AP World History Study Guide: The Global Tapestry to Globalization

Developments in East Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450

• Significance of the Song Dynasty ($960-1279$):     * China enjoyed immense wealth, political stability, and innovations in the arts and intellect.     * Development of the world's greatest manufacturing capability occurred during this period.     * China evolved into the world's most commercialized society, pivoting from local production to market-based production.     * Buddhism and Confucianism spread widely across the region.     * The bureaucracy expanded via a meritocracy, which facilitated greater social mobility.
• Economic Developments in Postclassical China:     * The Grand Canal: An efficient water transportation system that turned China into the most populous trading area globally.     * Gunpowder: Technology for guns and gunpowder spread from China to Eurasia via Silk Road traders.     * Agriculture: Utilization of elaborate irrigation, heavy plows, and water buffalo/oxen led to quick population growth and high productivity.     * Tributes: States paid money or provided goods to honor the emperor and provide income for the empire.
• Social Structures in China:     * The government provided aid to the poor and established public hospitals.     * Women were expected to defer to men; this was physically manifested in the constraint of foot binding.     * The hierarchy consisted of the Emperor, gentry/aristocrats/landowners, civil service, peasants/farmers/artisans, and finally merchants.
• Religious Diversity in China:     * Buddhism: Arrived via Silk Roads from India. Three shapes of Buddhism emerged in Asia: Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Tibetan Buddhism. They followed the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.     * Neo-Confucianism: A syncretic system appearing between $770$ and $840$ that combined Daoism and Buddhism with rational thought.
• Japan:     * Feudal society without central government for centuries. Landowning aristocrats called daimyo competed for land while rice farmers worked the fields.     * In $1192$, the Minamoto installed a shogun (military ruler). Strong central government and unification did not occur until the $17^{ ext{th}}$ century.
• Korea:     * Maintained a direct tributary relationship with China and modeled its government in the Chinese style.     * Adopted Confucian and Buddhist beliefs but kept a powerful landed aristocracy that limited social mobility compared to China.
• Vietnam:     * Women enjoyed greater independence in marriage than those in the Chinese Confucian tradition.     * Nuclear families (parents and children only) were preferred over extended families.     * Politically decentralized; villages operated independently, and merit-based officials owed allegiance to village peasants rather than the emperor.

Developments in Dar al-Islam from c. 1200 to c. 1450

• Innovations:     * Mathematics: Nasir al-Din al-Tusi provided the groundwork for trigonometry to become a separate subject.     * Literature: ‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah was a prolific female Muslim writer whose works described her path toward mystical illumination.     * Medicine: Improvements in hospital care in cities like Cairo; doctors and pharmacists were required to pass license examinations.
• Social Structures:     * Merchants held higher prestige than in contemporary European and Asian societies.     * Muslim women had higher status than Christian or Jewish women: they could inherit and own property, remarry if widowed, receive cash settlements upon divorce, and practice birth control.
• Transfers of Knowledge:     * Preservation and commentary on Greek moral/natural philosophy.     * The House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad served as a center for scholarly transfers.
• Islamic Rule in Spain:     * Muslim forces invaded from the south in $711$. Muslims ruled parts of Spain for seven centuries.     * Córdoba was characterized by a climate of toleration between Muslims, Christians, and Jews. Trade of Chinese/Southeast Asian products was promoted.

Developments in South and Southeast Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450

• South Asia Political Structures:     * Chola Dynasty ($850-1267$): Reigned over southern India for over $400$ years.     * Rajput Kingdoms: Formed in northern India and present-day Pakistan after the fall of the Gupta Empire.     * Delhi Sultanate: Brought Islam to India; reigned from the $13^{ ext{th}}$ through $16^{ ext{th}}$ centuries.
• Religion in South Asia:     * Hindus pray to many gods (polytheism) while Muslims are monotheistic. Hindu temples use pictures of deities while Muslims find visual representations of Allah unacceptable.     * Hinduism uses a hierarchical caste system; Islam calls for equality among believers.     * Bhakti Movement ($12^{ ext{th}}$ century): Focused on emotional attachment to a specific deity rather than rituals or texts.
• Southeast Asia Kingdoms:     * Srivijaya Empire ($670-1025$): Hindu kingdom in Sumatra; thrived by charging fees for ships between India and China.     * Majapahit Kingdom ($1293-1520$): Buddhist kingdom based on Java; controlled sea routes and had $98$ tributaries.     * Sinhala Dynasties: Located in Sri Lanka; became a hub for Buddhist study.     * Khmer Empire ($802-1431$): Based near the Mekong River; prosperous due to complex irrigation and drainage systems.

