Copy of Social Studies 7 - Ch.8

Ch.8 - Turmoil in the Territory

Essential Question What were the conflicts between the different groups in the Utah Territory? Settlers & Natives Native American Tribes Settlers & Gov    

Conflicts between Settlers & Natives

Dynamics of Settlers & Natives Then….. and Now

Different Ways of Life Settlers: Built: permanent homes, farms (animal/ag), churches, stores, schools, etc. “Stole” hunting grounds Society: had strict rules/laws/consequences Competitive with one another (individualistic) Native Americans: Did not often built permanent structures (no need) Education: taught at home or in the outdoors (not at a school building) Spirituality: part of everyday life (no need for church buildings) Parents/grandparents were responsible for imparting wisdom/learning

Unintended Consequences What Happened? → Decreasing population of wild animals: Settlers’ animals brought new diseases (no immunity). More settlers = more hunting. Natives sell animal pelts to settlers/traders to gain things they want (guns, horses, etc). Effect → Native Americans’ way of life begins to suffer.

Unintended Consequences What Happened? → Increasing Disease for Native Populations: Settlers introduced new diseases (no immunity) Typhoid, diphtheria, influenza, chicken pox, tuberculosis, scarlet fever, measles, smallpox, etc. Effect → Native American populations begins to suffer.

Resiliency & Cooperation Despite the different ways of life, and the many conflicts… there were also some inspiring stories. Working together: During the harsh winters → Settlers and Utes worked together to haul food/supplies on sleds through the snow. Ute & Shoshone women taught settlers how to find/eat sego lily and thistle bulbs. Sharing of supplies: Stories of Settlers not having basic items and being gifted them by Natives (ex. shoes/moccasins). Forming relationships: Stories of settlers spending time with Natives, learning beadwork, etc.

Resiliency & Cooperation Despite the different ways of life, and the many conflicts… there were also some inspiring stories. The work of women: Mormon women organized the female “Relief Society” and the “Indian Relief Society.” Goals: Take care of the poor/sick/needy. Make clothes for Native women & children. Sharing labor & benefits: Native women sometimes gleaned the fields of Settlers. Gathered food left behind in the harvest.

Recall Conflicts between Settlers & Natives  Largely stemmed from different ways of life.  Often had unintended consequences.

Next Slide:  Does this still cause conflict in the world today?  Think/research for 15 minutes.  Every person will then share something.

How Do these Same Concepts Influence the World Today? In what ways do people of different religious, social, ethnic, and social experiences sometimes misunderstand each other today?   What are some examples where such misunderstandings cause conflict?

Is it possible for people to overcome such misunderstandings? If so, how might we do that? Apply this to specific situations.

2. Conflicts between Native Groups

Rivalry & Animosity Native Americans were not all one big group. Had many distinct groups/languages/customs/cultures. The Shoshones, Utes, and Paiutes were rivals. Paiutes tended to be less-aggressive Shoshones and Utes were many miles separated - tended to keep their distance.

Causes of Conflict Causes varied – we often don’t know. Why don’t we know? Territorial disputes – recall the borders between tribal areas. Retaliation – vengeance for past aggressive acts. A: We don’t know b/c there’s no written record.

Natives Varied Responses to Settlers Recall: With increasing white settlement, the Natives’ way of life was heavily affected. Ex. more trade, more disease, changing use of land, changing relationships, etc.

Not all Native groups felt the same way about settlers moving in: A Ute leader (Walkara) welcomed settlers → Hoped to gain power over his enemies (the Timpanogot Utes) by allying with the settlers. However… later Walkara is at the forefront of a war/battle with settlers. Paiutes (less-aggressive) welcomed settlers, even helping them to find food → Hoped to gain protected from more aggressive Ute bands.

Context: Utes were one of the first tribes to have horses. – Why? Utes sometimes captured Paiutes and Shoshone peoples as slaves.

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Conflicts between Settlers & Natives

Context: Brigham Young: Governor of the Utah Territory Leader of the LDS Church Superintendent of Indian Affairs Settlers often built their homes in enclosed forts Protection from “Indian attacks” In reality: Forts acted more as trading centers between Natives and Settlers & places to stay for travelers. Forts were rarely attacked.

Building Tensions Thousands of pioneers pouring in Fewer animals to hunt for food Fences built across Native lands (for settlers’ farms) Decline in Native populations due to diseases Attempts by settlers to stop Native slave trade

Building Tensions

The Walker War (1853-54) Summary: Some Utes attempted to drive Mormon settlers from the land by raiding their lands and stealing horses/cattle.

