LIFESTYLE DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
| Emphysema | Lung Cancer |
description | Progressive lung disease, part of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), damage to alveoli | The development of mass of abnormal cells that results in uncontrollable growth of a tumour in the lungs |
cause | Long-term exposure to irritating particles in the air taken into the lungs People who smoke exposed to high amounts of irritating particles from tobacco smoke People exposed to a lot of dust People living in continually high levels of air pollution
| Exposure to asbestos fibers, other pollutants commonly smoking, due to it containing chemicals that initiate cancerous growth family history also increases risks
|
Describe changes to lung structure | Causes damage to alveoli Alveoli lose elasticity Replaced with fibrous tissue Alveoli broken down, causing the internal surface area to reduce Loss of elasticity causes lungs to constantly be state of inflation Inadequate surface area for gas exchange, less efficient
| Typically forms on the walls of lungs, usually bronchi From the particles irritating the mucus membrane lining the passages, excess production of mucus Accumulating mucus not removed Trapped mucus causes alveoli to rupture Emphysema develops Cancerous growth develops and can spread across body
|
The symptoms | Inhaling requiring effort Breathing requires effort, not passively, especially after exercise Shortness of breath (main symptom) Chest tightness/heaviness Wheezing/whistling sound when exhaling Persistent coughing Phlegm Even weight loss or muscle weakness
| 'smoker's cough' Chest pain Coughing up blood Hoarseness Shortness of breath Wheezing
|
Treatments | Damage cannot be reversed, not treatable To slow symptoms, quitting smoking Inhaled medicines open airways and reducing inflammation chest infections, antibiotics
For more severe: | Surgery (early stage, non-small cell) Radiotherapy (kill/damage cancer cells) Chemotherapy (anticancer drugs) Immunotherapy (non-specific drugs stimulate immune system) Targeted therapy (targets specific mutations, advanced non-small cell cancer) Thermal ablation (needles inserted into to destroy cancer cells w/ heat)
|
LIFESTYLE DISEASES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Q1. Cardiovascular disease- term describing diseases/disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels
Q2. Coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral arterial disease, rheumatic heart disease
Q3. main risk factors
Risk factor | reason |
smoking | Tobacco smoke damages blood vessels, increases formation of plaques and clots, reduces blood oxygen levels Narrow arteries Can lead to peripheral artery disease, heart attack, coronary heart disease or stroke
|
High blood pressure | Aka hypertension no symptoms Damages blood vessels and heart Can cause structural changes due to the heart having to work harder, becomes bigger, struggles to pump blood Arteries can become blocked Atherosclerosis (arterial plaque build-up); damaged arteries allows for plaque to build up Atherosclerosis causes arteries to narrow and could lead to restricted blood flow
|
Abnormal blood lipids (high cholesterol) | Blood lipids: cholesterol and triglycerides Can lead to atherosclerosis Narrowing and restricting blood flow Can be managed with sufficient physical activity and healthy balanced diet Increases risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral arterial disease
|
Obesity and being overweight | Excess body fat increases high blood pressure and higher levels of blood lipids strain on the heart, more mass needs more blood supply damage kidneys, role regulating blood pressure
|
Family history | higher risk of getting a cardiovascular condition Chance of inheriting genes that increase risk factors like high blood sugar and high cholesterol Shared environments; learnt traits of sedentary lifestyle, dietary habits
|
Age | Heart cannot pump blood as fast when activity or stressed Chambers of heart increase due to increased thickness of walls, amount of blood held in chamber decreases Valves become thicker + stiffer, Especially for arteriosclerosis
|
diabetes | High blood sugar levels: damage to blood vessels, likely to develop fat deposits likely to have other risk factors : high blood pressure, high cholesterol, being overweight increased strain on heart
|
Insufficient exercise/inactivity | Can lead to obesity and being over weight Linked to high cholesterol, blood pressure Less contraction of muscles means heart works harder move blood in veins Increased strain on heart
|
Q4. i) LDL, low-density lipoprotein (aka bad cholesterol)
HDL, high-density lipoprotein (aka good cholesterol)
ii)
HDL | LDL |
Baked/grilled fatty fish Vegetables Skinless poultry Lean meat Unsalted nuts Vegetable/olive oil
| Fried foods Deli meats Cheese, butter, ice cream Greasy foods; chips Trans fats/saturated fats
|
Plaque reduction Transporting excess cholesterol to liver for processing then excreted, aka reverse cholesterol transport Reverse cholesterol transport aid prevent the build up of plaque Transports cholesterol to where body's cells require anti-inflammatory Reduces size of plaque buildup, stabilising it
| cholesterol buildup is called plaque Hardens walls of arteries Plaque build up reduces blood flow,can block arteries lead to blood clot Piece of plaque dislodge and become stuck Process: atherosclerosis Unstable plaques can rupture
|
Can lead to:
Q5. i) first number is higher systolic pressure as heart contracts, second number is lower diastolic as heart is relaxed.
Measured in mmHg (millimetres per mercury)
ii) measured by sphygmomanometer (a.k.a. blood pressure cuff)
Cuff wrapped and secured on arm (not too loose or tight to affect the reading)
The cuff inflated then measurement is taken systolic and diastolic pressure
iii)
Damage arterial walls, inner lining
damage to walls means fats (cholesterol) collect in the walls narrowing bloodstream
arterial walls, more inelastic
aneurysm can form due to constant pressure in weak artery creating a bulge
bulge is ruptured, result fatal bleeding
Stroke when blood vessels become blocked/burst, blood to brain
Elevated pressure decreases blood flow
Coronary heart disease due to limited blood supply to heart from damaged arteries from high blood pressure
CHD can lead to angina (chest pain), arrhythmias or heart attack
Lead to heart failure from the heart muscles weakening/stiffening due to the high pressure straining the heart, overwhelming it
Left heart enlargement, heart must work harder to pump blood to rest of body, meaning left ventricle to thicken
Thicker/enlarged left ventricle increases risk of heart attack, heart failure and even sudden cardiac death (suddenly stops beating)
Q6. I) blood flow to heart is blocked, plaque rupture = clot
Lack of oxygen = heart tissue die
Cause: mainly CHD, plaque build-up
ii) Permanent heart damage, risks angina, arrhythmias, future heart attacks, blood clots, heart failure, cardiogenic shock