us history final

Chapter 14 – A New Industrial Age

  • Robber Baron vs. Captains of Industry

    • Robber Baron: low wages for workers, bad working conditions, bought out competition, destroyed natural resources

    • Captains of Industry: philanthropy, job opportunities, economic boost, and more access to goods and services

  • Carnegie - the leader of the steel industry

  • Rockefeller - the leader of the oil industry

  • Gospel of Wealth - the wealthy have a god-given responsibility to help society

  • Philanthropy - giving back to society

  • Labor Movement - effort by workers to improve their working conditions and protect their rights

  • Union Tactics - strikes, boycotts, work slowdown, sabotage, collective bargaining

  • Management’s response to Unions - scabs, lockouts, blacklists, yellow dog, label as anarchists, court

  • Social Darwinism - “survival of the fittest” used to justify wealth

  • Yellow Dog Contract - saying that you will not join a union

 

Chapter 15 – Immigration and Urbanization

  • Nativism – reasons, examples

    • reason: many people refused to give up their cultural identity

    • examples: chinese exclusion act, gentlemens agreement (japanese immigration)

  • Urbanization -problems / solutions

    • problems: not enough housing, no mass transportation

    • solutions: dumbell tenements, row houses, subways, street cars

  • Old Immigrants vs. New Immigrants

    • Location - old = northwestern europe, new=southeastern europe and asia

    • Religion - old=protestant, new=jewish and catholic

    • Culture - old=more americanized (same) , new=their previous culture (different)

  • Political Machines - organized group that controls activities of a political party in a city

 

Chapter 17 – The Progressive Era

  • goals of movement - return control of government to the people, restore economic opportunities, correct social injustices

  • Muckrakers - Sinclair, Nast, Riis

    • Jacob Riis - took photos of people in bad living conditions

    • Upton Sinclair - “the jungle” - meat packing industry

    • Thomas Nast - expose tweed (city bosses/political machines)

  • Big Stick Diplomacy - us navy intervention in affairs of countries that were economic.strategic interests to the US (carribean)

  • Teddy Roosevelt - Three C’s: control of corporations, consumer protection, conserving natural resources

  • Election reforms – recall, referendum, initiative, Australian Ballot, Direct Primary

    • recall - removing public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term

    • referendum - a proposed law submitted to voters for their approval

    • initiative - a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers

    • australian ballot - secret ballot

    • direct primary - people choose the candidate

  • 17th amendment

    • direct election of senators by citizens

  • 19th amendment

    • gave women the right to vote and hold office (suffrage)

  • The Jungle / Meat Inspect Act / Pure Food and Drug Act 

    • the jungle - exposes meat packing industry

    • meat inspect act - cleanliness requirements for meat industry

    • pure food and drug act - forbade food with harmful ingredients, and must have a label

  • Election of 1912 - candidates, results, impact of 3rd party

    • candidates

      • teddy roosevelt - bull moose/progressive

      • taft - republican

      • wilson - democrat

      • eugene v debs - socialist/communist

    • result - wilson wins

    • impact of 3rd party - republican vote is split

 

Chapter 18 – America Claims an Empire

  • Reasons for US imperialism

    • economic competition

    • political/military competition

    • racial/cultural superiority of anglo saxons

  • Panama Canal – acquisition, importance

    • acquisition - sends navy, supports the revolution in panama

    • importance - trade and navy

  • Events that led to US involvement in Spanish American War

    • yellow journalism

    • delome letter

    • explosion of USS maine

    • jingoism

  • Impact of Spanish American War

    • US now imperializes world power

  • Lands gained

    • guam

    • philippines

    • puerto rico

  • Teddy Roosevelt Foreign Policy - “big stick” diplomacy: intervention in affairs of countries that were of economic/strategic interests to the US

  • Roosevelt Corollary - extension of monroe doctrine: more interventions in latin affairs

  • Open Door Policy - opens access for trade in china

 

Chapter 19 – The First World War

  • Reasons for American entry into WWI - zimmerman telegram, unrestricted submarine warfare, british propoganda

  • Wilson’s 14 Points - wilson’s plan for world peace. “peace without victory”

    • points 1-5 - different causes of WWI

    • points 6-13 - border changes in Europe

    • point 14 - league of nations

  • League of Nations - international organization to address diplomatic crisis without resorting to war

