PSYC 101 Ch.2
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Flashcard 1
Q: What is intuition?
A: Intuition is the ability to reach a conclusion without effortful reasoning or evidence, often based on personal experience or emotion.
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Flashcard 2
Q: Why do we study research methods in psychology?
A: To identify misleading claims, be smarter consumers, understand the world, and accurately interpret and understand psychology and neuroscience studies.
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Flashcard 3
Q: What is the scientific method?
A: A procedure for using empirical evidence to establish facts, involving theory development, hypothesis testing, and gathering empirical evidence.
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Flashcard 4
Q: What is empiricism?
A: The conviction that accurate knowledge of the world can be acquired through observation.
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Flashcard 5
Q: What is dogmatism?
A: The tendency to cling to one's beliefs, often without considering new evidence or alternative viewpoints.
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Flashcard 6
Q: What is a theory?
A: An explanation of natural phenomena that guides scientific inquiry.
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Flashcard 7
Q: What is a hypothesis?
A: A falsifiable prediction made by a theory, which can be tested through observation and experimentation.
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Flashcard 8
Q: What does "falsifiable" mean in scientific research?
A: A hypothesis or theory is falsifiable if it can be proven untrue through empirical evidence.
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Flashcard 9
Q: What is the third-variable problem?
A: The issue where a third variable might be causing the correlation between two other variables, making it difficult to establish causality.
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Flashcard 10
Q: What is an operational definition?
A: A description of a property in measurable terms, ensuring that a concept can be accurately observed and measured.
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Flashcard 11
Q: What is construct validity?
A: The extent to which an operational definition accurately measures the intended property.
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Flashcard 12
Q: What is power in research?
A: The ability of a measurement tool to detect the presence of differences or changes in the property being measured.
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Flashcard 13
Q: What is reliability in research?
A: The consistency of a measurement tool in detecting the same results under the same conditions.
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Flashcard 14
Q: What is observer bias?
A: When an observer's expectations influence what they believe they observe and what they actually observe.
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Flashcard 15
Q: What is a double-blind study?
A: A study where neither the researchers nor the participants know which condition the participants are in, helping to reduce bias.
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Flashcard 16
Q: What is a demand characteristic?
A: Aspects of an observational setting that cause participants to behave in a way they think the researcher expects.
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Flashcard 17
Q: What is naturalistic observation?
A: A research technique where participants are observed in their natural environments without their knowledge, reducing demand characteristics.
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Flashcard 18
Q: What is a confound?
A: A variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables, making it difficult to determine causality.
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Flashcard 19
Q: What is the scientific method?
A: A process of observing, hypothesizing, testing, interpreting results, and reporting conclusions in a structured way to uncover truths about the world.
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Flashcard 20
Q: What is a case study?
A: A research method that involves studying a single individual in-depth to gain insights into specific behaviors or phenomena.
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Flashcard 21
Q: What is random sampling?
A: A technique for selecting participants that ensures every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
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Flashcard 22
Q: What is replication?
A: The process of repeating an experiment with a new sample from the same population to confirm the original findings.
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Flashcard 23
Q: What is internal validity?
A: The degree to which an experiment allows us to draw accurate conclusions about causal relationships within the study.
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Flashcard 24
Q: What is external validity?
A: The extent to which the findings of an experiment can be generalized to other settings, populations, or times.
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Flashcard 25
Q: What is construct validity?
A: The degree to which a test or experiment measures the concept it is intended to measure.
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Flashcard 26
Q: What is a sample in research?
A: A partial collection of people drawn from a population for the purpose of research.
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Flashcard 27
Q: What is the mean in statistics?
A: The average value of a set of data, calculated by adding all the values and dividing by the total number of data points.
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Flashcard 28
Q: What is the mode in statistics?
A: The value that appears most frequently in a data set.
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Flashcard 29
Q: What is the median in statistics?
A: The middle value in a data set, dividing the data into two equal halves.
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Flashcard 30
Q: What is variability in statistics?
A: The extent to which the measurements in a data set differ from each other.
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Flashcard 31
Q: What is correlation?
A: A relationship between two variables in which changes in one variable are synchronized with changes in another.
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Flashcard 32
Q: What is the correlation coefficient (r)?
A: A mathematical measure of both the direction and strength of a correlation between two variables.
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Flashcard 33
Q: What is causality?
A: The relationship between cause and effect, determining how one variable influences another.
