Comprehensive Study Guide for Pakistan Studies Important Facts and Historiography

Highest Mountain Peak: The highest peak in Pakistan is K2 (Godwin-Austen), which has an elevation of $8611\,m$ . It is the second-highest peak in the world.
Longest River: The Indus River is the longest river in Pakistan, with an approximate length of $3180\,km$ .
National Flower: The Jasmine is the national flower of Pakistan.
National Animal: The Markhor is the national animal of Pakistan.
National Bird: The Chukar Partridge is the national bird of Pakistan.
Total Area: The total land area of Pakistan is approximately $796095\,km^2$ (excluding the territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan).
Borders:
- East: India (Border known as the Radcliffe Line, approx. $2900\,km$ ).
- West: Afghanistan (The border is known as the Durand Line, established in $1893$ , approx. $2640\,km$ ).
- Southwest: Iran (approx. $909\,km$ ).
- Northeast: China (approx. $523\,km$ ).
- South: Arabian Sea.

War of Independence: The conflict occurred in $1857$ , marking a major turning point for Muslims in the subcontinent.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan: Founded the Aligarh Movement and established the M.A.O (Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental) College in $1875$ , which became Aligarh Muslim University in $1920$ . He is known as the father of the Two-Nation Theory.
Formation of All-India Muslim League: The party was founded on December $30, 1906$ , in Dhaka. The first president was Sir Aga Khan.
Partition of Bengal: Instituted in $1905$ by Lord Curzon and later annulled in $1911$ .
Lucknow Pact: Signed in $1916$ between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, where the Congress accepted the demand for separate electorates for Muslims.
Khilafat Movement: Started in $1919$ to protect the Ottoman Caliphate, led by Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali (the Ali Brothers).
Allahabad Address: Delivered by Allama Muhammad Iqbal in $1930$ , where he clearly envisioned a separate state for the Muslims of the North-West of India.

Name of "Pakistan": The name was coined by Choudhry Rahmat Ali in his pamphlet titled "Now or Never" in $1933$ .
The Government of India Act 1935: Provided a framework for provincial autonomy and was the basis for the subsequent legal system.
Lahore Resolution (Pakistan Resolution): Passed on March $23, 1940$ , at Minto Park, Lahore. It was presented by A.K. Fazlul Huq (the Lion of Bengal).
Cripps Mission: A failed attempt by the British government in March $1942$ to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II.
The Shimla Conference: Held in $1945$ between the Viceroy Lord Wavell and the political leaders of British India to discuss the Wavell Plan.
1946 General Elections: The Muslim League won almost all the seats reserved for Muslims, proving it was the sole representative of the Muslims of India.
The Cabinet Mission: Arrived in $1946$ to discuss the transfer of power from the British government to Indian leadership.
Independence: Pakistan gained independence on August $14, 1947$ (Ramadan $27, 1366$ AH).

First Governor General: Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( $1947-1948$ ).
First Prime Minister: Liaquat Ali Khan ( $1947-1951$ ).
Objectives Resolution: Passed on March $12, 1949$ , it laid the foundation for the constitution-making process.
The 1956 Constitution: The first constitution of Pakistan, which declared the country an Islamic Republic. It was abrogated by Iskander Mirza in $1958$ .
The 1962 Constitution: Introduced a Presidential form of government under Field Marshal Ayub Khan.
The 1973 Constitution: The current constitution of Pakistan, introduced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. It established a Parliamentary system and declared Pakistan a federal republic. It was passed on April $14, 1973$ and enforced on August $14, 1973$ .
Major Wars with India:
- First Kashmir War: $1948$ .
- Second War: September $1965$ .
- Third War (leading to the separation of East Pakistan): $1971$ .
Nuclear Power: Pakistan conducted its nuclear tests on May $28, 1998$ , at Chagai, Balochistan (operationally named Chagai-I), becoming the $7^{th}$ nuclear power in the world.

Major-General Iskander Mirza: The last Governor-General and the first President of Pakistan ( $1956$ ).
Fatima Jinnah: Known as "Madar-e-Millat" (Mother of the Nation), she contested the presidential election against Ayub Khan in $1965$ .
SBP (State Bank of Pakistan): Inaugurated by Quaid-e-Azam on July $1, 1948$ .
First Woman Prime Minister: Benazir Bhutto was the first woman to lead a Muslim state, elected in $1988$ .
Current Administrative Units: Pakistan consists of four provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan) and federal territories including Islamabad Capital Territory and Gilgit-Baltistan.