  • Selective Service Act - the draft

  • Long-term / immediate causes of WWI

    • long term - MAIN

    • immediate - assassination of franz ferdinand (austria- hungary)

  • Espionage and Sedition Acts - could not criticize the war, talk about drafts, anti war bonds, or get information

  • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - sinking ships w/o warning; german Uboats

  • Schenck vs. US - first amendment right violated bc of sedition act; rules in the US favor

  • Identify the Big Four in WWI

    • US

    • france

    • britain

    • italy

Chapter 20 / 21– Politics and Life During the Roaring Twenties

  • Red Scare – reasons, events

    • reasons - against communism, private property, and basic civil rights

      • mail bombings being sent to anti communists

    • events - palmer raids, sacco and vanzetti, labor unrest

  • Quota System - set # of immigrants from each country

  • Prohibition – reasons, failures

    • reasons - crime, corruption, limit immigration, end abuse

    • failures - underfunded government, bribery, speakeasies, bootlegging, homemade alcohol, organized crime

  • Teapot Dome Scandal - sec of interior allows private companies to drill oil on an area in wyoming

  • Harlem Renaissance - literary + artistic movement celebrating african american culture

  • Mass Media / Radio - increased leisure time, improved printing technology. newspapers and radio were mass media.

  • Changes in Women - become flappers; more promiscuous and smoke, drink, dance in public

  • Scopes Monkey Trial - scopes taught evolution which violated the butler act. scopes was found guilty

  • Henry Ford / Automobile / Assembly Line

    • henry ford: lead the car industry

    • methods to automobile boom

      • mass producing

      • assembly line

      • happy workers

  • Harding - pro business

 

Chapter 22 – The Great Depression Begins

  • Hoover’s Response to the Great Depression - says this is a normal part of business cycle and doesn’t do anything- rather he does “rugged individualism”

  • Rugged individualism - success comes through effort

  • Causes of the Great Depression

    • industries in trouble

    • farming crisis

    • consumers spending less

    • living on credit

    • uneven distribution of wealth

    • government policies

    • stock market crash

  • Black Tuesday - the day where the market crashed and everyone went to sell their stocks

  • Stock market crash - 18 month rise before crash, banks close, businesses bankrupt

  • problems with stock market

    • speculation

    • buying on margin

    • no government regulation

 

Chapter 23 – The New Deal

  • FDR’s view on gov’t responsibility toward citizens  / views on role and power of federal gov’t - govt had a responsibility to help citizens, wanted strong federal government

  • Critics of FDR - conservatives think he’s doing too much, liberals think he’s not doing enough

  • New Deal Programs / impact 

    • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): Provided jobs in conservation projects, planting trees, and building parks.

    • Public Works Administration (PWA): Funded large infrastructure projects like bridges, dams, and schools.

    • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): Helped farmers by reducing crop production and raising prices.

    • National Recovery Administration (NRA): Aimed to stimulate industrial recovery through fair wages and prices.

    • Social Security Act: pensions for the elderly, unemployment insurance, and aid to disabled and dependent children.

    • FSA - forms SEC to regulate stock market

    • FDIC - insures bank accounts

  • FDR - Three R’s

    • relief, recovery, reform

  • Court Packing - adding justices to the supreme court

 

Chapter 23 – World War Two Looms

  • Events in Europe that led to WWII

    • Appeasement

    • Failure of League of Nations

    • Hitler’s violations of the Treaty of Versailles

  • Neutrality Acts - making it illegal for Americans to sell or transport war materials to belligerent nations

  • Cash and Carry - weapons had to be bought in cash and carried back on their own ship

  • Lend-Lease - lending supplies to countries whose defense was vital to the US

  • Attack on Pearl Harbor - led to the US’s entry into WWII

 

Chapter 24 – The United States in World War Two

  • Korematsu vs. U.S. - US ruled in favor of Japanese internment camps

  • WWII Alliances – Allies, Axis Powers

    • allies - US, USSR, UK, China, france

    • Axis - germany, italy, japan

  • Reasons to use A-Bomb - force Japan’s unconditional surrender (bushido) policy, end WWII, prevent more casualties

