Genghis Khan: One of the greatest military leaders, never lost a battle, killed 14 million people, created the largest land empire in history.
Magna Carta
Signed by King John I, limited the power of kings by preventing them from seizing property or randomly raising taxes.
Black Death/Plague
Bubonic plague, spread by fleas on rats, inspired art focused on death.
Gutenberg
Invented the printing press to make the Bible more accessible.
Machiavelli
Wrote a guide for rulers, stating that humans are inherently evil, so strict order is necessary, and the ends justify the means.
More
Wrote "Utopia," advocating for:
Freedom of religion.
10-hour work day.
Sharing everything.
Good treatment of criminals.
Renaissance Artists
Michelangelo:
David
Sistine Chapel
Raphael:
David and Goliath
Leonardo da Vinci:
Mona Lisa
Vitruvian Man
Bosch:
Garden of Earthly Delights: Showed the concept of inherent human evil.
Age of Exploration
Reformation
Martin Luther:
Kicked off the Reformation.
Made 95 Theses.
Indulgences should be abolished.
Only the Bible should be taught.
Priests should be able to marry.
John Calvin:
Reformer who led the Reformation in Switzerland.
Predestination: Whether someone is to be saved or damned is predetermined.
Henry VIII:
Had many wives.
Caused split from Rome over rights to divorce.
Counter-Reformation:
Reforms of Catholicism following the Reformation.
Attempts to maintain control over the Holy Roman Empire.
Ignatius Loyola:
Founded the Jesuits.
Middle Passage
The journey slaves took from Africa to the Americas.
Scientific Revolution
Heliocentric Theory:
Developed by Copernicus.
Earth goes around the sun.
Copernicus:
Developed the heliocentric theory.
Wasn't a heretic because his writings were only in scholarly Latin.
Galileo:
Invented the telescope.
Proved Copernicus’s theories.
Was persecuted by the church because he wrote his findings in Italian so everybody could read it.
Newton:
Developed the theory of gravity.
Also made findings on optics and light and calculus.
Exploration and Colonization
Columbus:
Discovered the New World.
Columbian Exchange:
The introduction of new ideas, species, and diseases between the New and Old World.
Cortes:
Conquered the Aztecs at Teotichitlan.
Pizarro:
Conquered the Incas.
Magellan:
Circumnavigated the globe.
Enlightenment
Adam Smith:
Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations.
Main concepts were:
Free markets.
Invisible hand.
Laissez-faire: Hands off, the government should interfere with the economy as little as possible.
Voltaire:
Philosopher who wrote Candide.
Candide Content:
Medicine and doctors are bad.
War is futile.
Slavery is wrong.
Communism
No private property or individual wealth; everything should be for the common good.
Marx/Engels:
Wrote the Communist Manifesto.
Bourgeoisie/Proletariat:
Bourgeoisie: The rich elites.
Proletariat: The workers and laborers.
Nationalism
The interests and well-being of the nation as a whole are superior to those of the individuals.
Unification Movements
Unification of Germany:
Several individual states in central western Europe formed together to create Germany.
Bismarck: Unified Germany.
Promoted German nationalism.
Gave Iron and Blood speech.
Fought wars with Austria and France over the unification of the German states.
Unification of Italy:
Many states in southern Italy unified under Garibaldi.
Garibaldi:
Leader of the Red Shirts.
Unified Italy.
Promoted Italian exceptionalism, which led to Mussolini.
Industrial Revolution
Europe builds more factories and puts a heavy economic focus on machinery.
Imperialism
World War I
Napoleon
French general and eventual emperor of France.
Conquered much of Europe during his reign.
Invasion of Russia:
One of the main reasons Napoleon's empire falls.
Scorched earth strategy: Russia burnt down their stuff and ran away so Napoleon ran out of resources and had to retreat.
Waterloo:
Napoleon’s final defeat.
Social Darwinism
The belief that intelligence and morality have evolved and are passed down among certain people groups and races.
Opium War
When Britain started a war in China because they were selling Opium.
Scramble for Africa
Following the Berlin Conference, many European nations conquered territories in Africa; mostly Britain, Germany, France, and Belgium.
White Man's Burden:
Poem by Rudyard Kipling.
Said white men were civilized, and that it’s their duty to civilize the African people.
Schlieffen Plan
Germany planned to quickly conquer France before Russia was prepared for war and then attack Russia.
Failed because of the slow trench warfare tactics and resulted in many more German deaths.
