Ions

Anions are ions that are negatively charged and cations are ions that are positively charged.

Cations lose electrons to gain a net positive charge and anions gain electrons to gain a net negative charge.

Monatomic Ions

• Ions with a +1 charge

  • Hydrogen

  • Lithium

  • Sodium

  • Potassium

  • Rubidium

  • Cesium

  • Francium

• Ions with a +2 charge

  • Helium

  • Beryllium

  • Magnesium

  • Calcium

  • Strontium

  • Barium

  • Radium

• Ions with a -1 charge

  • Fluoride

  • Chloride

  • Bromide

  • Iodide

  • Astatide

  • Tennesside

• Ions with a -2 charge

  • Oxide

  • Sulfide

  • Selenide

• Ions with a -3 charge

  • Nitride

  • Phosphide

• Transition Metal Ions

  • Zinc = +2

  • Copper = +1 or +2

  • Iron = +2 or +3

  • Gold = +3

  • Silver = +1

  • Chromium = +2 or +3

  • Titanium = +2

• Other metal ions

  • Tin = +2 or +4

  • Lead = +2 or +4

  • Mercury = +1 or +2

  • Aluminum = +3

  • Gallium = +3

Polyatomic Ions

• Cations

  • Hydronium = H3O+

  • Ammonium = NH4+

• Anions -ate endings

  • Phosphate = PO4-3

  • Nitrate NO3-

  • Sulfate = SO4-2

  • Chlorate = ClO3-

  • Iodate = IO3-

  • Chromate = CrO4-2

• Other polyatomic Ions

  • Hydroxide = OH-

  • Acetate = CH3COO-

  • Dichromate = Cr2O7-2

  • Oxalate = C2O4-2

  • Permanganate = MnO4-

  • Cyanate = OCN-

Anions rules

• Rule 1

  • -ate —> learn these (base ions)

  • -ite —> remove one oxygen and there are no changes to the charge

  • Hypo—ite —> remove two oxygens from the -ate and there are no changes to the charge

  • Per—ate —> add one oxygen to the -ate and there are no changes to the charge

• Rule 2

  • Bi- —> add an H and charge increases by 1

  • Monohydrogen or hydrogen —> add an H and charge increases by 1

  • Dihydrogen —> add two H and charge increases by 2

• Rule 3

  • thio- —> replace an O with an S and there is no change to charge