ess topic 5!!!

5.1 Introduction to Soil Systems

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5.1.1 Composition of Soil

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Mineral particles: Sand, silt, clay

Nutrients:​N,K,P​

Organic material, water, air

Living organisms

5.1.2 Soil Profile

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Horizon O: Organic matter

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Describe Horizon O composition

Describe Horizon O formation

Horizon A: Mineral soil with organic matter

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Describe Horizon A composition

Describe Horizon A leaching

Horizon B: Accumulation of minerals

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Describe Horizon B composition

Describe Horizon B accumulation

Horizon C: Large unbroken rocks

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Describe Horizon C composition

Describe Horizon C accumulation

Horizon R: Parent rock

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Describe Horizon R composition

Describe Horizon R weathering

5.1.3 Ecosystem Services Provided by Soil

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Medium for plant growth

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Explain how soil supports plants

Storage of freshwater

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Explain soil and water storage

Filtration for water quality

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Explain soil and water filtration

Nutrient recycling through decomposition

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Describe nutrient recycling

Habitat for microorganisms and animals

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Explain soil as a habitat

Source of raw materials

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List raw materials from soil

5.1.4 Definitions

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Eluviation

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Define Eluviation

Describe Eluviation Processes

Illuviation

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Define Illuviation

Describe Illuviation Processes

5.1.5 Soil as an Ecosystem

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Inputs to the soil system

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Describe inputs to soil

Outputs from the soil system

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Describe outputs from soil

Storages within the soil system

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Describe storages within soil

Flows within the soil system

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Describe flows within soil

5.1.6 Key Words Review

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Soil Profile: Definition

Soil Horizon: Definition

Leaching: Definition

Eluviation: Definition

Salinisation: Definition

5.1.7 Assessment Review

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Draw and label a soil profile

Explain eluviation and illuviation

Describe ecosystem services of soil

5.2 Terrestrial Food Production Systems

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5.2.1 Types of Farming

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Subsistence Farming

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Define subsistence farming

Example: Slash and burn (Peru)

Commercial Farming

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Define commercial farming

Example: Intensive beef (Argentina)

Intensive Farming

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Define intensive farming

Example: Greenhouse vegetables

Extensive Farming

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Define extensive farming

Example: Cattle in East Africa

Pastoral Farming

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Define pastoral farming

Example: Sheep farming (Australia)

Arable Farming

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Define arable farming

Example: Rice farming (Ganges)

5.2.2 Agribusiness

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Definition of agribusiness

Scale and integration in agribusiness

5.2.3 Monoculture

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Definition of monoculture

Impacts of monoculture farming

5.2.4 Factors Influencing Sustainability

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Climate

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Explain climate's influence

Soil quality

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Explain soil's influence

Water availability

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Explain water's influence

Pest and disease control

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Explain pest control influence

Socio-economic factors

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Explain socio-economics influence

Political policies

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Explain policies' influence

Technological advancements

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Explain technology's influence

5.2.5 Key Word Review

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Subsistence: Definition

Commercial: Definition

Extensive: Definition

Intensive: Definition

Agribusiness: Definition

Sustainability: Definition

Monoculture: Definition

5.2.6 Assessment Review

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Compare subsistence and commercial farming

Discuss sustainability factors

5.3 Soil Degradation & Conservation

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5.3.1 Soil Formation Through Succession

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Weathering of parent rock

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Explain weathering importance

Accumulation of organic matter

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Explain accumulation importance

Development of soil horizons

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Explain horizon development

Increase in soil fertility

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Explain fertility's relationship

5.3.2 Human Activities Leading to Soil Degradation

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Overgrazing

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Explain overgrazing effects

Overcropping

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Explain overcropping effects

Deforestation

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Explain deforestation effects

Pesticides

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Explain pesticide effects

Irrigation

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Explain irrigation issues

Monocultures

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Explain monoculture issues

Total removal

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Explain total removal issues

Plowing

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Explain plowing issues

Urbanization

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Explain urbanization effects

5.3.3 Relationship Between Succession and Fertility

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Accumulation of organic matter

Nutrient accumulation over time

Support for plant and animal life

Stable, productive ecosystem

5.3.4 Importance of Soil Organisms

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Decomposition of organic matter

Nutrient recycling

Improvement of soil structure

Enhancement of soil fertility

5.3.5 Processes of Soil Erosion

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Water Erosion

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Explain water erosion process

Wind Erosion

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Explain wind erosion process

Mass Movement

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Explain mass movement process

5.3.6 Soil Conservation Methods

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Soil Conditioners

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Explain soil conditioner function

Wind Reduction

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Explain wind reduction function

Improved Irrigation

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Explain improved irrigation function

Cover Crops

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Explain cover crops function

Terracing

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Explain terracing function

Plowing

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Explain plowing techniques

Contour Farming

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Explain contour farming function

Crop Rotation

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Explain crop rotation function

5.3.7 Key Words Review

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Succession: Definition

Soil Fertility: Definition

Soil Erosion: Definition

Urbanization: Definition

Deforestation: Definition

Overgrazing: Definition

Overcropping: Definition

Soil Conditioners: Definition

Irrigation: Definition

Wind Reduction: Definition

Cover Crops: Definition

Contour Farming: Definition

Terracing: Definition

Crop Rotation: Definition

5.3.8 Assessment Review

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Explain soil erosion processes and impacts

Evaluate soil conservation strategies