Science

How the body maintains homeostasis

Homeostasis - is the ability of the body to maintain a constant internal equilibrium. It keeps the body functioning well even when there are changes in the environment. It also needs constant monitoring.

Homeostatic Regulation - these are the adjustments na ginagawa ng katawan kapag nagkaroon ng change sa environment.

Homeostasis' Components:

•The receptor is a sensing component that monitors changes in the organism's / structure's environment.

•Stimulus/Stimuli - a factor na magdadala ng change sa katawan ng tao.

•Thermoreceptor - receptor specifically for temperature.

•The control center receives messages from the receptor. This is usually associated with the nervous system.

•the control center is the brain, specific gland: hypothalamus

•the effector receives the messages from the control center (eto ang gagawa ng response).

Process (Hot weather) - The receptor is the skin. Then, pupunta ang neurons sa control center which is the brain (hypothalamus) and after, magrerelease siya ng neurons na pupunta sa blood vessels (na nagdidilate so heat escapes) and Sweat glands (which secretes / releases sweat glands)

Process (cold weather) - The receptor is the skin, then pupunta ang neurons sa control center which is the brain then magrerelease ito ng neurons papunta sa blood vessels (magcoconstrict so that makakalabas ang lamig) and skeletal muscle (which will cause muscles to shiver in order to produce heat).

Homeostatic System Pathway

The afferent pathway carries the nerve impulses to the central nervous system (CNS). These signals are carried by the afferent neurons (receptor to control center) system (CNS).

The efferent pathway carries the nerve impulses from the central nervous to effector organs through the efferent pathway. (control center to effector)

Examples of Homeostasis

← Osmoregulation refers to the continuous regulation of the osmotic pressure. It is important for maintaining the balance between solutes and fluids in the body. (It occurs sa tao through pag-ihi)

• Osmotic pressure is the measurement of the tendency of water to move from one side of the solution to another.

L Hypotonic - mas marami ang solvent sa solute

L Hypertonic - mas marami ang solute sa solvent.

L Isotonic - equal ang amount ng solute at solvent

Thermoregulation - this process is involved in

maintaining body temperature. This is necessary to maintain a normal metabolic function.

• Thermoconformers (cold-blooded). They copy the temperature of their environment. They are also referred to as ectothermic.

• Thermoregulators (warm-blooded)

They regulate their body temperature. They are also referred to as endothermic. (ex: mammals (humans)).

• Chemoregulation - This controls the amount of solute present in the body fluids to regulate asmotic pressure. (ex: insulin injection / nag-linject ng body fluids to regulate osmotic pressure)

• when we eat breakfast: receptor is the stomach, control center is the brain, effector is the jaw/mandible, response - kakain.

The Positive and Negative feedback mechanism

Homeostasis is maintained through feedback mechanisms.

Positive Feedback mechanism - occurs when the changes are strengthened by the response of the effector.

• The rate of this process increases as the concentration of the product increases.

Childbirth

• Hormones trigger positive feedback in females. This is to create a larger passageway for the

baby's exit.

• The muscular and endocrine components of the female reproductive system exhibit positive feedback, to create larger passageway for the baby's exit.

Oxytocin - hormone na inilalabas during baby's ent for contraction.

• The myometrium will contract during childbirth.

• cervical Dilation - process wherein nag-oopen ang cervix.

• Cervical Effacement - process wherein numinipis ang cervix.

Blood clotting.

As a response to the presence of wounds, the body releases proteins and hormones. This triggers positive feedback (iaattract ang platelets ng proteins and hormones)

• Once Maattract ang platelets, they will create a platelet plug.

• scub- a protective tissue that covers damaged skins.

Ovulation

• The estrogen stimulates the secretion of CNRH, which in tum stimulates the release of LH. LH causes the release of additional estrogen the positive feedback.

• The levels of GnRH and LH in the blood increases because of the positive effect.

Negative Feedback mechanism occurs when the change in the body caused by stimuli, reverses as a response of a particular effector. In order for the negative feedback to occur, a change must be received by the receptors.

Blood Glucose Regulation

• insulin hormone instructs different body parts to take the excess blood/glucose.

• Glucagon instructs the liver to break down its glycogen reserves and convert it to glucose and release it to the bloodstream (if di tayo kumakain, mayroon tayong reserve energy na nagagamit to do work.)

• Glycogen- the stored energy in humans/animals.

Ovulation

• High levels of LH stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum. • • • •Progesterone then inhibits the secretion of GnRH and LH.

•The levels of GnRH and LH in the blood decrease because of the negative feedback effect.

Pathways that Alter Homeostasis

Homeostatic mechanism maintain the internal environment within tolerable limits. When the body processes are not maintained through feedback mechanisms, the body may suffer illness or diseases.

Factors Affecting Homeostasis

Aside from internal feedback mechanisms of the body, there are external influence based on lifestyle choices that affect the body's overall health. These lifestyle choices greatly impact the normal functions in an organism.

• Deficiency occurs when the cells are not getting the necessary substances.

• Toxicity occurs when the cells are getting poisonous and unnecessary substances. This is detrimental to overall health. (ex: water, na cocontaminate to because of arsenic)

Genetics

• Some chemicals some genes are sometimes deactivated, altered, or modified due to certain conditions.

• This damage can result in the mechanisms of an organism for coping with change being affected (kapag pinabayaan, lalong magiging worse ang damage)

Mental Health and Stress

• Emotions are affected by the contamination of several chemicals in the body.

• Imbalance to these chemical can cause complications to the body. Stress can also cause imbalance.

• An excessive amount of stress for example, can cause the normal release of some hormones to be altered.

• Kapag stressed, possible magrelease ng high level of adrenaline (hormone that increases heart rate / blood pressure)

• Adrenaline- fight or flight response hormone.

• Also kapag stressed, high din ang amount ng cortisol (primary stress hormone). It can cause the blood sugar to Increase.

Nutrition, Rest, and Exercise

• If the body lacks necessary nutrients, the cells may function poorly.

The disuse of the body can also lead to many negative effects.

• Exercise and a proper rest benefit all of the systems of the body. A proper diet can also give the body the necessary nutrients.

Toxins

• The presence of poisonous and unnecessary substances may interfere with cellular functions.

• Pollution can introduce toxins to the body.

• Examples of toxins that can interfere with the functions of the body are fertilizers, pesticides, and smoke emissions.