The catalyst: Trade dispute over 2 fish & 1 cup of flower. A settler killed a native (in Springville) Utes respond by killing a settler (at Fort Payson) A 10-month battle ensues…

The Walker War (1853-54) Governor Young’s Response: Committed to a policy of peace/defense/passivity. Settlers’ Reponse: Some settlers refused to follow Young’s orders and continued to fight. Begin “forting up” - building protective forts which they could fully retreat into if needed. Ute’s Response: Engaged in the fighting, but also wanted peace (including Walkara).

The Walker War (1853-54) How did it end? → [According to Mormon history] Chief Walkara invited Young to Chicken Creek in Juab County to end the conflict. When Young arrived, Walkara refused to leave his tent, demanding that Young come in to meet him. Young enters the tent (showing humility and good faith). Walkara’s daughter is sick in the tent → Young gives her a healing blessing. With tensions eased, Walkara and Young reach peace.

The Walker War (1853-54) Outcomes: Casualties → 20(ish) on each side (we don’t have clear records) Many Utes were displaced from around Utah Lake Some moved elsewhere in Utah Some moved west (into Goshute territory) – blending of tribes.

Review: Conflict b/t Settlers & Natives Who was Walkara? The Walker War: Cause? Events? Ending? Outcomes?

Review: The Walker War (1853-54) July 1853 - May 1854 Between settlers & Utes (led by Walkara) Walkara: a powerful Ute leader. Had previously traded with Europeans and welcomed Mormon settlers. Rising Tensions built up to the Walker War (a series of raids and skirmishes throughout the valley) The spark: Walkara’s brother is killed in a silly trade dispute – over 2 fish and 1 cup of flower… A handful of casualties on each each – including John Gunnison The end: Walkara & Young negotiate peace.

The Walker War (1853-54) More Context:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4oFN0-fx7I

Questions to answer: Who is John Gunnison? What is the Principle of Retribution? What could have potentially prevented the Walker War? How did Walkara gain so much power originally? Did Walkara want war? The video describes how the Walker War ends. How is this different than what our textbook says? What other interesting facts do we learn about Walkara at the end? How is this different [more complex] than the summarized Mormon narrative? Gunnison: American surveyor, army captain. You killed 11, we kill 11. Or a offer up a family member. Or make concessions via gifts. Or war. If the Mormons had offered gifts to the Utes after the trade dispute which killed Walkara’s brother. His grandfather made a deal with Spanish traders – weapons for slaves (nomadic captured peoples – this slave trade already exisyed. The grandfather simply diverted some to the Santa Fe trail – the Spanish slave trade). Nah! But his brother’s did. Walkara was humble and sad and tried to impress Young and the other Mormons. No sick daughter. Young isn’t as hero-ey. He was a Mormon (converted in 1850). He died in 1855 due to disease.

Review – thoughts on the Walker War?

Who is John Gunnison? What is the Principle of Retribution? What could have potentially prevented the Walker War? How did Walkara gain so much power originally? Did Walkara want war? The video describes how the Walker War ends. How is this different than what our textbook says? What other interesting facts do we learn about Walkara at the end? How is this different [more complex] than the summarized Mormon narrative? Gunnison: American surveyor, army captain. You killed 11, we kill 11. Or a offer up a family member. Or make concessions via gifts. Or war. If the Mormons had offered gifts to the Utes after the trade dispute which killed Walkara’s brother. His grandfather made a deal with Spanish traders – weapons for slaves (nomadic captured peoples – this slave trade already exisyed. The grandfather simply diverted some to the Santa Fe trail – the Spanish slave trade). Nah! But his brother’s did. Walkara was humble and sad and tried to impress Young and the other Mormons. No sick daughter. Young isn’t as hero-ey. He was a Mormon (converted in 1850). He died in 1855 due to disease.

Indian Farms Settlers were convinced their way of life (Agricultural) was better than the Natives’ way of life (Hunter/Gatherer) Which is “better”? Settlers try to “help” the Natives by attempting to draw Natives into Agriculture Settlements: Provided food, clothing, farming education, work. Not a bad deal. Do you think Natives wanted this?

Indian Farms Mostly unsuccessful - Native peoples were happy with their way of life. → Mormon settlers did not understand this. Where were the farms successful? In places where Natives were already farming (on a smaller scale) Ex. “Corn Creek” (near Fillmore) → so named b/c explorers discovered that Pahvant Utes had been living and growing corn there for generations. Other successful “Indian Farms” Spanish Fork, Sanpete, Deep Creek

Indian Farms Outcomes: There were some large-scale, successful farms which Natives took a part in maintaining. Overall though, Natives did not jump on the “opportunity” as settlers had anticipated.

Native Conversions to Mormonism Whenever 2 cultures collide, both are affected. In UT, there are many examples of Natives becoming Mormon. Yet very few examples of Mormons converting to Native American religions. → WHY? A: LDS missionaries. Think about who was on the offense & defense in the culture war. Differences in goal → NA: Exclusive. LDS: For all.

