Grade 10 English Exam Review
Unit 1: Indigenous History
Elijah Harper
Elijah Harper was a cree politician.
He was a member of the Manitoba legislature when the Meech Lake Accord, a constitutional agreement aimed at bringing Quebec into the 1982 Canadian Constitution, was being discussed.
He used his VETO power as a member of the legislature to block the passing of the Meech Lake Accord in Manitoba. His opposition was based on the lack of Indigenous recognition in Canada and the constitution
Elijah Harper became an iconic figure for Indigenous rights in Canada.
Harper continued to advocate for Indigenous causes throughout his life, contributing to raising awareness of the importance of reconciliation and recognition of Indigenous peoples' rights.
Because of his actions, we have a united Canada without Quebec as a distinct society.
Truth and Reconciliation(RTBC)
Recognizing Past Mistakes: Canada needs to acknowledge the wrongs done to Indigenous peoples, such as the residential schools and forced assimilation. Offering apologies and sharing these stories is a key step in healing.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC): The TRC (2008-2015) worked to uncover the truth about residential schools. It created 94 actions for the government to take to help repair the harm done to Indigenous people.
Helping Indigenous Communities: Providing support to Indigenous communities in areas like health, education, and employment can help them recover. Indigenous leaders should guide these efforts to create lasting change.
Better Education: Teaching Canadians about Indigenous history and culture in schools will help foster understanding and prevent the repetition of past mistakes.
Cultural Healing: Helping Indigenous peoples reconnect with their traditions, languages, and cultures will restore pride and identity. Programs like language courses and cultural events are important for this healing process.
Residential School
Purpose:
Residential schools were created in order to assimilate indigenous children into a Christian lifestyle with European work habits. (assimilate - the process of becoming apart of a community or culture)
Reasons for Children leaving:
It was the law
Indian Agents on reserves would withhold food and money from families with children who did not attend
Children were taken force by priests, indian agents and, police officers
Life on the Inside:
Comparable to a boarding school
Usually far from the child’s home
Students were occasionally allowed home for the summer
Meals would be rotten or small
Usually run by a church with priests and nuns as teachers
Assimilation process:
Children taught that their culture, spiritual beliefs, language and clothes were inferior and wrong
Not allowed to speak their language
Given english names
Hair was cut
Punishable by sexual and/or physical abuse
Unit 2: 1914-1919 (Rishit)
Causes of WW1-MANIA
Militarism
Race for armed forces and weapons
Can also be an arms race
At Sea:
British vs Germany for a stronger navy.
Real Canadian Navy was created in 1910 - 350 men and two old British cruisers one for each coast
On Land:
Germany competing with Russia and France
How did it contribute:
Countries would intimidate others with threats backed up by the large armies and weapons
Alliances
Agreements between countries for mutual gain/benefit
Nationalism
People had pride and support for their country
This was an age where countries were controlled by others
The people wanted independence
IN EUROPE
Slavs(with aid from Serbia and Russia) want freedom from Austria
Germany and Italy were recently united; felt very nationalistic
Balkan states want independence from Austria-Hungary
Serbia wants independence
Imperialism
Belief that building up an empire is necessary
Most European countries had control of colonies around the world, providing them with manpower and riches.
Contribution:
Big players(Ex: Britain and France) want more power
More colonies= more manpower and riches
People willing to be apart of and support a nation, resulting in them joining the army
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
June 28 1914
Archduke(and heir to austrian throne) Franz Ferdinand visits sarajevo with his wife
Capital of bosnia, which was recently colonized by Austria.
Full of Slav nationalists who want independence
Black Hand Terrorists:
Trained in Serbia
No. 2 Construction Battalion
Black Canadians spoke out against their unfair treatment of not being allowed to enlist and a separate group called the No. 2 Construction Battalion was created
The first and only battalion of all-black soldiers to serve in WW1
624 black men enlisted
Built trenches, bridges and defused land mines with the Canadian Forestry Corps
Francis Pegahmegabow
Francis Pegahmagabow was an Ojibway from Ontario and was the most most successful sniper of the war with 378 confirmed kills
Trenches
Built during WWI as a defence from machine guns/artillery
Built in a zigzag to limit casualties from explosions
Each trench was 2 metres deep, topped with sandbags
Frontlines were very dangerous
One third of all the casualties occurred here
Soldiers had to worry about artillery from both the enemy and their own troops
Stalemate: Break in fighting and combat
Difficult to win over or taken an enemy’s trenches defended with machine guns and barbed wire
No Man’s Land: Between the trenches
Filled with craters
Rifle and machine gun fire splattered across No Man’s Land when a enemy soldier is detected
Shells from artillery behind front lines would spray shrapnel everywhere
Over The Top:
Officers order an advance, meaning going over the trenches
Conditions of Trenches
The conditions in the trenches were as follows:
Soldiers not only had to worry about artillery fire while in the trenches but also had to battle medical problems such as:
Trench Fever
Trench Foot
Dysentery
Trench Fever
First reported on Western Front in 1914. Signs of fever included headache, leg pains, inflamed eyes, and skin rashes. Soldiers generally recovered after only a few days but would sometimes need to be hospitalized for several weeks. Caused by excretions from lice in the trenches. The disease was transmitted by body lice.
Lice eggs would remain in the seams of uniforms, hatching as the soldier's body warmed them. Treatment: Burn seams, keep hair short.
Trench Foot
Fungal infection of the feet is usually caused by long exposure to damp, wet environments in the trenches caused by water-logging. It was a very serious condition. Unlike Trench Fever, Trench Foot was deadly and difficult to recover from. By 1914, it is estimated that some 20,000 British troops died because of Trench Foot. Toes and Feet were often amputated if gangrene occurred.
Improvements in trench drainage, water resistant footwear, and feet inspections allowed the problem to slow down, though it still affected soldiers throughout the war
Treatment: Dry feet, whale blubber or amputation.
Dysentery
This was generally caused by contaminated water for the trenches were extremely unsanitary with poor latrines. Latrines were simply holes in the ground and often filled up without time to make another one.
The disease itself is the inflammation of the large intestines which causes stomach pains, diarrhea, and vomiting which leads to dehydration. Many soldiers died from dehydration because of dysentery.
Since there was such a limited supply of clean water in the trenches, soldiers often relied on dirty unsanitary water found in shell holes.
Rats
Grew to the size of cats, caused disease, spread infection and contaminated food. Treatment: Use guns, bayonets or clubs to beat rats to death.
Shell Shock
Psychological stress from constant tension of war, bombing, fighting. Treatment: virtually none, soldiers were considered cowards.
It's a kind of stress disorder that is understood today to be posttraumatic stress disorder or PTSD.
Important Canadian Battles
Second Battle of Ypres - April 22, 1915
Canadians had arrived in France as Allied support in March 1915(Battle of Neuve Chapelle)
The Second Battle of Ypres was the first major battle involving Canada
They were sent to Ypres, a city near the coast of Belgium, to stop the Germans from getting access to the English Channel
The Germans wanted to break the stalemate caused by the trenches
Germans decided to use their new weapons - poisonous chlorine gas
On April 22, a gentle breeze blew across ‘No Man’s Land’ that allowed for the gas attacks
The 45th French Algerian division to the Canadian left was hit with chlorine gas and retreated
The Canadians quickly created a makeshift line and the Germans did not realize the advantage and did not advance
The Canadians counter-attacked at Kitchener’s Woods to delay Germans further
They then retreated and were attacked directly with the gas on April 24th.
