ornithology

cornified: “horn”

vertebrate classes: reptiles, birds, amphibians, fish, mammals (all are tetrapods(four limbs))

unique to birds: feathers,

pneumatic bones (hollow bones): therapod dinosuars and birds

beak: some fish, some reptiles, bird

air sacks: sauropod dinosaurs, bird

counter current bloodflow: have a plexus of blood vessels

mechanism of flight

navigation

migration

\ homeothermic endothermy: convergent with mammals, four chambered heart required

limits incipient maximum potential: surface area to volume ratio, environmental temperature (heat sink)

\ Downsizing chart

latant energy: reserve energy

DEP: daily energy basal, every thing below it

EM: energy maintenance

temperate/boreal species have higher basal metabolic rate compared to tropical species during winter

increase body volume and mass, cannot compensate at a certain point

increase wing surface area: increase drag

10% total time of day spent in flight

crop: storage of food

hoatzin: crop became a fermentation vat, feed specifically on a type of tree at the top for young leaves, cant fly long, completly herbivorous, has a resting pad and is close to their center of gravity

distal: farther from orgin

proximal closer to origin

bird foot has no muscles, based around pulley system of tendons

-flexor digitorum longus: “long finger ligament”: attached proximal portion of tarsometatarsus (right below femur end)

-flexor hallucis longus: “long big toe ligament”: attached to distal portion of femur

--hallux: big toe

\ intertarsal joint

tibiotarsus

tarsometatarsus

tarsus: a long bone in the foot

some ankle bones fusedas compared to human

fibula is more vestigial

\ \ standing up right: ligaments relaxed

\ flexion: when bird lands, toes curl inward

\ \ \ \ radiale and ulnare: help to give form to wrist

primary feather only ones to attach to hand

semilunate wrist bone allows to flex

ferculum acts like a spring ( is the wishbone)

coracoid

\ the insertion of pectoralis and supracorecoideus on humerus on hinge-side

sternum

insert: where does the muscle attach from origin

\ \ 2nd digit moves independently during flexion

phalanx: single bone in a phalanges

\ ribs that attach to the sternum are called sternal ribs

uncinate ribs(vertebral ribs) are before the sternal ribs

the join of uncinate and sternal ribs is very flexible

when extend rib junction, the keel bone flexes against fulcrum(connection of coracoid and sternum) and distal portion of keel bone angles downward

keel bone moves up and down

flex: rest-after exhalation

extend: inhalation

\ axial skeleton: spine

appendicular skeleton: everything else

cervical: neck

thorasic vertebra: uncinate ribs

synsacral vertibrae: fused vertebral plate at the posterior. pelvis fused with vertebrae

caudal vertebrae: the tail vertebrae. the last bone is called pygostyle, gland sits above it, pygostyle gland (preening gland) which produces oil to rub on feathers using their beak

scapula are very long but not wide, extend across vertebral column

coracoid not flexible, is like a pillar

alula: false wing (bastard wing)

\ not on first exam

sclerotic ring: for birds who need to see from very far away or to see better when diving

sin sacrum is fused to pelvis

pubis is very long and is the same as theropod dino pubis, but pubis is not fused together

the caudal vertebrae and pygostyl are fused together

trebeculae-plural for the matrix in bird bones that make them strong but light

inside the bone there is no marrow

inside humerus long tubelar air sack

hemopoietic bones: “blood development” bone.

birds coopted theropod dino characteristics

no cervical or skull bones are greatly hemopoitic

most anterior hemopoietic bone is ferculum

most posterior pygostyle

the scapula is hemopoitic

ulna and radious are hemopoitic

pubic bone is hemopoietic

femur and tibiotarsus are hemopoietic

8 hemopoietic bones in bird body

-centered around their center of gravity

dispersal of airsacks allowed dinos to get so large

\ feathers: barbules, barbs, and shaft

\ feathers evolved from scales

inferior umbilicus

calamus is the quil, does not have veins

superior umbilicus ends when rachis begins

After feather is small feather that is used as extra insulation

feathers involved in display (feathers that hook together, pennaceous veins) still have after feather and plumulaceous veins at bottom

2 types of pennaceous veins: simple; all interconnected to eachother (used for flight), open;

rachis is divit for structural support, is hollow inside

remiges: wing feathers

retrices: tail feathers

filoplume: acts like whiskers, found between contour and semiplume feathers

distals have the hooks, lay dorsally with respect to the proximal barbules

distal barbules lay dorsally overtop of proximal barbule

-to learn, left arm is distal barbule, right is proximal barbule, left is open hand for clasps, right hand closed for smooth

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