Causes of WWI
Militarism
Alliances
Nationalism
Imperialism
Arms race
Desire for independence
League of Nations
Formed after WWI in order to prevent future major wars.
Was doomed from the start because the US, Germany, and Russia all refused to join.
US Entry into WWI
Germany broke the Lusitania agreement.
Pearl Harbor
Russian Revolution
Lenin: Leader.
Leader of the October Revolution.
Head of the Bolsheviks.
First leader of the USSR.
Bolsheviks:
Lenin’s political party.
Bolsheviks means majority even though Lenin’s group wasn’t the majority.
1930s and WWII
Great Depression
Causes of the Great Depression:
Margin: People were taking out loans in order to buy stock; This meant people could buy more, which inflated price in the short term.
Inequality of wealth
US went from debtor to creditor
Corporate schemes
Stock market boom
Stalin
Dictator of the USSR after Lenin during WWII.
One of the deadliest leaders of all time.
Collectivization: When farmers in states such as Ukraine were forced to stop owning individual farms and start working together for all soviets.
Great Purge/Terror Famine:
The Holodomor was a mass famine made by Stalin in Ukraine.
Ukrainians were given unreasonably high grain quotas.
Hitler
Dictator of Nazi Germany during WWII.
Rise to power:
Germany was mad because of the Treaty of Versailles.
People hated the government.
He became temporary dictator but then never let go of his power.
Holocaust: The genocide of the Jews.
Appeasement: Giving Germany whatever they ask for in attempt to avoid war.
Operation Barbarossa: The invasion of USSR and violation of Non-Aggression.
WWII Leaders
Churchill: Leader of the UK during WWII.
Pearl Harbor
When the Japanese bombed a US naval base.
D-Day
The day the allies stormed the beach of Normandy.
Post WWII
Cold War
USA and USSR fighting over capitalism and communism.
Containment: Keeping communism from spreading.
Domino Theory: If one country becomes communist, the countries surrounding it will as well.
MAD: Mutually Assured Destruction.
Everyone has the power to obliterate each other with nukes so no one uses nukes.
Fall of Communism/USSR:
Gorbachev attempted to rule softly and not force anyone to be communist, eventually the USSR dissolved because of this.
Post Colonialism
Decolonization Theories:
Nationalist: The natives rebelled.
International: People don’t like imperialism.
Metropolitan/Domestic: It wasn't worth the time or resources to colonize.
Africa:
Biafra
Nigerian civil war
Rwandan genocide:
Hutus killed the Tutsi.
Most preventable genocide because they used weapons like machetes.
Hutu/Tutsi: The main ethnic groups in Rwanda.
India:
Nehru: First Prime Minister of India after independence.
Pakistan:
Jinnah: First leader of Pakistan after independence.
Creation of Bangladesh:
East and West Pakistan had a civil war, East won its independence and became Bangladesh, and South became Pakistan.
China:
Chiang Kai-Shek: Last leader of the Chinese republic, Ruled during WW2 but was shortly afterwards overthrown by Mao.
Mao Zedong: Dictator of China following revolution
Great Leap Forward: Forced industrialization of China, Resulted in mass starvation
Cultural Revolution: When Mao attempted to make everyone a good communist, People went as far as turning each other in and eating each other.
Deng Xiaoping: Capitalist economy, Communist government.
Pol Pot/Khmer Rouge
Pol Pot was the dictator of Cambodia, he committed a genocide killing smart people and anyone who didn't agree with him, and made everyone a peasant farmer
Philosophies/Art
Abstract art
Communism:
No private property or individual wealth
Everything should be for the common good
Cynicism: People should live to their natural needs, making cannibalism, incest, and public urination okay.
Dada
Existentialism:
Everything thing is pointless and has no meaning
There are positive and negative outlooks on existentialism
Freudian Psychology:
Id is the selfish part of your brain.
Ego is the balanced part of you brain.
Superego is the selfless part of you brain.
Laissez-faire: The government shouldn’t interfere with the economy, hands off.
Liberalism (18th century version, not modern)
Malthusian Demographics:
Graph of population
We will eventually run out of resources for the human population, leading to a steep decline in population
Pop Art:
Andy Warhol, make low culture things high quality
Realism: Art that depicts things as realistic as possible
Renaissance Art
Romanticism: Art that glorifies war, death, or big things happening
Skepticism & Daoism:
Skepticism is doubting everything
Daoism means the way, which is following the natural order of the universe
Sociobiology: Emotions evolved just like physical features