Soldiers pissed on their handkerchiefs and held it to their face to neutralize the chlorine
The Canadians held their position against the Germans for two days until British troops came in and took over.
Led to the creation of gas masks
The Canadians had proved themselves to be an effective force on the battlefield
This was the very time the 1st Canadian Division had seen action and were the only force to hold the line in the face of a strong enemy
Summary: Just a month after arriving in France, these Canadians were confronted by the Germans who were looking to break the stalemate caused by the trenches. This battle had one of the first uses of chemical warfare. The Germans unleashed their new poisonous chlorine gas called ‘Mustard Gas’ The day of the battle had a gentle breeze making it perfect for a gas attack on the unsuspecting Canadians who were stationed without gas masks on the frontlines. The Candians held soaked cotton pads in urine and held them over their face which neutralized the chlorine. By a miracle they held the Germans off for a staggering two days under these attacks until British reinforcements were able to arrive. Canada suffered 6000 casualties with around 1000 deaths.
Somme - July 1-November 18, 1916
This was the first battle in which tanks were used by the Allies
An attack was ordered on German forces at the Somme River - 100k Allied troops directed to advance across no man’s land in broad daylight, indirect fire
On the first day of battle, Britain suffered over 57k casualties(19k dead) from going ‘over the top’
Canadian battalions were brought in the battle at Courcelette in September and together with the British mounted an attack at 6;20 am on September 15, 1916.
Canada was successful in their assault against the Germans but suffered 24k casualties
After successfully capturing a German stronghold, 5 Canadian battalions launched another attack that same evening -- surprising the Germans
The Germans counter-attacked and eventually a stalemate occurred -- the plan worked and pressure was relieved in Verdun
Canada suffered 24k casualties
790 Newfoundlanders went over the top that day, only 68 answered roll call the following morning
More than 600k casualties suffered by each side during the battles
Summary: The attack was ordered by Allied forces on German forces at the Somme River with over 100,000 Allied troops ordered to advance the dangerous No Man’s Land in broad daylight. This resulted in massive casualties on the Allied side from German fire with over 57,000 British casualties and 19,000 dead on just the first day. This was the response to the French call for help with the Germans advancing on the city of Verdun, therefore the tactics behind this battle was to distract German focus. In September, Canadian soldiers were brought in and joined with the British for an attack at 6:20am on September 15th. The Allies successfully captured a German stronghold, with Canadian battalions launching another surprise attack on the unsuspecting Germans who quickly counter-attacked resulting in a stalemate. Canada suffered 24,000 casualties in the bloody battle and over half a million men lost their lives within 3 months.
Vimy Ridge - April 9 - April 12, 1917
The Canadian Corps was ordered to seize Vimy Ridge in April 1917
This was the first time all 4 Canadian battalions would fight together
Canadian planned assault on the impenetrable German fortified ridge
First battle in which the Canadian corps was led by Canadian officers
Most important Canadian victory. Commander Arthur Currie knighted because of his leadership in battle.
An attack on a prominent ridge in northern France by the Canadians
Major-Gen. Currie made massive preparations and used new and inventive ways to beat the Germans including digging tunnels that were kilometers long.
He also made sure that everyone knew exactly where they were going and that they practiced behind the lines
He also included new ways of spotting and destroying enemy artillery, a new bomb that would destroy barbed wire, and the creeping barrage.
Key High Ground in Northern France
Germans were well established - tunnels, artillery, phone lines, rail line for munitions
200k French and British troops lost in failed attempts to take this stronghold
Canadians built mock hill - trained using mock environment
Canadian troops learned how to load and use German artillery so that when they could, turn captured guns against their enemy
New artillery was introduce that allowed shells to explode on contact rather than burying in the ground and then exploding
Canadian troops also earned a reputation as a formidable, effective troop because of the stunning success
It was a victory at a terrible cost, with more than 10k casualties in 4 days of fighting
They captured in 4 days what the French and British found impossible in nearly 3 years
Summary: The battle of Vimy Ridge was the first time all 4 Canadian divisions would be in formation together. There was a massive amount of preparation for this battle. The divisions spent the winter strengthening their lines and creating models of the built trenches to drill soldiers on their mission. Mining was done under the german lines with large amounts of explosives to be detonated when the attack came. First, the Allies bombarded the Germans for over a week with artillery strike to weaken defenses. The first wave of Canadian soldiers hid behind the precise line of Allied artillery to capture German positions at important moments in order to move on to the next targets. At first Canadian battalions took great casualties but the assault continued. As a result, a majority of the ridge was captured by noon. Two days later took the last significant height of the ridge forcing the Germans to retreat and allowing the Allies to command the heights looking over the Douai Plain.
Passchendaele - October 26 - Nov 6, 1917
It was an Allied offensive that General Currie opposed due to the muddy conditions
This was the Third battle of Ypres and was intended to gain drier land on higher ground for winter
General Haig forced Commander Arthur Currie to lead his troops into battle against his will
Swampy conditions with soldiers sinking into the mud
Heavy rains made it worse and many soldiers drowned
It was a slow offensive - the first offensive gained 1000m at the cost of 2300 casualties
7 days later Canadian and British troops captured German positions at Passchendaele
Only 6km of farmland was gained
Casualties = 310k-British, 260k-German, 16k-Canadian
Summary: The Third Battle of Ypres as it was called was a bloody battle. Once the Canadians captured Vimy Ridge, they were sent to relieve the ANZAC forces and were part of the final push to capture Passchendaele. However, when Lieutenant-General Arthur Currie saw the terrain, he was shocked at the conditions. He desperately tried to avoid sending his men to fight there as he knew the rain would cause muddy fields. Furthermore, the lack of artillery support and overall preparation would create a vastly different battlefield compared to Vimy Ridge. After Currie took as much time as he could to prepare the battle the Canadian offensive began on October 26. As Currie suspected, the muddy terrain resulted in heavy losses on the Allied side as German machine gun fire tore through the slow advancements. However, the soldiers were able to claw their way forwards. On such a battlefield is up to individual acts of heroism to displace strategic positions for others to move forward. Finally, the Canadians reached the outskirts of Passchendaele on October 30th through a thundering rainstorm. Then on November 6, the Canadians and British assaulted the ruined village of Passchendaele and the village fell to the 27th(City of Winnipeg) battalion. Once again, Canadian soldiers had succeeded in impossible circumstances.
Canada’s Hundred Days August 8-November 11, August 1918
Canadian soldiers led attacks into German defenses and pushed them out of the trenches and into open countryside
Canadians were seen as outstanding soldiers by this point and led the allied countries to victory
Germans surrendered and the war ended on November 11, 1918
Summary: Several assaults were planned, one of which a fake in order to make the Germans believe that an attack would come in Ypres. Canadian forces secretly went to the Drocourt-Queant Line which the Canadians took after a week of fighting. Next, they took the Canal du Nord, where British and Canadian soldiers would cross a 2500 meter dry section of the canal while distracting the Germans with a heavy barrage. It was a success, and the Hindenburg line was officially breached. By October 11th, Canada had reached the Canal de la Sensee and all the divisions actively fought against the Germans which eventually led to the Armistice treaty on November 11th. Canada fought to the very end, the last casualty dying just two minutes before the signing of the treaty as the German forces surrendered.