  • Rationing - US and UK needed to ensure that citizens had neccessities without hoarding them

  • D-Day - largest land-sea operation in history, liberation in europe

  • Manhattan Project - building of atomic bomb

 

Chapter 25 – Cold War Conflict

  • Containment - keeping communism in countries where it already exists

  • Iron Curtain - Churchill’s speech abt the barrier that separated western Europe from eastern Europe

  • Soviet Satellite Nations - countries dependent upon/dominated by soviet union

  • Marshall Plan - US provides economic aid to all European countries that need it

  • Truman Doctrine - sends military aid to Greece and turkey to prevent from being communist

  • Berlin Blockade - Soviet Union sealed off land routes going into western Berlin

  • Berlin Airlift - US and UK airlifted supplies to Western Berlin

  • NATO - First peacetime military alliance formed by US, Canada, UK, and Western european countries

  • Warsaw Pact - Peacetime alliance formed by USSR and eastern european countries in order to get back at NATO

  • Korean War - causes, US involvement, results 

    • causes - split Korea, North Korea attacks SK for a fully communist country

    • US involvement - on the side of South Korea

    • Results - stalemate

  • McCarthyism - accusing people as communist without proper evidence

  • Alger Hiss - State department official, speculated soviet spy who was accused of espionage, got sentenced for purjury

  • Rosenbergs - was said to have leaked the secret of the atomic bomb to USSR

  • Sputnik / impact on US - Russia’s first satellite that triggered the space race

  • Nuclear anxieties  - Duck and Cover, Civilian Defense Administration, impact on popular culture

    • Duck and Cover - a film on what to do incase of an attack

    • Civilian Defense Administration - informed people on what to do incase of a nuclear attack

    • Impact on pop culture - apoctalyptic themes

 

Chapter 26 – The Postwar Boom

  • Changes in workforce (blue collar vs. white collar) - more people worked white collar jobs rather than blue collar

  • Plessy v. Ferguson / Jim Crow Laws - “seperate but equal” allowed for the segregation of races as long as their facilities were deemed equal

  • Civil Rights Events - Montgomery Bus Boycott, Birmingham Campaign, March on Selma

    • Montgomery Bus Boycott - happened as a result of rosa park’s arrest in order to enact change

    • March on Selma - Symbolic civil rights march in 1965 led to the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (bloody sunday)

    • Birmingham Campaign - king / SCLC march on city to end segregation

  • GI Bill - gave veterans a chance to get back into normal life by providing loans and education

  • Beat Movement - a nonconformist movement

  • Levittown - mass produced housing

  • Brown Ruling, Integration of Little Rock High School - Ruled that public schools must be integrated, sent the little rock nine after

  • Truman / Integration of military - Truman initiates Executive Order 9981

  • Causes / impact of Baby Boom

    • causes

      • reunion of families

      • marriage age decrease

      • large family is more desireable

      • advance in medicine

    • impact - increased economy, increased demand, education

  • 1950s Conformity - men and women had strict gender roles

 

Chapter 27 – The New Frontier

  • JFK - assassination, Warren Commission

    • Killed in  Texas during a motorcade

    • Warren Commission - agency that investigated JFKs assassination, found that Oswald acted alone in killing JFK

  • JFK Foreign Policy – cold war

  • Flexible Response - build up non-nuclear defense options

  • Bay of Pigs - Cuban exiles trained by the CIA lead a revolt, plan fails

  • Cuban Missile Crisis - Soviets had missiles in Cuba, was resolved peacefully

  • Peace Corps - improved social/economic conditions of developing countries

  • LBJ Foreign Policy - Vietnam, Tonkin Gulf Incident / Resolution

    • Tonkin Gulf Resolution - Granted President Johnson broad military powers in Vietnam without a formal declaration of war

    • Tonkin Gulf Incident - North Vietnamese patrol boat allegedly fired a torpedo at the USS Maddox

    • Vietnam - preventing spread of communism

  • Great Society Programs

    • Medicare/Medicaid

    • HUD

    • Civil Rights Act

  • Liberalism - Truman increased govt role ensuring economic equality for all Americans

Vietnam War

  • Reasons for American involvement - stop the spread of communism

  • Domino Theory  - eisenhower’s thing that when one country falls to communism, the countries around it will fall as well