Native Conversions to Mormonism LDS sent missionaries into Natives camps. A famous LDS missionary: Jacob Hamlin (1819-1886) “The Peacemaker” Missionary to the Utes, Paiutes, Hopi, etc. 4 wives, 24 kids Learned the Paiute & Ute languages. Acted as a guide for explorers

Review: Cultures Coming into Conflict: Farming vs Hunting/Gathering Mormon Missionary Efforts (to Natives) Jacob Hamblin Equal/Even Impact?

Respond (use listed sources): Why did Jacob Hamblin become a missionary? (p.148) What is the legacy of Hamblin? (p.148). Who is John Wesley Powell? (p.148 & Google) In tribes/groups where many converted to Mormonism, how did Mormonism influence the daily lives of the people? (p.149 & Google) Can you find any examples where Mormon settlers were converted to a Native religion, specifically during the 1860s? (Google) Evaluate (no sources): Do you think the LDS missionary efforts were a good thing? Justify. Consider farming, hunting/gathering, religion, etc – In what ways were Mormons and Natives learning to understand each other better? In what ways were there still big misunderstandings between the 2 cultures? When 2 cultural groups have conflict (such as the Mormons and the Natives), do you think it is better to mesh their cultures into 1 or to remain 2 completely separate groups. Why?

3. Conflicts between Settlers & Government

The Utah War / “Buchanan’s Blunder” Recall: UT was a Territory; had some federally appointed judges/gov officials. Some did not want to be there & didn’t like the Mormons. “Runaway” judges spread rumors (in the East) against Brigham Young and other church leaders. Were the rumors true? Ex. Judge William Drummond → So hated that no one would show up to his court. So he eventually left, bringing bad reports with him.

The Utah War / “Buchanan’s Blunder” Judge Drummond’s “Rumors” Corruption Mismanagement Polygamy John Gunnison’s team was killed, by Natives, at Young’s request. That Young is mounting an army with the goal of taking over the U.S… Result: President Buchanan sends 2,500 troops to take control of the UT Territory. Also sends a new Governor to replace Young: Alfred Cumming.

The Utah War / “Buchanan’s Blunder” Early 1857: An army, led by Albert Sidney Johnston, begin marching to UT. Start in Kansas – many Army officials are against it (because Civil War is coming) Unfamiliar with the terrain – have to hunker down for winter. July 1857: The Mormons are celebrating 10 years of being there when they recieve word that an army is on the way.

The Utah War / “Buchanan’s Blunder” Perceptions: Buchanan thought the Mormons wanted to take over the country. Young thought the army was coming to wipe out Mormonism. Settlers Response: The UT militia rapidly grows – many volunteers join. They abandon the North – including SLC. Retreat to Provo. Burn many of the Forts/trading posts/prairies/fields so that the Army can’t use them. Including Fort Bridger – Where Johnston’s army planned to stay the winter… Tried to look strong and numerous – disguised bushes as soldiers and stumps as canons.

Mountain Meadows Massacre As everyone in UT was on edge… waiting for the U.S. Army to come… A group of ~120 Pioneers were passing through Headed from MO/AR, to CA. The leader of the UT militia – Isaac Haight – send a horseman to Young, asking what to do about the Pioneers. Young said to do nothing – but his message arrived too late. The Mormon militia killed all the men, women, and children Except for 17 survivors who were too young to understand what had happened. Why? → Fear, desire for their supplies, misunderstanding, etc.

The Utah War / “Buchanan’s Blunder” Why is it called “Buchanan’s Blunder”? Completely unprepared for winter Their animals (carrying supply wagons etc) were continually dying. The troops were needed back in the East… tensions were ramping up there.

The Utah War / “Buchanan’s Blunder” The end (Jan 1858): Colonel Thomas Kane volunteers to go talk to Brigham to see what’s really going on. Young & Kane clear up the misunderstandings. The Result: The U.S. Army is allowed to pass through SLC on their way to an area 40 miles West to build a winter fort. Ghost town The Mormons welcome the new Governor – Cumming – as long as he does not come with an army. The U.S. gov “pardons” the Mormons – Brigham is salty.

Context: “Deseret”? “Manifest Destiny”? What is a “Theocracy”? Narrator: grew up Mormon

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kieCFwMqKtE&t=109s Will discuss: Some Background/Review The Utah War Mountain Meadows Massacre Legal Battles (Mormons vs. U.S.)

Proclamation by the Governor p.159

Impacts of the Utah War - End of Isolation Utahns move back to their homes (from Provo) and continue life as normal… kind of Recall that Johnston’s army stayed nearby – established Camp Floyd (~20 miles SW of Lehi, near Fairfield). UT had always wanted to be isolated. Now, there was a large encampment of outsiders nearby. Merchants came, setting up shops in SLC, to sell goods to the soldiers.