League of Nations
A group of the world powers, formed after the first World War at the Paris Peace conference in order to help deal with international issues early to avoid war. Proposed by Woodrow Wilson (USA) but didn’t join, leaving them virtually powerless
Failure:
The League of Nations followed policies of Appeasement and Non-Intervention. This means they would give into demands if it meant promises of peace, while also not intervening with military force. This led to many failures, such as the Munich Agreement, in which the League agreed to give Hitler the Sudetenland in exchange for peace.
Treaty of Versailles
On June 28, 1919, the victors met at the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, near Paris, and forced two Germans to agree to the terms of peace.
Germany and its allies were not allowed to send any delegates, and had no choice to accept whatever was decided.
The first 26 Articles of the Treaty set out the Covenant of the League of Nations; The rest of the 440 Articles detailed Germany’s punishment.
MAIN POINTS
Blame
War Guilt Clause- Germany required to accept Blame
Central Powers had to pay reparations of 132 billion gold marks
Germany completed its debt on October 3, 2010
Reparations
Army
Germany forbidden to have submarines or airforce
Navy limit of 6 battleships and army limit of 100,000 men
Germany not allowed troops in rhineland
Territory
Germany lost territory in France, colonies given to Britain and France(France gets back Alsace-Lorraine)
Germany forbidden to join league of nations or reunite with Austria
Schlieffen Plan
Was created by German General Alfred Von Schileffen in 1905 if Germany planned to attack France
Designed to prevent a war on 2 fronts
Take France in 6 weeks by flanking the Maginot through Belgium
Once France falls, move troops east to fight Russia
Belgium had a treaty with Britain
Britain objected when Germany invaded Belgium.
German generals altered the plan causing German troops to turn south towards Paris earlier than planned
German troops encountered both French troops moving out Paris and British from the Channel ports
Russia mobilized its troops very quickly and began to invade Germany from Russia
German advance was halted on the Marne River - both sides “dug in” extensive trench systems protected by artillery and machine guns
Internment Camps
1915 - Government sent around 9000 people to internment camps to do hard labor such as building roads, highways and working in the mines or clearing land
Camps for minorities considered to be illegal enemy aliens in Canada such as German, Ukrainian, and Japanese people. More than 8500 Ukrainian and German Canadians were sent into internment camps. The War Measures act allowed the government to do so.
Unit 2: 1919-1939 (Rishit)
Famous Five/Persons Case
Suffrage - The right to vote, especially in a political election
Magistrate - A civil officer responsible for administering law
Supreme Court - The highest court in Canada
British Privy Council - The highest court of appeal in the British Empire(including Canada at the time)
The Roaring Twenties - Who felt left out
Life was good for many Canadians(bought cars, dressed in latest fashions, enjoyed movies)
Wages were still low for many industrial workers(especially women and minority groups)
Many still believed women’s place was in the home few women enrolled in medical, law, engineering schools - those who did were called ‘unfeminine’
The beginnings of change
By the 1920s, many women refused to accept these limits anymore
Some changed their fashion(‘flappers’)
Some fought to achieve equal rights(‘activists’)
Although they could vote, they were still far from being equal to men
The Persons Case
In 1916, Emily Murphy became the first female magistrate(judge) in Canadian history
Women had been elected in the Alberta legislature within a year of getting the vote and Nellie McClung won a seat in Edmonton in 1921.
However, according to the BNA Act(1867) only “persons” could hold seats in a legislature or be a judge in a court of law. According to law, women were not considered at this time to be “persons” with respect to “rights” and “privileges”
Supreme Court Challenge
Murphy had an idea. The senate was filled with senators and they were “persons.” As a result, if a Canadian PM appointed her to the senate it would prove that she was a person too. Interesting logic!
Her request was rejected. However she read that 5, “concerned citizens” could request a Supreme court hearing on any point in the BNA Act so he launched a Supreme Court Challenge along with four other women. Hence, “Famous Five.”
The Famous Five
Emily Murphy: Judge
Henrietta Edwards: Co-founder of the National Council of Women
Nellie McCLung: Former member of the Alberta Legislature
Louise McKenny: Former member of the Alberta Legislature
Irene Parlby: Alberta Cabinet Minister
On April 28, 1928, the Supreme Court of Canada said “No.” Women were not “legally” persons under the law
However, the Famous Five rejected the Canadian Supreme court and went to London England to have their case heard by a higher court: The British Privy Council. In a landmark ruling the Council ruled that women were indeed “persons under the law”
This mean women would now hold non-elected positions Canada(ex. judges, senators) - a big step toward equality
Inventions
Insulin (1921): Discovered by Frederick Banting and Charles Best at the University of Toronto, insulin revolutionized the treatment of diabetes and saved millions of lives worldwide. It remains one of Canada's most significant medical contributions.
The Dionne Quintuplets (1934): Though born in 1934, the Dionne Quintuplets' birth was the result of medical advances and planning that began in the late 1920s. The quintuplets were the first known surviving set of five identical siblings, and their birth sparked worldwide attention and significant advances in child care and neonatal medicine.
Automobiles: The creation of the automobile was important because:
Grew and urbanized areas into suburbs and more accessible to rural communities. Dont have to live where you work.
Allow farmers to sell in more lucrative areas boosting the agricultural industry. Transportation of goods and services quicker
Social connectivity: Canada is a big place and car will help vroom vroom around it.
The Radio : Radio contributed to the globalization of communication and culture in Canada. Before radio, individual families (especially those in rural areas), were ignorant to many of the cultures and events going on around the world, with the only real source being a newspaper. When radio came along, it connected Canadians. Farmers could tap into the latest stories, families could gather around the radio for a radio dinner, the nation became united under common interests like hockey. The Radio became the nexus for further technologies that would connect the globe , allowing for the spread of new ideas and information to be spread at breakneck speeds.
Flappers
Young women who dressed and acted unconventionally. They had shorter hemlines, short haircuts, and had boyish looks in hair and dress.
Smoked, drank and used foul language.
Viewed as scandalous, wild, and immoral.
Were trying to make a social and fashion statement, being free from societal norms
Buying on Credit
Companies need to change from munitions to other industries
Require new machinery
Go into debt
Borrow from banks, sell bonds or offer shares on the stock markets
Investor speculation about continued growth drove shares up so borrow to purchase more shares
Consumers borrowing on credit to purchase high-ticket items (e.g., new appliances, cars, etc.)
Resulting in overspending
With downturn lenders looking for immediate repayment and people and institutions forced into bankruptcy
On-to-Ottawa Trek
In 1931 the B.C government established “relief camps” for single and unemployed men. In these work camps, usually located in the wilderness far away from settled areas.
Young men were employed building roads, airports, military bases and parks.
At first the pay was $2.00 a day
The real purpose of the camps was to hide the men in far-off areas, away from cities where they tended to organise and make “trouble” for the police and government
Conditions the camps were deplorable:
The food was often poor
Recreation Facilities were lacking
Tents and bunkhouses were often without stoves
Second blankets were rare
What the young men suffered most from was isolated from society.
The Federal government refused to negotiate with the strikers, despite the strong public support. At a huge organising meeting, strikers voted to take their complaints directly to parliament hill.
On June 3, 1935, the first group climbed on board the boxcars and left Vancouver. Others joined the trek in Kamloops, Field, Golden, Calgary and Moose Jaw.
