Unit 7 Test Review Notes

Fossils

  • Youngest layer: Top

  • Oldest layer: Bottom

  • Environmental change over time: Sea → Swamp → Forest

Natural Selection

  • Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection (5 steps):

    1. Overproduction of offspring

    2. Variation

    3. Competition

    4. Survival of the fittest

    5. Reproduction

  • Four principles of natural selection:

    1. Individuals show variation.

    2. Variations are heritable.

    3. More offspring are born than can survive.

    4. Variations increasing reproductive success are more common in the next generation.

  • Incorrect statement: Variations that decrease reproductive success will be more and more common in the following generations.

Structural & Behavioral Adaptations

  • Thick fur: Insulation/hydrophobic

Evidence of Evolution

  • Embryology: In early development, tails and gills are seen in birds and mammals.

  • Homologous structure: Comparison of forelimbs of bats, humans, whales, and dogs.

  • Vestigial structure: Eyes in a blind fish; body structure that no longer has the original function but is used in related species.

  • Molecular Biochemical: DNA and RNA comparisons identify evolutionary relationships.

Classification / Taxonomy

  • Correct order of taxa (largest to smallest): Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

  • Binomial nomenclature: The first name identifies the Genus.

  • Cladograms:

    • Sharks are most closely related to Ray-finned fish.

    • Only humans have opposable thumbs.

  • Taxon Chart:

    • If two organisms belong to the same family, they also have the same Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, and Order.

    • Dog & Wolf are most closely related because they share the same Genus (Canis).

    • House cat and Red fox diverge from each other at the Family level.

Kingdoms

  • Missing domains and kingdoms:

    • Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

    • Kingdoms: Eubacteria, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Archaebacteria

  • Distinguishing characteristics:

    • Archaebacteria

    • Eubacteria

    • Protista

    • Plantae

    • Fungi : Chitin in Cell walls

    • Animalia: No cell walls

  • Unidentified unicellular, autotrophic organism with a membrane-bound nucleus belongs to the Protista kingdom.

  • Heterotrophic organisms obtain energy by eating other organisms.

  • Domain and Kingdom examples:
    Organism living in extreme environment: Domain- Archaea Kingdom- Archaebacteria
    Eukaryotic, cell wall only autotrophic: Domain- Eukarya Kingdom-Plantae
    Heterotrophic, sexual reproduction: Domain- Eukarya Kingdom- Animalia
    Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic: Domain- Eukarya Kingdom-Protista
    Eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, no chlorophyll: Domain- Eukarya Kingdom-Fungi
    Mushrooms and yeast, decomposers, absorb nutrients: Domain- Eukarya Kingdom-Fungi
    E. coli, Salmonella: Domain- Bacteria Kingdom- Eubacteria
    Only Autotrophic organism: Domain- Eukaryotic Kingdom- Plantae/Protista

Bacteria and Viruses

  • Two good things Bacteria can do:

  • Two things that can reduce/stop bacterial growth:

  • Bacterial diseases are treated with antibiotics.

  • Viral diseases are treated with antiviral drugs.

  • True or False statements:

    • Bacteria are prokaryotes which means they do not have a nucleus. (T)

    • All bacteria are harmful to humans. (F)

    • Bacteria reproduce through binary fission. (T)

    • Bacteria can only survive (live) in the water. (F)

    • Viruses can live outside of a host. (F)

    • Viruses have a protein coat that protects the DNA. (T)

SOL Review Questions

  • Insects that are most closely related: springtails and proturans

  • Multicellular organism, not photosynthetic, absorbs nutrients, eukaryotic cells with cell walls: Fungi kingdom

  • Four different pine trees are not classified in the same Genus.

  • Escherichia in Escherichia coli is the Genus.

  • According to the biological definition of a species: Animals that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

  • Correct way to write the scientific name of an animal in the Canus genus and webbicus species: Canus webbicus

  • Species most closely related to Felis rufus: Felis concolor

  • Statement supported by the diagram: Both species C and species D are related to species X.

  • Correct sequence in which life evolved: prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, multicellular organisms

  • The human coccyx is an example of a vestigial structure.

  • The oxygen content in the atmosphere of early Earth increased significantly once photosynthetic bacteria developed.

  • Population in which the greatest number of individuals is most likely to survive environmental changes: Population C

  • The fact that insulin from cows, pigs, and humans is similar suggests that Cows, pigs, and humans are closely related and share a common ancestor

  • The diagram showing the effect of spraying a pesticide on a population of insects over three generations represents Survival of the fittest.

  • The following statement describes the process of natural selection: Individuals that have inherited traits adapted to their environment survive.