State Building in the Americas

• Mississippian Culture: First large-scale civilization in North America (Mississippi River Valley). Featured a matrilineal society and rigid class structure.
• Maya City-States ($250-900$ CE): Located in Mexico, Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala. Ruled by kings claiming divine right. Astronomy linked science and religion.
• The Aztecs:     * Founded Tenochtitlan in $1325$ (modern Mexico City). Built aqueducts and a $150 ext{--foot}$ pyramid.     * Governed as a theocracy with a tributary system. Practiced human sacrifice and numerous rituals.     * Women produced highly valued cloth demanded as tribute.
• The Inca:     * Inca means "people of the sun"; Inti was the primary sun god. The empire had four provinces.     * Mit’a system: A mandatory public service requirement for subjects.     * Developed terrace systems for potatoes and maize. Conquered by the Spanish in $1533$.

State Building in Africa

• Political Structures:     * Sub-Saharan development was shaped by Bantu migrations. Communities used kin-based networks and district-level governance by chiefs.     * Mali: A powerful trading society arising in the $12^{ ext{th}}$ century after the weakening of Ghana.     * Zimbabwe: Prospered from agriculture, gold fields, and trade.     * Ethiopia: A Christian kingdom that traded with India, Arabia, Rome, and the African interior.
• Social & Cultural Life:     * Communities organized by kinship, age, and gender. Slavery increased social status; demand in the Middle East fueled the Indian Ocean slave trade.     * Griots: Storytellers who served as the conduits of history.     * Music featured rhythmic patterns and percussive elements (handclaps, bells, gourds) for communicating with spirits.

Developments in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450

• Feudalism and Manorialism:     * Wealth measured in land. Manors provided economic self-sufficiency, limiting the need for outside contact.     * Monarchies gained power over lords via bureaucracies. King Philip II of France established a bureaucracy; the Estates-General advised him (clergy, nobility, commoners).     * Hundred Years’ War ($1337-1453$): Fought between England and France, stimulating national unity.
• The Roman Catholic Church:     * Great Schism ($1054$): Divided Christianity into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches.     * The Church established the first universities and held significant power in the feudal system. Corruption grew in the $13^{ ext{th}}-14^{ ext{th}}$ centuries.
• Crusades ($1095 ext{--early } 1200s$): European military campaigns to reclaim the Holy Land (Palestine) from Muslims due to religious and economic pressures.
• Social Change:     * Growth of the middle class (bourgeoisie) and urbanization.     * Anti-Semitism: Jews were expelled from England ($1290$), France ($1394$), Spain ($1492$), and Portugal ($1497$). Muslims were expelled from Spain in $1492$.
• Renaissance: Revival of Greek/Roman literature and art. Humanism focused on individuals. Gutenberg’s printing press allowed for mass production of manuscripts.

