime

Slide 64 Crime from Conflict Perspective 1) To start, conflict theory looks at how inequality causes crime in society. 

Inequality, inevitablilty of crime

Merton says choice, conflict says no

Code of the street, elijah anderson

Immerse in environment, why crime common

Slide 65 Crime from Conflict Perspective 1) To start, conflict theory looks at how inequality causes crime in society. Contd

Has code, rules that govern behaviour, held by violence, in poor places

Need repsect, tough, retaliate when violate respect

Stigma and marginalization, felt looked down on, society don’t care, not around

Chicago bad vs university

Institutionali divestment, bad opportunities, no education, can’t leave, relative 

deprivation, compare, feel deprived of stuff, society abandoned, doesn’t care, 

Oppositional culture, marginalization, exclusion, norms and values rejected for autonomy and toughpness

Slide 66 Crime from Conflict Perspective 1) To start, conflict theory looks at how inequality causes crime in society. Contd

Police as outsiders, not against rules but not nice, less rely cus not good, can’t help

Musk tookover, can’t do anything if robbed, rape, he said she said,

Police not solution, need differnet solucion to problem

Violence as means of social regulation, keep order, might is right

Related to respect/juice, need it, not messed with, afraid

Must respond if disrespected or keep happening, vulnerable

Slide 67 Crime from Conflict Perspective 1) To start, conflict theory looks at how inequality causes crime in society. Contd

Hypermasculinity-protect, dominance, power prioritised

Manhood

Cycles of violence, disrespect and respond, keep going

Slide 68 Crime from Conflict Perspective 1) To start, conflict theory looks at how inequality causes crime in society. Contd

Friends with ogs, researchers privilege, not forced to reveal identity, morally grey

Institutional divestment, know social services like housing but have hard rules

Have criminal record but problems, no housing

Welfare, social assistance, stop after a while, should’ve got job, feel no care

Bad at school, had to respond to disrespect, suspended

No incentive for good grades, no clocks no math, can’t keep up

Fail, pride, drop out

No address on resume, know where, no mcdonalds

Slide 69 Toronto Neighbourhoods Case Study

Stigma and marginalization

Teachers treat like they’re expected to cause trouble-address

Feel like can’t succeed, looks down even if no control

Oppositional culture, pissed off, world doesn’t care, oppose society

Need protection cus rich or robbed

Slide 70 Toronto Neighbourhoods Case Study contd

Police can’t solve problems, ciminal nature, snitches get stitches

No cooperation, witnesses but no one talks

Police respond less, don’t want help, won’t help

Quid pro quo, force to tell to get help, know what happened

Slide 71 Toronto Neighbourhoods Case Study contd

Violence social regulation

If punking/disrespect, weak, vulnerable, disrespect more

Follow society-weak, mcdonalds, won’t do anything, police can’t do anything

Maintain respect to be safe

Violence and violence, no disrespect

Slide 72 Toronto Neighbourhoods Case Study contd

Everyone in gang for minor stuff

1. 3 or more

2. Criminal

3. Not random, not spontaneous, material benefit

Beat someone up who’s robbed, technically gang, benefit

Respond to rape-gang, multiple times

Protect families, eldest brother more likely, no father, responsible

Get other tough people together-gang, force status

Rob drug dealer

Slide 73 Toronto Neighbourhoods Case Study contd

gang=respect, don’t mess with group, more violent more protected

Good for family, protect sisters

Hustles, not hired cus can be robbed, 

Altruism, selfless, 

Get young boys, organic, most poor, help kids, not to recruit but can hold gun

Police of neighbourhood

Get rid of abusive boyfriend

Provide for family, financial, even in jail, gang still there, community service too

Slide 74 Toronto Neighbourhoods Case Study contd

Cycle of violence from code of street

Guy shot, hospital

Downtown, wild west, neutral

Gang is handsy, girl with other gang, send message, beat up, threaten

Other gang retaliate, no disrespect, keep going, more people, more intense, drive by

Shot guy now

Many died, back and forth, og’s got together and stopped

Seems stupid, but gangs think its fine, both got respect, no handsy

Message to others

Slide 75 Crime from Conflict Perspective 2) Conflict theory also looks at the penalties for crime and how law enforcement pursues cases.

White collar worse, inside trading-social capital, 2008

Hard to catch, informal, people just talk, good lawyers, 

hard to prosecute except conviction-class inequality

Slide 76 Class Discussion- You be the Judge: case 1

If jail, justice, crime fits punishment and help society, do what’s best

Drug dealer, mom sick, bad public defender

Tried to run when running, assault police, was shot, dressed sus, looks sus

Do what i gotta do, judge gotta do what they gotta do

1. 2 year, criminal record, hurt future-choose this, likely to commit again

2. Probabtion, maybe to another jail, community service

Slide 77 Class Discussion- You be the Judge: case 2

Drug dealer, middle class, sad rich kid, wanna fit in, parents back him up

1. 2 year, criminal record, hurt future-choose this, likely to commit again

2. Probabtion, maybe to another jail, community service -choose this, less likely

Conflict: only circumstance is different, shouldn’t punish bad family

Slide 78 Crime from Conflict Perspective 3) Conflict theory also looks at inequality in the courts and punishments.

Shot kid is drug dealer, do what he gotta do, got probabtion but no community service

Jail but office in other gang territory, big fine

Ideal of justice, know why different sentences but class-based bias

Ideal vs value rationality