Government Reaction
By the time the trekkers reached Regina, PM. Bennett decided it was time to put an end to this “insurrection”(meaning revolution).
The Canadian Pacific Railway(CPR) was ordered to ban the trekkers as “trespassers.”
The federal cabinet directed the RCMP to strengthen troops in Regina to disband the trekkers
Regina Riot
The RCMP and Regina city police, under orders from PM Bennett, attacked a public meeting of 3000 in support of the strikers
By the end of the evening of July 1, 1935, two dead, several hundred were injured, and thousands of dollars of property damage to downtown Regina
Effects of the Trek
The events helped to discredit Bennett Conservative government, and in 1935 federal election, his party went from holding 134 seats to just 39
After the Trek, the government provided free transportation as a peace sign back to the camps
The camps were soon dismantled and replaced by seasonal relief camps run by the provinces and that paid the men slightly more for their labour than earlier camps.
No employment Insurance
PM Bennett blamed for inability to end depression
Bennett Buggies - Cars pulled by horses
Bennett Boroughs - homeless communitie
Bennett Buggy/Bennett Blankets
The "Bennett buggy" was a car pulled by horses after its engine was removed, used during the Great Depression in Canada.
It emerged because people couldn’t afford gasoline or car repairs during economic hardship.
Named after Prime Minister R.B. Bennett, it became a symbol of the era's poverty and resourcefulness.
Bennett blankets were newspapers that homeless people would use as blankets, again nicknamed like this to mock the prime minister bennett.
Statute of Westminster
Allowed for handling of foreign of foreign affairs for Canada passed on December 11, 1931
Full Legislative Control: The Statute of Westminster granted Canada full legislative independence, meaning that Canada could now make its own laws, without needing approval from the British Parliament. This gave Canada greater autonomy in shaping its own legal and political landscape.
End of British Legislative Power: It marked the end of the British Parliament's authority to legislate for Canada. Canadian laws could no longer be overridden by the British Parliament, signaling a step toward full sovereignty.
Constitutional Flexibility: While the Statute allowed Canada to change its laws and constitution without British approval, it did not provide Canada with the ability to amend the Constitution itself. The power to change the Constitution was not fully transferred to Canada until the patriation of the Constitution in 1982.
Winnipeg General Strike
May 15-June 26, 1919
Returning soldiers wanted better rights from their employers
They Were angry about businesses making huge profits from the war.
Workers organised labour unions.
Business and government were concerned about the unions and compared it to the growth of Communism and the recent Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.
In Winnipeg, 35,000 workers went on strike, which shut down the entire city because essential workers joined together in solidarity.
Strike lasted for 2 months before the government stepped in and ordered the leaders arrested.
Bloody Saturday(June 21st) - Workers protested the arrest of their leaders
Riot Act was read and the Police charged the crowd injuring 30 and killing two
Ultimately, the incident divided the country between workers and employers.
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929
Stock Market crashed
Blamed as the cause of the Great Depression(immediate cause)
16 million shares(portions of company ownership publicly bought and sold) sold on the NYSEValues of shares dropped $30 billion
1000’s lost their entire life savings
Ruined bankers and investors leapt out of NY skyscrapers.
Unit 4: 1933-1945 (Daddy)
TIMELINE OF IMPORTANT DATES WW2
Before War
1933 - By Refusal of Reparations
1935 - German rearmament
September 10, 1935 - Nuremberg Laws
March 7, 1936 - Rhineland remilitarized
March 12, 1938 - Anschluss
September 30, 1938 - Sudetenland/Munich Agreement
March 15, 1939 - German army walks into rest of Czechoslovakia
August 23, 1939 - Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (Non-aggression pact)
Start of War
September 1, 1939- Germany invaded Poland(<1 month) by overwhelming their defenses
September 3, 1939- France and Britain declare war on Germany
September 10, 1939- Canada declares war
September 17, 1939-the Soviet Union invades Poland
September 27, 1939-Poland surrenders, Germans and Soviets divide up Poland.
April 9, 1940 - Germany invades Denmark and Norway
May 10, 1940 - Battle of France and invasion of Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
May, 26-June, 4 1940 - Dunkirk
June 13, 1940- Paris was taken
June 25, 1940- France surrenders
Battle of Atlantic - 1939 -1945
Battle of Britain - August 1940 - October 1940
August 24, 1940 - Bombs on Residential London
September 7-15, 1940 - London Blitz
September 15, 1940 - Luftwaffe loses battle against RAF
Middle of War
Pearl Harbour - December 7, 1941
Battle of Hong Kong - Dec 8 - Dec 25, 1941
Operation Barbarossa - June 22, 1941
Battle of Stalingrad - July 17, 1942 - February 2, 1943
Raid on Dieppe - August 19, 1942
Battle of Ortona - December 20-28, 1943
End of War
D-DAY and Battle of Normandy - June 6 - Aug 30, 1944
Battle of the Scheldt - Oct 2 - Nov 8, 1944
Battle of the Bulge - December 16, 1944
Hitler and Mistress Suicide - April 30, 1945
Victory in Europe Day (V-E day) - 8 May, 1945
August 6, 1945 on Hiroshima - Little Boy Bomb - 8:15am
August 9, 1945 on Nagasaki - Fat Man Bomb - 11:02am
Victory over Japan Day (V-J day) - August 15, 1945
William Lyon Mackenzie King
Canada PM - William Lyon Mackenzie King - Leader of Liberal Party
Canada declared war on Germany on September 10, 1939 on their own independent will, 7 days after Britain.
Britain, France and Canada maintain official non-intervention policy had maintained a policy of non-intervention until the German invasion of Poland
King refused to any trade or military action against Mussolini because scared of war
King also feared that if another war were to happen there would be another conscription crisis causing a civil war in Canada between both English and French Canadians.
Countries like Canada did join the League and promised to stop any aggressors. They planned to use a trade boycott as the threat to discourage aggression.
However, enough was enough with the German invasion of Poland and Canada declared war on Germany.
Women’s Contributions
As WW2 was a much more mechanized and technological conflict than of WW1, factories were forced into overdrive to produce the machinery required for the war effort.
Services were created for financing, establishing and managing childcare in Ontario and Quebec. To encourage more working women, the government offered tax breaks. By 1944, there were over 1 million women in canada’s workforce
Around 50,000 Canadian women enlisted and by 1942 they were directly involved with the war in three service groups. These were the
Canadian Women’s Auxiliary Air Force (CWAAF),
Canadian Women’s Army Corps (CWAC)
Women’s Royal Canadian Naval Services (WRCNS).
Women were not allowed to fight officially but they felt a new sense of equality in their motto “Shoulder to shoulder”.
The service of Canadian women was crucial to the war effort in countless ways. The workforce relied on over 1 million women to handle the amount of machinery and equipment needed for the war. Furthermore, 50,000 enlisted and were directly involved in war zones. In addition, some women were used in espionage roles and parachuted into France to assist underground war activities. Women were in both traditional and non-traditional roles from administration to fire fighters in the Battle Of Britain
All in all, the contribution of women cannot be overlooked when reviewing WW2
Elsie MacGill
Born in 1905 in Vancouver, she became Canada’s first female Electrical Engineer and the world’s first woman aircraft designer.
Despite overcoming polio, she excelled in aeronautical engineering, leading the production of Hawker Hurricanes during World War II.
Elsie’s achievements extended beyond engineering; she championed women’s rights as part of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women.
Her career earned her numerous honors, including the Order of Canada.