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Flashcard 34
Q: What is random assignment?
A: A procedure for assigning participants to experimental conditions by chance, helping to control for potential confounding variables.
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Flashcard 35
Q: What is a type I error in research?
A: A false positive, where researchers conclude that there is a causal relationship when there is none.
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Flashcard 36
Q: What is a type II error in research?
A: A false negative, where researchers fail to detect a causal relationship that actually exists.
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Flashcard 37
Q: What is the p-value in inferential statistics?
A: The probability value that indicates whether the results of a study are statistically significant (p < 0.05).
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Flashcard 38
Q: What is the difference between correlation and causation?
A: Correlation is a statistical relationship between two variables, while causation indicates that one variable directly influences another.
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Flashcard 39
Q: What is inferential statistics?
A: Statistical methods used to determine whether the differences observed in a sample are likely to be true for the population.
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Flashcard 40
Q: What is the WEIRD bias in psychology?
A: A bias where most psychological studies are conducted on Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) populations, which may limit generalizability.
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Flashcard 1
Q: What is empirical evidence in the scientific method?
A: Empirical evidence is data or information obtained through observation and experimentation, forming the foundation of scientific inquiry.
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Flashcard 2
Q: How does using empirical evidence require critical thinking?
A: Critical thinking involves asking tough questions about the evidence, ensuring it’s interpreted without bias, and determining if it reveals the whole truth.
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Flashcard 3
Q: Why do people with the same evidence often draw different conclusions?
A: Beliefs, biases, preferences, and personal experiences influence how people interpret evidence, leading to different conclusions based on the same data.
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Flashcard 4
Q: How do our beliefs color our view of new evidence?
A: Our beliefs can cause us to see only what we expect, reinforcing our existing views and making us interpret mixed evidence in a way that aligns with our initial beliefs.
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Flashcard 5
Q: How do beliefs influence the evidence we consider?
A: Beliefs shape the standards we hold for different types of evidence and influence which evidence we choose to focus on or ignore.
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Flashcard 6
Q: What is critical thinking in research?
A: Critical thinking involves doubting your own conclusions and questioning what you don't see or what is missing in the evidence.
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Flashcard 7
Q: What can happen if we ignore missing evidence?
A: Ignoring missing evidence can lead to erroneous conclusions and an incomplete understanding of the issue at hand.
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Flashcard 8
Q: What is the principle of human dignity in research involving human participants?
A: Human dignity in research involves respecting participants' autonomy, ensuring their welfare, and distributing risks and benefits equally without prejudice.
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Flashcard 9
Q: What are the three core principles of research ethics involving human participants?
A:
1. Respect for persons – allowing participants to make informed decisions without undue influence.
2. Concern for welfare – maximizing benefits and minimizing risks to participants.
3. Justice – distributing risks and benefits fairly without discrimination.
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Flashcard 10
Q: What is informed consent in research?
A: Informed consent involves a participant’s verbal agreement to participate after being fully informed of the study's risks and potential harms.
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Flashcard 11
Q: What are the rights of research participants regarding consent?
A: Participants have the right to withdraw from a study at any time without penalty. If they are minors, consent must be obtained from their legal guardians.
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Flashcard 12
Q: What are the key aspects of research ethics for human participants?
A:
- Compensation for participation
- Protection of personal data
- Freedom from coercion (no psychological pressure to participate)
- Protection from harm
- Risk-benefit analysis
- Deception must be justified and followed by debriefing
- Debriefing explains the study’s true purpose and nature
- Confidentiality of personal information
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Flashcard 13
Q: What are the 3 Rs in animal research ethics?
A:
1. Reduce – Minimize the number of animals used.
2. Refine – Adjust experiments to reduce stress on animals.
3. Replace – Use alternative methods to replace animal testing when possible.
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Flashcard 14
Q: What are the key protections for animals in research?
A: Animal research must comply with significant protections, including those provided by the CCAC (Canadian Council on Animal Care) and ACC (Animal Care Committees).
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Flashcard 15
Q: What is the purpose of a risk-benefit analysis in research ethics?
A: A risk-benefit analysis evaluates whether the potential benefits of a study outweigh the risks to participants, ensuring ethical research practices.
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Flashcard 16
Q: What is the role of deception in research?
A: Deception is sometimes used in research when necessary, but it must be followed by debriefing, where participants are fully informed about the true nature and purpose of the study.
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