Muscles

Occipitofrontalis: moves scalp, raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

Corrugator supercilii: brings eyebrows together, forms vertical wrinkles between brows; frown

Orbicularis oculi: closes eyelids

Levator palpebrae superioris: opens upper eyelid

Superior rectus: pulls eye superiorly and medially

Inferior rectus: pulls eye inferiorly and medially

Lateral rectus: pulls eye laterally

Medial rectus: pulls eye medially

Superior oblique: depresses and turns eye laterally

Inferior oblique: elevates and turns eye laterally

Depressor anguli oris: pulls mouth down, pouts; frown

Levator labii superioris: draws lip upward; sneer

Levator anguli oris: draws mouth upward; smile

Zygomaticus major/minor: raises corner of mouth upward; smile

Corrugator supercilii: origin on nasal bridge and orbicularis oris, inserts onto skin of eyelid

Mastication: masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoids

Masseter: prime mover in mastication, elevates and protracts jaw

Genioglossus: origin on mandible, protracts/sticks out tongue

Palatoglossus: origin on soft palate, elevates posterior portion of tongue

Styloglossus: origin on styloid process of temporal bone, elevates and retracts tongue

Hyoglossus: origin on hyoid bone, depresses and retracts tongue

Flexion: head down

Extension: head back

Rotation: nod no

Abduction: side to side, head to shoulder

Sternocleidomastoid: anterior; bilateral - flex neck, unilateral - lateral flexion of head to sides and rotates head to opposite side

Semispinalis capitis: posterior; extends neck

Trapezius: posterior; moves scapula, supports arm/pectoral girdle, extends neck

Splenius capitis: posterior; extends, rotates, laterally flexes neck

Erector spinae: maintain erect posture; ilicostalis, longissimus, spinalis

Breathing: scalenes, intercostals, diaphragm

Diaphragm: prime mover in breathing, contracts and flattens

Rectus abdominis: deep to external oblique/rectus sheath; compresses/hold organs in place, flexes/stabilizes VC

External oblique: most superficial; forms aponeurosis anteriorly, unilateral - laterally flexes VC, rotates VC to opposite side of contracting muscle

Internal oblique: deep to external oblique; forms aponeurosis anteriorly, unilateral - laterally flexes VC, rotates VC to opposite side of contracting muscle

Transverse abdominis: deepest; forms aponeurosis anteriorly, unilateral - laterally flexes VC, rotates VC to opposite side of contracting muscle

Coccygeus: forms pelvic floor, supports pelvic viscera

Levator ani: supports pelvic viscera; iliocooccygeus, pubococcygeus

Pelvic diaphragm: supports organs inferiorly as a muscular wall forms, preventing organs from slipping through opening in pelvis; coccygeus + levator ani

Scapula: trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

Arm/Rotator Cuff: pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid; subscapularis, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres minor

Forearm Anterior: flexors and pronators

Forearm Posterior: extensors and supinators

Triceps brachii: posterior; extends elbow and shoulder, adducts arm

Biceps brachii: anterior; flexes elbow and shoulder, supinates forearm and hand

Brachioradialis: anterior; flexes elbow

Brachialis: anterior; flexes elbow

Retinacula: hold tendons close to bone

Leg Anterior: extend knee, flex thigh

Leg Medial: adduct thigh

Leg Lateral: abduct thigh

Leg Posterior: flex knee, extend thigh

Iliopsoas: anterior; flex thigh

Pectineus: medial; adduct and flex thigh

Adductor magnus: medial; extend and laterally rotate thigh

Gracilis: medial; adduct and flex thigh, flex knee

Sartorius: anterior; flex and laterally rotate thigh, flex and medially rotate leg, flex knee

Tensor fasciae latae: lateral; abduct and medially rotate thigh

Gluteus maximus: posterior; laterally rotates thigh

Hamstrings: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, origin on ischial tuberosity, inserts onto leg, posterior; extend thigh and move/flex knee

Quadriceps: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis; extend knee

Foot Anterior: dorsiflex foot, extend toes

Foot Lateral: flex foot

Foot Posterior: evert, plantar flexion

Dorsiflex: superior surface of foot (dorsum) is brought up toward anterior surface of leg

Plantar flex: sole of foot is brought toward posterior surface of leg, “tippy toes”

Invert: turn sole towards midline (medial)

Evert: turn sole outwards from midline (laterally)

Tibialis anterior: anterior; primary dorsiflexor, inverts

Extensor digitorum longus: anterior; dorsiflex foot, extends toes 2-5

Fibularis longus: lateral; powerful foot evertor, weak plantar flexor

Gastrocnemius: posterior; flexes leg, plantar flexes foot

Soleus: posterior, plantar flexes foot

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