Canadian Battles
Hong Kong
When and where it happened:
The battle of Hong Kong occured from Dec 8 - Dec 25, 1941 after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. A day after the Japanese attacked the American naval base at Pearl harbour they began their invasion of Hong Kong.
Who was involved?
The main belligerents of the war were the United Kingdom, India, Hong Kong, China, Canada against the Empire of Japan. The 2 Canadian battalions that were dispatched; the Winnipeg Grenadiers and the Royal Rifles of Canada, were undertrained and were expected to fill in for garrison duty.
What happened (give 2-3 details):
In order to provide support for Britain in the war without causing another conscription crisis, King sent 2000 Canadian troops from Quebec City and Winnipeg to reinforce the quiet British positions at Hong Kong. When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec 7 1941, the Japanese followed up the attack 7 hours later with an assault on Hong Kong. The underfed and under armed Canadians were no match for their superior artillery and manpower. However, despite facing terrible odds, the Canadians still fought on until the battle’s end on Dec 25. The Battle of Hong Kong was Canada's first battle in WW1, and set the standard for Canadian bravery and formidability for the rest of the war.
Significance (why is it important to Canada and/or Canadians?):
The Battle of Hong Kong is important for Canada because it is the first battle Canada participated in during WW2. It involved Canadian soldiers facing impossible odds, and still fighting until complete capitulation. The Battle of Hong Kong set the standard for Canadian prowess in WW2, and gave the nation many heroes to admire.
Dieppe
The raid of Dieppe occurred on the morning of August 19, 1942.
Dieppe was a coastal French city that was being held by the Germans
This was to be a Canadian operation
The first attempted landing on western europe since the loss of Dunkirk
Of the 5000 Canadian troops sent to Dieppe, 900 canadian soldiers were killed and 2000 taken prison
Lesson learned to be used on D-day
Canadian and British troops were sent to the French coast at Dieppe to test the German forces
They wanted to establish whether an attack from the sea was possible
Reasons to invade Dieppe(P.S.S.T)
Public opinion - commonwealth was enraged at the falling of hong kong
Soviet union - providing relief from russia
Soldiers - Restless from no activity
Tested German coastal defenses - plan full scale invasion
The Plan
Surprise the Germans in the middle of the dark night
A series of unfortunate Events:
A chance encounter with a small German convoy at 3AM warned the Germans of a pending raid(the surprise element was gone)
The Canadians and British were able to fight off the convoy but this delayed their timing meaning they arrived at dawn
Tanks that were supposed to lead the way were stalled on the beach.
The bombers to destroy the German fortifications before the Allies landed were delayed.
The beach was fortified by the Germans who had totalled approximately 1,500 men not including the airforce and navy.
What happened (give 2-3 details):
The battle of Dieppe was a catastrophic failure disguised as a learning experience. On the morning of August 19, 1942, 237 Allied ships reached Dieppe. When Allied troops arrived on the beaches they were gunned down by the Germans who had seen them as it was now light out. The Allies were planning to use the element of surprise but to their misfortune they were spotted and delayed by a German convoy at 03:00 giving time for the Germans to prepare. This resulted in heavy resistance with 916 Canadian soldiers killed, 2000 taken prisoner and additional casualties on the Allies side. Only 2,211 troops made it back to England.
Significance (why is it important to Canada and/or Canadians?):
The battle of Dieppe was a massive failure which was told to the public as a learning experience. However, when the recorded losses of the Dieppe raid became known to the public they were shocked. The nation of Canada went into mourning for the hundreds of young men who died in this poorly executed attempt at a landing. However, despite it being a failure on paper, the Allies were able to gain valuable intelligence regarding German fortifications which would be used in the planning of D-Day.
Ortona
When and where it happened:
The battle of Ortona occured from December 20 - 28, 1943 in the city of Ortona, Italy. Although the battle was taking place in Italy the main sides were Canadian and German forces. the Loyal Edmonton Regiment and the Seaforth Highlanders were assisted by tanks of the Third Rivers Regiment were up against the German 1st Parachute Division.
What happened (give 2-3 details):
Around 93 000 Canadians served in Italy in World War Two, eventually leading to the Battle of Ortona in 1943, in which the Germans blew up houses in order to dig deep fighting positions. The Germans began to prepare their defense on Ortona on December 12th. The Canadians had no training in street fighting which they had to confront in the city. The Loyal Edmonton Regiment’s “D” Company was cut apart trying to fight its way into Ortona. Its 60 men were reduced to 17 in minutes. However, the survivors were able to establish a foothold on the outskirts of the city and were reinforced by other battalions. The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada and tanks of the Three Rivers Regiment. These 2 infantry and 1 tank battalion fought their way through Ortona in deadly street fighting. The battle was named “Little Stalingrad” because of the similarities in the deadly defense of the cities in intense struggle. Then on December 28 it was discovered that the German paratroopers had quietly retreated and they surrendered the city to the Canadians.
Significance (why is it important to Canada and/or Canadians?):
This battle was a complete victory for the Canadian forces, and the Canadian forces alone. In the month of December alone, 502 Canadian soldiers were killed in Italy. It helped advance the allied forces in Italy. The strategic importance was the result of Ortona being one of Italy’s few usable deep water ports on the east coast and was needed to dock Allied ships and shorten supply lines.
D-Day
Where it happened
The Battle of Normandy occured in the region of Normandy, France which was located in the north-west coast of the country. There were 5 main beaches for the landings which were Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno and Sword.
Who was involved?
The Allies called up soldiers from countless countries but the main combatants on the side of Allies were the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. They were up against Hitler’s Atlantic Wall with countless German divisions tirelessly defending the coast.
What happened (give 2-3 details):
D-Day was to be the largest naval invasion in history with planning taking months and deception tactics leading Hitler to believe that the Allies were to land in Calais region instead. On midnight of June 5, the paratroopers were dropped in a chaotic operation to take control of key bridges and locations to prevent German reinforcements from arriving. Then the 150,000 Allied troops landed in Normandy. The Americans at Utah and Omaha beach, the British at Gold and Sword and the Canadians at Juno. Casualties were massive on both sides but the Allies were able to successfully take control of the beaches to allow for reinforcements to arrive and push the Germans back. D-Day was just the first day with the Battle of Normandy taking 12 weeks in total which would allow the Allies to liberate France and soon enter mainland Germany.
Significance (why is it important to Canada and/or Canadians?):
The invasion of Normandy is known as one of the most significant events during WW2 not only because of the strategic advantage it provided but also because of the significance for the countries involved. For the Canadians in particular, their liberation of Juno Beach is vital not only because of the 1000 casualties sustained but because of what it meant to Canada. It gave pride to Canadians and showed the entire world the determination and strength of our country.
Liberation of Northern Europe
The Battle of Scheldt
When it happened:
The battle of the Scheldt occured from October 2nd to November 8th in 1944 and was part of the greater liberation of Western Europe during the closing stages of the war.
Where it happened
The military operation was to take place through the regions of northern Belgium and southwestern Netherlands. The Scheldt river needed to be cleared of German troops as the British had liberated the Belgian port of Antwerp on September 3. In order for the Allies to land supplies in Antwerp they needed access to the Scheldt river which connected the port to the sea.
Who was involved?
The main combatants of the battle were the First Canadian Army and opposing German forces. Furthermore, on November 3, 1944 the 52nd British division was attached to the First Canadian Army as General Montogomery had stated his main intention was to clear the Scheldt.