Impacts of the Utah War - Camp Floyd Established for many years. Became the 3rd largest town in the UT Territory (after SLC & Provo). Some Positive Effects: Brought much needed cash
Paid locals to help build Camp Floyd Auctioned off expensive items for cheap prices Ex. thousand of freight wagons sold In the East: $150 each, Here: $10 each. Provided long-term jobs for many Bought beef and crops Some Negative Effects: Camp Floyd had prostitutes, gambled as a pastime, etc.

The Civil War Begins (1861) Johnston’s army stayed in Camp Floyd for ~3 years. Over ¼ of the U.S. Army Then, the Civil War broke out in the east. Soldiers in UT left quickly, auctioning off their items very cheaply. Boosted the local economy Camp Floyd abandoned. In the CW, loyalties were divided: 98 men who’d been in UT became CW Generals. 50 of these (including Johnston) fought with the Confederates…

Governor Cumming Leaves As the soldiers are leaving UT in 1861, the new Territorial Governor, Alfred Cumming, leaves as well He had replaced Brigham Young From the East, appointed by the U.S. Gov. Genuinely tried to be fair to the Mormons while still enforcing federal laws (was liked overall)

Impacts of the Utah War - Legacy of Diversity For 10 years (1847-1857), the Great Basin was settled by Mormons alone. Mormons & Natives were the only shaping influences. After 1857 (because of the Utah War) people with diverse backgrounds began to have an impact: Soldiers at Camp Floyd Merchants who came to supply them Eventually: Miners Railroaders Settlers of various religious backgrounds. “Outsiders” were increasingly shaping the culture of Utah.

Impacts of the Utah War - UT’s Relationship w/ the U.S. Recall that the UT War occurred because of “rumors” Many of these were proven false: Corruption/Mismanagement John Gunnison’s team was killed, by Natives, at Young’s request. That Young is mounting an army with the goal of taking over the U.S… However, stories of polygamy would not go away… Americans viewed Utahns as “rebellious” & “different” Public acceptance became an ongoing mission for Utah’s leaders. Utah continued to struggle for statehood for many decades (until 1896)

Ch.8 Review: Turmoil in the Territory

Essential Question What were the conflicts between the different groups in the Utah Territory? Settlers & Natives Native American Tribes Settlers & Gov

Timeline / Order of Events 1847 → Mormons begin arriving in the Great Basin. 1848 → The Mexican-American War ends (Mexico cedes 55% of its land, including modern-day Utah). 1849 → The Mormons first apply for statehood (the State of Deseret). 1850 → The Compromise of 1850  Orchestrated by Henry Clay.  CA becomes a State (Gold Rush).  UT becomes a Territory (had less rights/control than a State). 1853-54 → The Walker War.  The Gunnison Massacre. 1857-58 → The Utah War / Buchanan’s Blunder  Mountain Meadows Massacre. 1861 → The Civil War Begins.

Questions Worth Considering Consider the tension between freedom of religion and of the need for laws (to maintain order and protect the vulnerable). In the 1850s, the U.S. outlawed the practice of polygamy - with stipulations allowing them to seize property from and imprison those who broke this law (aka, the Mormons). Did this law go against America’s promised freedom of religion? Why or why not? Can you think of other conflicts (past or present) that occur because the two sides fundamentally misunderstand each other? How might we bridge the gap of misunderstanding in such situations? When 2 cultural groups come into conflict (such as the Mormons and the Natives in 1850s Utah), do you think it is better to mesh the two cultures into one or to remain two completely separate groups. Why?

Ch.8 Main Ideas/Events/Concepts Look back through the slides - pay special attention to the bolded/underlined things. Look for: Specific Events. Specific people involved in the events. Broad/open-ended questions. Focus both on WHAT happened and WHY it happened.

Vocab Animosity - bitter hostility; active hatred Civilian - a person who is not part of the military Contempt - regarding someone or something as inferior or with scorn Diverse - differing from one another Glean - to gather (grain, etc) after the main harvest. Harass - to torment by repeated attacks Immunity - a condition of being able to resist a certain disease. Massacre - the killing of a large number of people Passive - not participating actively Rebellious - resisting established authority or tradition Retaliate - to attack or assault in return for a similar attack

Memory Master Questions (p.158) Be able to answer all 11 questions.

Study Strategies Take notes to help you memorize info. For more open-ended questions, practice writing a paragraph/essay-style response. Work with a partner - quiz each other on specific names/dates/places/events. Make flashcards If you were to write the test, what would you put on it? Try this.

Instructions Find the class slideshow on Canvas → Modules → Week 16

For a better view: Open It → Click the 3 Dots at Bottom Left Corner → More → Open in Editor