Networks of Exchange: Silk Roads and Mongol Empire

• Silk Roads:     * Growth fueled by Crusades and the rise of the Mongols. Mongols unified the routes, improved roads, and punished bandits.     * Naval tech (rudder, magnetic compass) and camel saddles improved transport.     * Flying Cash: A system of credit developed by the Chinese government to replace unwieldy copper coins.
• The Mongol Empire:     * Genghis Khan: Attacked the Jin Empire ($1210$), Kara Khitai, and Khwarazm Empire ($1219$). Empire stretched from the North China Sea to Persia by $1227$. Instituted religious tolerance.     * Golden Horde: Batu led $100,000$ soldiers into Russia in $1236$, forcing tribute.     * Impact: Largest continuous land empire. Transferred Greco-Islamic medicine and Arabic numerals to Europe. Ended the era of armored knights.
• Indian Ocean Trade:     * Expansion of Islam and new maritime technology connected cities. Created Swahili city-states on the African coast.     * Diasporic Communities: Merchants interacted with local cultures while waiting for monsoon winds.
• Trans-Saharan Trade:     * Gold was the most precious commodity; transport of salt from North Africa to West Africa.     * Spread Islam into Sub-Saharan Africa. Mali taxed trade and developed Timbuktu and Gao into centers of Islamic life.

Land-Based Empires and Belief Systems

• Gunpowder Empires: Large states (Russian, Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal) relying on firearms. Leaders were often Turkic nomads speaking Turkic languages.
• East Asia: Ming Dynasty ($1368$) replaced the Yuan. Qing Dynasty ($1644-1911$) established by the Manchu.
• Europe and Russia:     * Ivan IV (The Terrible) expanded borders. Peter the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg (Winter Palace) and created $50$ administrative provinces with salaried officials.     * English kings claimed "divine right"; France practiced absolutism under Louis XIV.
• Protestant Reformation:     * Martin Luther: Denounced indulgences and simony in the $95$ Theses; advocated "sola fide" (faith alone).     * John Calvin: Authored The Institutes of the Christian Religion; followers in France called Huguenots.     * Henry VIII: Set himself up as head of the Anglican Church to annul his marriage to Anne Boleyn.
• Catholic Counter-Reformation: Used the Inquisition, the Jesuit order (founded by Ignatius of Loyola), and the Council of Trent ($1545-1563$) to reform the Church.
• Wars of Religion: Peace of Augsburg ($1555$) for Germany; Edict of Nantes for France; Thirty Years’ War ($1618-1648$) ended with the Peace of Westphalia.
• Scientific Revolution: Francis Bacon developed empiricism ($1620$); Isaac Newton published Principia ($1687$) on gravity.

Transoceanic Interconnections

• Technological Innovations ($1450-1750$):     * Prince Henry the Navigator supported exploration. Mariners used astronomical charts and the magnetic compass. Builders adapted ships (length/width ratios, mast quantity).
• Major Transoceanic Voyages:     * Zheng He (China): India, Africa, Middle East; purpose to spread culture.     * John Cabot (England): North America; seeking a westerly route to the East.     * Vasco da Gama (Portugal): India; opened a sea route from Europe to Asia.     * Columbus (Spain): Caribbean; led to the colonization of the Americas.     * Magellan (Spain): Demonstrated the Pacific link between Americas and Asia.
• Columbian Exchange:     * Smallpox killed most indigenous people. Horses were brought to the Americas.     * Maize, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, and cacao were taken back to Europe.     * Demand for sugar and tobacco led to the transatlantic slave trade and the use of enslaved Africans in the Kongo and Swahili coast.
• Labor Systems:     * Encomienda: Spanish landowners forced indigenous people to work for food/shelter.     * Mit’a: Reclaimed from Inca for silver mining.     * Indentured Servants: Worked without pay for up to $7$ years.
• Economic Systems:     * Mercantilism: Increased government control via high tariffs and colonies. Commercial Revolution saw a shift to gold/silver; Price Revolution involved high inflation.     * Joint-Stock Companies: Dutch East India Company made huge profits in the Spice Islands.

