3.1 Classification of Matter

Chapter 3: Matter and Energy

3.1 Classification of Matter

• Matter is the material that makes up all things, characterized by having mass and occupying space.

3.2 Types of Matter

Pure Substances

• Definition: Matter with a specific composition.

• Classification of Pure Substances:

  • Elements:

    • Composed of one type of atom.

    • Examples include:

      • Copper (Cu)

      • Lead (Pb)

      • Aluminum (Al)

  • Compounds:

    • Composed of two or more elements combined in a definite ratio.

    • Examples include:

      • Salt (NaCl)

      • Table sugar (C12H22O11)

      • Water (H2O)

Mixtures

• Definition: Matter that consists of two or more substances that are physically mixed and not chemically combined.

• Characteristics:

  • Can vary in proportions of substances.

  • Substances can be separated by physical methods.

Examples of Mixtures

• Pasta and Water: Can be separated using a strainer, illustrating a physical separation method.

3.3 Types of Mixtures

Homogeneous Mixtures

• Definition: The composition is uniform throughout the mixture.

• Characteristic: Different parts of the mixture are not visible.

Heterogeneous Mixtures

• Definition: The composition of substances is not uniform.

• Characteristic: Different parts of the mixture are visible, and the composition varies from one part to another.

3.4 Learning Check

• Identify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture:

  • A. Pasta and tomato sauce - Mixture

  • B. Aluminum foil - Pure substance

  • C. Helium - Pure substance

  • D. Air - Mixture

• Identify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture:

  • A. Hot fudge sundae - Heterogeneous mixture

  • B. Shampoo - Homogeneous mixture

  • C. Sugar water - Homogeneous mixture

  • D. Peach pie - Heterogeneous mixture