What happened (give 2-3 details):
The Allies had done tremendous work in the invasion of Normandy and liberating northern France from Allied rule. However, winter was approaching and they would need more stable supply routes rather than stretching their lines from Normandy. Fortunately, the British had liberated the strategic Belgian port of Antwerp. This would allow Allies to improve their supply lines and efficiently liberate western Europe. However, to land supplies at the port they would need to liberate the Scheldt river as the city was 80 km inland with the river connecting it to the sea. The Germans had controlled both ends of the river and the Canadians were tasked with clearing out the area. Lieutenant General Guy Simonds was to head the operation and he faced a monumental task. Much of the terrain was flooded as it was below sea-level and the landscape was flat. In addition, armoured vehicles were getting stuck in the mud and the exposed roads gave the Germans the clear advantage. Casualties were heavy particularly on October 13th when the Black Watch regiment was obliterated losing 145 men and all its commanding officers. But with the aid of the 52nd British division they were able to clear much of the area by November 3 and the exhausted Canadians were pulled out and replaced by fresher British troops.
Significance (why is it important to Canada and/or Canadians?):
The Battle of the Scheldt was a crucial Allied victory as it gave them access to the strategic river allowing them to land supplies in Antwerp. This would fuel the liberation of Europe and eventually lead to German defeat. Furthermore, 41,000 German soldiers were captured in the process at the cost of 13,000 Allied casualties with almost half being Canadians. This battle was costly for the Canadians but continued to establish themselves as a serious military force with brave fighters in the dirty task of clearing the Scheldt river.
The Battle of the Bulge
The Germans launched the Ardennes Offensive otherwise known as the Battle of the Bulge on December 16, 1944.
The powerful German armies plunged into the mountainous and forestry terrain of the Ardennes region.
The goal of the Germans was to reach the sea and trap 4 Allied armies to force a negotiated peace on the Western front.
Once again manpower was thin on the Ardennes as it seem unlikely due to the terrain
The Germans had total surprise, however, the American troops defend valiantly and assisted by reinforcements they stopped the german advance,
Outcome
German losses were critical with the last of the German reserves being depleted
The Luftwaffe had been broken
The German army had been decimated on both sides and they were in total retreat
Juno
D-Day Landing: On June 6, 1944, Canadian forces led the assault on Juno Beach as part of the Allied invasion of Normandy, facing intense German resistance but securing key positions.
Military Achievement: The Canadians advanced farther inland than any other Allied force on D-Day, showcasing their strength, strategy, and determination in a pivotal operation.
Significance: The success at Juno Beach was a turning point in the war, helping to liberate Europe from Nazi control, and it cemented Canada's reputation as a capable and committed military power on the global stage.
Holocaust & Final Solution
Holocaust
HOLOCAUST (Heb., sho'ah) which originally meant a sacrifice totally burned by fire
The Holocaust was the systematic annihilation of six million Jews by the Nazis during World War 2.
In 1933 nine million Jews lived in the 21 countries of Europe that would be militarily occupied by Germany during the war.
By 1945 two out of every three European Jews had been killed.
Jewish population in Europe, 1933: 9,508,340
Estimated Jewish survivors of Holocaust: 3,546,211
The Nazis believed that Germans were “racially superior”
Jews, Roma(Gypsies) and the handicapped were seen as a serious biological threat to the purity of the “German(Aryan) Race” that had to be “exterminated.”
The Nazis blamed the Jews for German defeat in WW1, economic problems and the spread of Communism.
Why were Jewish people blamed?
There were around 500,000 Jewish people living in Germany which was less than 1% of the total German population in 1933. They were the main target of Nazi hatred.
Nazis wrongly identified Jews as a race and defined them as “inferior.”
Propaganda was spread throughout the country that blamed the Jews for Germany’s economic depression and the country’s defeat.
After the First World War hundreds of Jews were blamed for the defeat in the War. Prejudice against the Jews grew during the economic depression which followed. Many Germans were poor and unemployed and wanted someone to blame. They turned on the Jews, many of whom were rich and successful in business
Jewish People Timeline
S.S.C.E
Stripping of Rights
German citizenship taken away
Fired from jobs and businesses boycotted
Banned from German schools and universities
Marriages between Jews and Aryans forbidden
They were forced to carry ID cards
Passports stamped with “J”
Forced to wear the armband of the Yellow “Star of David”
Jewish synagogues destroyed
Forced to pay reparations and a special income tax.
Segregation
Ghettos
They were forced to live in areas called ghettos to isolate them from society
356 ghettos were established in Poland, USSR, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Hungary during WW2
Ghettos were filthy and filled with poor sanitation
Disease was rampant and many starved to death
Warsaw was the largest ghetto with 400,000 people in just 3.4km2.
Concentration Camps
Nazis’ systematic oppression and eventual mass murder of Nazi enemies(Jews, Communists, homosexuals, opponents)
Slave labour
Prisoners were starved
Prisoners were transported in cattle freight cars
Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient transportation
Life in the Camps
Possessions were confiscated
Heads were shaved
Arms were tattooed
Prison uniforms
Men, women and children were separated
Survival based on trade skills/physical strength
Unsanitary disease ridden and lice infested barracks
Inhumane medical experiments
Extermination
Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) had began killing operations aimed at entire Jewish communities in the 1930s
DEATH FACTORIES: Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the singular function of mass murder
Euthanasia program: Nazi policy to eliminate “life unworthy of life” (mentally or physically challenged) to promote Aryan “racial integrity”
THE FINAL SOLUTION
Official policy created after the Wannsee Conference held on January 20, 1942 in Berlin made by 15 high ranking Nazis
Called for the complete extermination of Jews as well as other groups
-Six major Death Camps were established in Poland: Treblinka, Belzec, Chelmno, Sobibor, Maidanek, and Auschwitz. -Massive killings were executed through Gas Chambers and Crematoria.
3.25 million Polish Jews in 1939 and only 250,000 alive in 1945.
It is estimated that before the “Final Solution” there were 9 Million Jews living in Europe. 6 Million were killed during the Holocaust.
The Three Solutions
THE FIRST SOLUTION(1933-1939)
Voluntary emigration to force Jews to emigrate by making life difficult in Germany
Stripping of rights
THE SECOND SOLUTION(1939-1942)
Forced expulsion and ghettoization
As the Nazis expanded they encountered more Jews and a new plan was created
By the end of 1940, Millions of Jews were isolated in ghettos throughout Poland.
THE FINAL SOLUTION(1942-1945)
Extermination of Jews
The number of Jews in ghettos was increasing and the Nazis created a final plan of action to solve the “Jewish problem”
Wannsee Conference on January 20, 1942 decided to systematically execute the Jewish population in a death camp system
These camps were disguised as Labour Camps/Jewish settlements to not cause suspicion
Canada’s treatment of Japanese(IPDFD)
Internment and Relocation: Over 22,000 Japanese Canadians were forcibly removed from their homes on the west coast in 1942 and sent to internment camps in remote areas, often in harsh conditions.
Property Seizure: The government confiscated their homes, businesses, and possessions, selling them without fair compensation, leaving many families financially devastated.
Discrimination: Labeled "enemy aliens," Japanese Canadians lost their rights, including the ability to vote, and faced widespread racism and curfews.
Family Separation: Many families were split apart, with men sent to labor camps and women and children relocated to other internment sites.