Revolutions ($1750-1900$)

• Enlightenment Ideas: Olympe de Gouges fought for women's rights; Mary Wollstonecraft argued for equal education in A Vindication on the Rights of Women. Zionism emerged as the desire for a Jewish homeland.
• Revolutionary Events:     * French Revolution ($1789$): Bastille stormed on July $14$. Reign of Terror followed.     * Haitian Revolution: Toussaint L’Ouverture led enslaved people and Maroons to establish an independent government in $1801$.     * Unifications: Cavour and Garibaldi united Italy under the House of Savoy. Otto von Bismarck united Germany in $1871$ using realpolitik.
• Industrial Revolution: James Hargreaves (Spinning jenny), Richard Arkwright (Water frame), Eli Whitney (Interchangeable parts). France's industrialization was delayed by the French Revolution and sparse urban populations.
• Meiji Restoration (Japan): Matthew Perry forced trade in $1853$. Japan abolished feudalism ($1868$ Charter Oath), built railroads, and subsidized tea/silk/weaponry/sake industries.

Consequences of Industrialization

• Rationales for Imperialism: Asserting authority for prestige (Italy, Germany, Japan). Social Darwinism and pseudoscientific proof of racial inferiority used as justification.
• Imperial Expansion:     * Berlin Conference: European leaders set artificial borders in Africa. Boer Wars fought between British and Afrikaners.     * China: Spheres of influence established. Boxers (anti-imperialist) attacked missionaries and Christians ($1899-1901$).     * Americas: Monroe Doctrine ($1823$); Manifest Destiny; Roosevelt Corollary ($1904$). US won Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines in $1898$.
• Technology & Economics: Railroads and steamships ($1870$) lowered shipping costs. Electric telegraph ($1832$) allowed instantaneous news. Demand for rubber, palm oil, ivory, and guano.
• Global Migrations: Indian laborers sent to Mauritius ($1833$) and Caribbean. Chinese diaspora to California gold rush. Irish and Italian ($1561-1900$) mass emigration. Ethnic enclaves formed.

Global Conflict and the Cold War

• WWI Causes and Warfare: MANIA (Alliances, etc.). Trenches, poison gas (Chlorine/Mustard), machine guns ($500$ rounds/min), submarines, and tanks. Treaty of Versailles required German reparations.
• Great Depression ($1929$): Caused by agricultural overproduction and the stock market crash. FDR's New Deal used the Three Rs: Relief, Recovery, Reform.
• Totalitarianism: Stalin’s Five-Year Plan and gulags; Mussolini’s Fascist Party in Italy; Franco in Spain (Civil War).
• WWII: Blitzkrieg strategy used by Hitler. US passed the Lend-Lease Act ($1941$). atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki killed $140,000$ civilians.
• Cold War Beginnings: Tehran ($1943$), Yalta ($1945$), and Potsdam ($July 1945$) conferences. Marshall Plan provided aid to Europe.
• Communism in China: Mao Zedong led the Great Leap Forward ($1958$) involving communes and reeducation camps.
• Decolonization: Ghana (first Sub-Saharan nation free). Algerian War for Independence ($1954$). Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam. Suez Crisis ($1956$) in Egypt initiated by Nasser.
• Israel: Zionist movement triggered by the Dreyfus Affair. Mandate given to Britain in $1915$. War broke out upon its founding.
• Resistance Movements: MLK Jr. (Brown v. Board, Montgomery boycott, March on Washington $1964$); Nelson Mandela against apartheid. Terrorism by IRA, ETA, and al-Qaeda ($Sept 11, 2001$).

Globalization After 1900

• Science & Environment: Green Revolution (varieties of wheat/rice). Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin ($1928$). Smallpox eliminated. Environmental degradation: deforestation, desertification, and carbon dioxide emissions.
• Economics: Economic liberalization in India and Chile (Pinochet). Deng Xiaoping promoted growth in China. Knowledge economies (Finland). GATT and WTO ($1995$). Multinational corporations expanded.
• Social & Cultural Changes: Civil Rights Act ($1965$) and Voting Rights Act ($1961$). Global feminism events ($1911$, $1915$, $1975$, $1979$, $1995$). Popular culture via radio, TV, and movies (Charlie Chaplin).
• Resistance to Globalization: Concerns over child labor in West Africa, Amazon warehouse conditions, and Rana Plaza collapse ($2013$). Climate emergency due to fuel for shipping. Brexit occurred in $2016$ with $52/100$ voters agreeing to leave.