Leadership and Management (1)
Leadership and Management
Leadership Theories (Styles)
Early leadership theories focused on traits leaders possessed.
Shifted focus to leadership actions and styles.
Key styles:
Autocratic/Authoritarian: Makes decisions for the group.
Democratic: Includes group input in decision-making.
Laissez-faire: Permissive style, minimal decision-making.
Definitions
Management: Planning, organizing, directing, and coordinating work in an organization.
Leadership: Inspiring others to achieve desired outcomes.
Effective managers usually possess good leadership skills although leaders may not have formal authority.
Leadership requires followers; autocrats use coercion, while democratic leaders motivate by support.
Types of Leaders
Transactional: Focus on immediate problems and use rewards to motivate.
Transformational: Inspire and empower followers for a long-term vision.
Laissez-faire: Encourage group decision-making and have minimal involvement.
Bureaucratic (Authentic): Lead by modeling strong moral codes.
Situational: Flexible and adaptable, varying between autocratic and democratic styles based on context.
Emotional Intelligence in Leadership
Emotional Intelligence: Ability to perceive and manage one’s own and others' emotions.
Critical for nurse leaders for understanding client and family emotions.
Key traits of emotionally intelligent leaders:
Insight into team emotions.
Open to constructive criticism and new ideas.
Channel emotions positively to achieve team goals.
Major Functions of Management
Planning: Decisions about what needs to be done and how.
Organizing: Establishes authority and communication channels within a team.
Staffing: Acquisition and management of staff.
Directing: Leadership role to motivate staff performance.
Controlling: Evaluating staff performance against established goals.
Clinical Decision-Making
Product of critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and judgment.
Critical Thinking: Foundation for clinical decision-making, involves questioning and analysis.
Skills for Critical Thinking:
Analyzing, synthesizing, applying knowledge, creativity, and reasoning.
Aligns with the nursing process.
Reflect upon meanings, examine data, and reason for informed decisions.
Clinical Reasoning and Judgment
Clinical Reasoning: Analyzing a clinical situation over time.
Clinical Judgment: Decisions based on critical analysis of data related to client needs.
Supports clinical decision-making through:
Data assessment and selection.
Applying nursing knowledge for care decisions.
Clinical Judgment Models and Nursing Process
Nursing Process: Data Collection, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation.
Tanner’s Clinical Judgment Model: Noticing, Interpreting, Responding, Reflecting.
NCSBN developed Clinical Judgment Measurement Model (CJMM) to measure clinical judgment skills for NCLEX candidates.
Prioritization and Time Management
Prioritization Principles:
Systemic before local issues (life before limb).
Acute needs over chronic.
Actual problems before potential ones.
Listen to clients and assess trends vs. transient findings.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Consider human needs when prioritizing interventions.
ABC Framework:
Airway, Breathing, Circulation: Prioritizes life-sustaining interventions.
Evidence-Based Practice
Essential for effective clinical decisions and achieving best practices.
Nurses should utilize various research sources and keep current on healthcare practices.
Time Management Strategies
Includes delegating tasks appropriately and recognizing time-wasters:
Examples of Time-Savers:
Prompt documentation.
Consolidating activities.
Prioritizing tasks based on energy levels.
Common Time-Wasters:
Frequent unnecessary trips for supplies.
Failing to plan ahead.
Conflict Resolution and Management
Conflict: Results from opposing ideas or behaviors.
Types of Conflict:
Intrapersonal: Internal struggles within oneself.
Interpersonal: Conflict between individuals.
Intergroup: Conflict between groups or departments.
Stages of Conflict:
Latent Conflict
Perceived Conflict
Felt Conflict
Manifest Conflict
Conflict Aftermath
Conflict Resolution Strategies:
Problem-Solving Process: Identify the problem, propose solutions, evaluate, and implement a chosen solution.
Encourage open communication to defuse conflicts.
Staff Development and Education
Involves orientation and ongoing education to ensure competence.
Stages of Nursing Ability (Benner): From novice to expert, with increased competence and skill over time.
Quality Improvement: Implementation of strategies to enhance healthcare outcomes and ensure standards of care.