Delayed Apology: Even after the war, restrictions remained until 1949, and a formal apology with financial redress only came in 1988.
Unit 5: 1945-Present(Papa)
Canadian Prime Ministers 1945-2000
Louis St. Laurent - 1948-1957 - Liberal
John Diefenbaker - 1957-1963 - Conservative
Lester B. Pearson - 1963-1968 - Liberal
Pierre Trudeau - 1968-1979 and 1980-1984 - Liberal
Brian Mulroney 1984-1993 - Conservative
Pierre Trudeau
PM of Canada from (1968-79 and 1980-84) - Liberal
He was a young leader who appealed to younger people and those who wanted social change. He knew what to say and when to say it, while also wearing clothing that fit his time period, also wearing sandals.
Led to trudeaumania where he would be mobbed similar to celebrities
Wanted Canada as a united nation
Opposed to giving Quebec more power than other provinces
Changed moral outlook on divorce and homosexuality (the state does not belong in the bedrooms of the nation)
Political Beliefs:
Believed in freedom for the individual
Reason over emotion, despising nationalism like the Quebec nationalists
Citizens must be involved to protect their individual freedoms and limit corruptions
He believed that French-Canadian Quebeckers could not identify with Canada as a whole, so he made Canada a bilingual nation in 1969, with the official languages act, making all government documents required to be published in English and French.
English Canadians were opposed to it, however it was believed that it was needed for the French language to survive in Canada
Lester B. Pearson
PM of Canada from (1963-68) - Liberal
He was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his actions in creating a UN peacekeeping force during the Suez Crisis.
During his time in power he championed global peaceful relations.
He is also famous for adopting our
Modern flag
Canada's Pension Plan
Universal Medicare system.
1972 Summit Series
Canada vs USSR hockey match in September, 1972
Democracy vs Communism
Was created for a true best-on-best competition in hockey
Nationalism in both countries
Games
In Canada
USSR
Canada
Tie
USSR
In USSR
USSR
Canada
Canada
Canada
With 34 seconds to go Paul Henderson scores the winner in game 8
The goal is often referred to as the "Goal of the Century" and remains a defining moment in Canadian sports history, symbolizing national pride and the country's deep connection to hockey.
Quiet Revolution
Between 1960 and 1966, Jean Lesage was elected Premier of Quebec. His party’s slogan was “Masters in our own House”. He wanted to:
Bring privately owned power companies under direct control of the Quebec government
Bring Quebec into the modern industrial world
Restructure of the province’s education system
Create a department of cultural affairs to promote Quebec culture
Although he did not want separatism, Lesage promoted greater Quebec autonomy.
Ultimately, he lost the 1966 election because some believed that his ideas were too costly (taxes gone up) and they didn’t go far enough.
October Crisis and War Measures Act
October 1970, the Front de Liberation du Quebec (created 1963), a terrorist organization focused on separatism, kidnaps British diplomat James Cross and Premier deputy of Quebec Pierre Laporte in order to bring attention to their cause.
Pierre Trudeau imposed the War Measures Act, suspending civil rights in Quebec.
Cross was released and Laporte murdered
NAFTA
1989
North American Free Trade Agreement came into effect which was negotiated between George Bush and Brian Mulroney
Mexico joins in 1990
Opened access to the markets of the 3 countries
Dropped cross-border tariffs
Dealt with other trade concerns(energy, people, investment)
2018
Re-negotiated after U.S. threatened to leaved
Renamed USMCA and ratified in 2020
Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accord, Elijah Harper
Meech Lake Accord
PM Brian Mulroney tried to bring in Quebec with the Meech lake Accord
Signed by premier in 1987 designed to bring Quebec into 1982 constitution
Give Quebec the constitutional status of “distinct society”
Quebec can promote and preserve its distinct society while other provinces could only preserve characteristics
Accord failed when Manitoba, New Brunswick and Newfoundland failed to ratify
Elijah Harper
He was a cree politician and member of the Manitoba legislature
Led to the Manitoba denial of the Accord which fell apart in 1990
The Charlottetown Accord(ASNC)
October 26, 1992
Another attempt in 1992 to make Quebec sign the constitution, proposing huge changes to the constitution:
Aboriginal self government
Senate reform
New division of federal-provincial powers and a social and economic union that defined Canada’s commitment to programs like universal health care, workers rights etc.
Included “Canada Clause” which set the principles and values on which the country.
Included the statement that recognized Quebec as a distinct society.
It was defeated after a vote was held, as many thought it gave too much to Quebec and too little for other regions.
FLQ (Front de Libération du Québec)
FLQ terrorist group in Quebec formed in 1963
Terrorists aiming for a separate Queebc
Bombing campaigns placing bombs in mailboxes and federal property
Started October Crisis in 1970
Suez Canal Crisis
(1956) Britain and France built the canal through Egyptian territory and continued to control the canal.
1956 the Egyptian government seized the canal, leading British and French troops to retake the canal
USSR backed Egypt up and threatened to attack Britain and France
Almost another big war
Lester Pearson suggested the United Nations send an emergency force to keep peace in Egypt while a political settlement was worked out.
He got a Nobel Peace Prize for this.
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
NATO was formed in 1949 with ten European countries in order to defend Europe and the North Atlantic while also increasing trade.
The 1955 Warsaw Pact was formed as NATO was seen as a threat, and they agreed to defend one another.
1948 the Cold War began which was a new form of war, which involved a bitter rivalry between the United states and its democratic friends and the Soviet Union and its communist allies.
No real war was declared, but hostilities between the groups grew.
Called cold because the war was never officially between two nations
Conflicts because of the war:
Korean War (1950 - 53)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Vietnam War (1965 - 75)
Nuclear arms race between USA and Soviet Union
Avro Arrow
Avrow Arrow(CF-105) developed by A.V Roe of Canada in 1949 till 1959
Made to counter Soviet bombers and was encouraged by RCAF officials, defense scientists and defense-industry officials.
By December 1953 2 prototype airframes were created in anticipation of 600 aircraft being $2m each.
Engine and other things meant cost rose to $12.5m each
Doubts rose as costs rose and order shrunk to 100
October, 1958, the new conservative government terminated Canadian fire control and missile development and renewed efforts to sell the aircraft to U.S
U.S promoted Bomarc missiles and the creation of U.S.S.R ICBMS meant that the Avro Arrow was useless
Cancelled on Feb 20, 1959 and all plans/prototypes were destroyed
Canadian scientists and engineers went to the U.S meaning Canada had to rely on America for interceptor aircraft.
NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command)
Air defense system for Canada and USA
Located in Arctic
Designed to alert of possible Soviet attacks
D.E.W(Distance Early Warning Line) was the earliest warning system in the defense agreement
US provided 80% of personnel and agreement
Three lines in Canada:
Northern Canada
Central Canada east-west
Canadian U.S border
Baby Boom(1946-1964)
The return of many soldiers meant many babies being conceived
Many lonely soldiers
Was the largest generation in Canada until 2023
Teenagers:
People in their teens were expected to be adults but 50s teens stayed in school and could act like kids
Teens had time and money and so they rebelled against society, developing their own culture
Rock n’ Roll music was part of youth culture = upset adults
Rene Levesque
Leader of the Parti Quebecois and his party was elected in 1976
Wanted free Quebec through political means
In 1977, Bill 101 the French Language Law was passed in Quebec.
