PRELIM-ENGLISH(1).docx

ENGLISH

WHY ENGLISH IS CONSIDERED AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE?

: Because it is considered a global language due to its widespread use and influence on a global scale

KEY FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO ENGLISH

  1. HISTORICAL COLONIZATION AND EXPANSION

  2. ECONOMIC & POLITICAL POWER

  3. MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT

  4. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  5. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

  6. TRAVEL AND TOURISM

  7. EDUCATION

  8. INTERNET AND TECHNOLOGY

  9. DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

  10. CULTURAL INFLUENCE

  11. EASE OF LEARNING

PLAY A CRUCIALRULE FOR STCW

  1. SAFETY AT SEA = Effective communication is vital for ensuring safety at sea.

  2. GLOBAL OPERATIONS = Cooperation among multinational crew, international ports, and maritime organization.

  3. NAVIGATION AND CHARTS = Reading and comprehending nautical charts, weather reports and other essential documents.

  4. RADIO COOMUNICATION = Radio communication including the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS)

  5. LEGAL AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE = STCW78 and other international maritime regulations are publish in English.

  6. CREW TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION = Many training programs and courses are conducted in English.

  7. PORT OPERATIONS = Communicate effectively to ensure the efficient loading & unloading of cargo.

  8. GLOBAL TRADE = The majority of goods transported by sea.

English language in the maritime profession is important for its ensures safety facilitates global operations, enables effective communication among seafarers and maritime stake holders and support compliance with international regulations and standards.

HISTORY OF ENGLISH

The history of English word is a long and complex journey that reflects the cultural, social and historical evolution of the English language.

SOURCES THROUGHOUT ITS HISTORY

  1. OLD ENGLISH = Germanic roots, Norse influence.

  2. MIDDLE ENGLISH

: Norman conquest = infusion of French derived words into English especially in areas like law, government, art and culture.

: Latin influence = Source of scientific medical and religious vocabulary

Word evolution = many English words underwent changes in pronunciation and spelling leading to the development of words

  1. EARLY MODERN ENGLISH=

: Renaissance& expansion= Marked by the works of William Shakespeare( contributed 1,700 words )

Scientific and technical vocabulary = led to the adoption of Latin & Greek terms into English to describe new discoveries

  1. MODERN ENGLISH =

: Colonial and global influence = expanded globally through colonialism, trade and cultural exchange

: Neologism = the creation of neologism ( newly coined words)

SLANG AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE= develop of slang colloquialism and regional dialects

  1. DIGITAL AGE AND GLOBALIZATION =

: Internet and technology- new word and phrases related to technology

: Globalization – incorporating word and phrases from various languages due to international business travel

WORD FORMATION PROCESS= also known as word formation process are the ways in which new words are created.

  1. BORROWING = involve combining or altering existing words to form new words

  2. COINAGE = products of invention in science and technology

  3. COMPOUNDING= combines two or more words to build a new one with an entirely new meaning

(EX: ball+ room = ballroom, sweet + hearth = sweet hearth, play + ground = play ground)

  1. BLENDING/ PORTMANTEAUS = putting together of parts of two words

(EX. Splash+ surge= splurge, smoke + fog = smog, breakfast + lunch = brunch)

  1. CLIPPING= shortening of words for ease

(EX: advertisement = ads, examination = exam, information = info)

  1. ACRONYMS = putting together the first letters of a series of words

(EX: SCUBA= self contained underwater breathing apparatus)

  1. INCORPORATION = a word or an element in the science becomes part of the word.

  2. AFFIXATION = forms new words by prefixing or suffixing of the new word

( EX: HAPPY + NESS = HAPPINESS)

  1. EPONYM= a named bared or derived from a person or place

  2. BLOOMERS = A full loose trousers gathered at the knee

  3. BOYCOT= to avoid trade with a protest after Charles boycott

  4. GUILLOTINE= a machine for beheading after joseph guillotine

THERE ARE 490,000 WORDS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

200,000 WORDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR AN EDUCATED PERSON

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS MAY KNOW FROM 10,000 – 15, 000 WORDS

IN COLLEGE VOCABULARY OF 100,000 WORDS

VOCABULARY = Is a stock of words used by a particular person or group

WHY IS VOCABULARY IMPORTANT?

: Words are tool of communication

: more words we know the more we communicate effectively

: good vocabulary is essential

CONTEXTUAL CLUES = The word surrounding the unfamiliar word provide clues to the meaning of the unfamiliar word.

4 KINDS OF CLUES

  1. DEFINITION/ DESCRIPTION CLUE = Explanation may be given within the sentences or in the ff. sentences are to definition include that is comma, dashes and parenthesis

  2. EXAMPLE CLUE = Sometimes when a reader finds a new word, an example might be found nearby that helps to explain.

  3. SYNONYM/ RESTATEMENT CLUE = The reader may discover the meaning of an unknown word because it repeats an idea expressed in familiar words nearby.

SYNONYMS= are words with the same meaning

  1. ANTONYM/ CONTRAST CLUE= Are words with opposite meaning. An opposite meaning of an unfamiliar word with the meaning of a familiar term.

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSION = Is an expression word or phrase that has a figurative meaning conventionally understood by native speaker. The meaning is different from the literal meaning of the idioms individual elements.

STANDARD MARINE COMMUNICATION PHRASES(SMCP)

= A set of key phrases in the English language ( which is the internationally recognized language of the sea)

: External communication phrases ship to ship& ship to shore communication

:Onboard communication phrases communication within the ship.