Under the Bill:
French was the only official language in Quebec, all signs in the province had to be French and most students had to be educated in French.
Quebec Separatism
On May 20, 1980 the first referendum on separatism was held in Québec. If successful, Levesque would have a mandate to negotiate a new relationship between Canada and Quebec.
Sovereignty Association: Politically independent but economically connected to Canada.
After a bitter campaign the separatists lost the 1980 referendum.
In response to the unrest in Quebec, in 1982 Pierre Trudeau repatriated Canada’s constitution. The new constitution contained:
The BNA Act
A Charter of Rights and Freedoms
An Amending Formula for Future Constitutional Changes
Tommy Douglas
Premier of Saskatchewan in 1944
He is known as the Father of Medicare and(PMGF):
Paved roads
Made sewage systems
Gave power to the farmers
First to offer Car Insurance in Canada
Douglas was a man with many great ideas that helped many Canadians receive services that are taken for granted today
He is most known and will be remembered for his introduction of National Medicare which passed in 1968 under the Liberal Pearson government
Louis St. Laurent
Prime Minister of Canada: Louis St. Laurent served as Canada’s 12th Prime Minister from 1948 to 1957, leading the country through a period of post-war prosperity and growth.
Contributions: He played a key role in expanding social programs, including health care and pensions.
Legacy: St. Laurent strengthened Canada’s position on the world stage, contributing to NATO’s creation and supporting the United Nations during the early Cold War era.
St. Lawrence Seaway
The Trans-Canada Highway
The Trans Continental Pipeline
Viola Desmond
Viola Desmond was an African Canadian woman who became a symbol for the rights of black people in Canada.
She was arrested and charged for sitting in a segregated area for white people and also with tax fraud for paying one cent less for her seat.
On the $10 bill
Bill 101
In 1977, Bill 101 the French Language Law was passed in Quebec. Under the Bill:
French was the only official language in Quebec, all signs in the province had to be French and most students had to be educated in French.
The New Flag
Political Debate: The decision to change the Canadian flag sparked intense political debate in the 1960s, with some favoring a new, uniquely Canadian symbol, while others, particularly conservatives, opposed abandoning the traditional Red Ensign tied to British heritage.
Liberal Leadership: Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson championed the flag change as part of his vision for a more independent and unified Canada, overcoming political resistance to solidify his government's legacy in shaping modern Canadian identity.
Changed in 1965
Canadian Bill of Rights
The Canadian Bill of Rights was enacted in 1960 by Prime Minister John Diefenbaker to protect fundamental rights like freedom of speech and religion, and prevent discrimination.
However, it only applied to federal laws and could be overridden by Parliament, limiting its impact. In 1982, it was replaced by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which offered broader, constitutional protections.
Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Created by Pierre Trudea’s Liberal government(ELFELQ)
Enacted in 1982: The Charter became part of Canada's Constitution, guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms for all Canadians.
Legal Rights: It includes rights related to legal matters, such as the right to a fair trial, protection from unreasonable searches, and protection against arbitrary detention.
Fundamental Freedoms: The Charter protects freedoms such as freedom of thought, expression, assembly, and association, as well as freedom of religion.
Equality Rights: The Charter ensures protection against discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, sex, age, or mental or physical disability.
Language Rights: The Charter guarantees the right to use English or French in communications with federal government institutions, ensuring bilingual services in federal matters.
Quebec's Distinct Status: Quebec has a unique relationship with the Charter, as it did not initially sign the 1982 Constitution Act but later accepted it.
Canada-US relations
NORAD
Avro Arrow
NAFTA
St Lawrence Seaway
In the 1950s, the US and Canada constructed the St Lawrence Seaway
Cultural Ties
U.S tries to dominate Canadian culture
Cable and Satellite T.V allows us to watch U.S content
The CRTC requires 30% of radio and TV programming to be Canadian
Canadian made content gets money in government grants
About 10% of US entertainment industry is Canadian
American industries want controls of cultural protection to be lifted to sell more, this would be bad for new Canadian entertainers.
John Diefenbaker(CICI)
Prime Minister (1957-1963): Diefenbaker was the 13th Prime Minister of Canada, leading the Progressive Conservative Party.
Canadian Bill of Rights: He introduced the Canadian Bill of Rights in 1960 to protect fundamental freedoms.
Indigenous Rights: Diefenbaker granted Canadian citizenship to Indigenous peoples in 1960.
Cold War Politics & BOMARC Missiles: During his leadership, Diefenbaker allowed the U.S. to deploy BOMARC missiles in Canada as part of NATO's defense strategy.
However, he later rejected the U.S. request to arm the missiles with nuclear warheads, causing tensions with the U.S.
Legacy: His leadership faced challenges, including the cancellation of the Avro Arrow, which led to his loss in the 1963 election.
Inclusive Immigration: Diefenbaker ended the discriminatory "White Canada" immigration policy and promoted a more inclusive approach, encouraging immigration from a wider range of countries.
Cold War (What was Canada fearful of?)
The Cold War: By 1948, a new type of war, the COLD WAR, had come into existence. The Cold War involved a bitter rivalry between the United States and its democratic friends (Western
Europe and Canada) and the Soviet Union and its communist allies.
While no war was actually declared, hostilities between the two opposing groups were severe. These hostilities were expressed in arguments, threats (Korea, Cuban Missile Crisis, etc.,),
An arms race (buildup of nuclear weapons on both sides) and actions intended to undermine and frustrate (espionage – spying: see Igor Gouzenko) the opposing sides.
Throughout this period there was always the fear that the Cold War would become a hot war (open conflict between both sides).
Events like the Korean War (1950 - 1953), the Suez Crisis (1956), the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), Vietnam (1960’s-1970’s) and the USSR invasion of Afghanistan (1980’s) threatened to bring the world to the brink of Nuclear war.
Red Scare:
The western world feared the Soviets and spread communism in their nations because....
Communism is equated with the fear of losing individualism and unique identity
Aspect of sharing wealth so that everyone is the same was seen as a negative ideology
Igor Gouzenko Affair:
Worked at Soviet embassy in Ottawa (as a spy)
Found out in 1945 that he and his family were going to be sent back to Russia
Turned himself in and alerted North America of a Soviet spy ring
Canadian government did not believe him until he was almost forcefully sent back to Russia
Took documents proving spy ring to Canadian government
Undercovered Soviet Spy Network in North America
Constitution Act 1982 (who did not sign?)
Pierre Trudeau repatriating the constitution in 1982
The new constitution contained:
The BNA Act
Charter of RIghts and Freedoms
Amending Formula for future constitutional changes
Night of Long Knives
All night session
Fierce Negotiations
9/10 Premiers agreed to sign
Rene Levesque refused because he felt Quebec were left out of negotiations
Korean War (why did the West get involved?)
During WWII, Korea was under Japanese control. After WWII, Korea was split (at the 38th parallel) similar to Germany.
The North was supported by Communist USSR & China
The South was supported by Democratic USA
Both sides wanted a united country, but under their own rule
In June 1950, communist North Korea invaded South Korea
United Nations’ forces (i.e. Canada) got involved to help stop Communism from expanding in Korea
USA almost attacked China because of their support of communist forces
The Atomic Bomb was almost used again!
Borders were created, creating TWO nations; North Korea is still communist & South Korea is democratic
West got involved to contain communism and under the banner of the United Nations who called for military assistance and condemned the attack