Chapter 20

Second Industrial Revolution

2nd wave - steel, chemicals, electricity, petroleum
In 1897 the skyline started to rise (skyscrapers and stuff)
Iron was the dominant building material
leading producers were Britain, France, Germany, and Belgium
125,000 tons of steel with those 4 countries combined
They produced 32 million tons of steel
Electricity - revolutionary
1831 - first electrical current
1870 - electricity was applied
1890 - every major city in the world had electricity
Stuff could be sold at night
In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell developed the telephone
By 1900 the United States were producing the most steel
1903 - Wright brothers get off the ground
1919 - You can fly from London to New York

Assembly line

This was a new manufacturing method pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913.
It allowed for mass production of goods.

Economic Zone 1

The parts of the world that by the 1890’s are more industrialized
More advanced: more railroad lines, people who own phones, higher life expectancy, more literate
Public schools allowed more people to read
It led to the explosive growth of literacy and newspapers
More people having light, heat, electricity
Already into the second wave of the industrial revolution
Germany, Great Britain, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Vienna, Northern Italy, United States

Economic Zone 2

Less of everything from Zone 1
An area that is in the infancy of industrializing
More agricultural
Not a 50, 50, 50 like Britain
Most people are farmers
Lower literacy (less public schools)
Nobody had phones in their houses
Southern Italy, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Balkans, Russia

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (Communist Manifesto)

Marx - (1818 - 1883)
Engels - (1820 - 1895)
He wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848 along with Friedrich Engels.
They were appalled at the horrible conditions in industrial factories.
They blamed the system of industrial capitalism for these conditions.
Marx thought that all of world history was a “history of class struggles”, and oppressor and oppressed have always stood in constant opposition to one another.
The oppressors owned the land, raw materials, and money.
They go wrong predicting what will happen in the future.
Government simply represents the oppressors
Pointless for the Proletariat to join the government
Marxism: Oppositional forces must clash, and through that, you get something new
People who own the means of production/lands - Feudal Lords
Oppressed were dependant on the feudal lords
Now, the oppressed were the Proletariat and the Feudal lords were the government
This all happened through violent revolution and fighting
Proletariat were dependant on the Bourgeoisie
The only way this dynamic would change was through violent class struggles (calm petitions and stuff like that does nothing)
Has to be a violent clash
NO COMPROMISING, ONLY VIOLENT STRUGGLE TO CHANGE SOCIETY
The switch has to be in a zone 1 country (has industrial capitalism and no feudalism)
1 of 3 places: Britain, Prussia, or the United States
They predicted in 1848 that after no reform, the proletariat would have to clash with the Bourgeoisie, and it would be led by well-educated elites but members of the working class
They would oversee the dictatorship of the Proletariat (socialism)
It’s dictatorial and intrusive and has a big government
This is only a transitional phase
All private ownership of land and property will be owned by the government
They will redistribute wealth equally based on need and ability
Eventually, the government could wither away and die
When they achieve communism, government will die
Government is an instrument of the ruling class: if there is no ruling class, there can’t be any government
Same thing with communism happens as with Darwinism - it’s twisted up and is not the original theory, but still called communism
In 1848, Marx and Engels were pessimistic
By 1918, women above 30 and all men above 21 were voting in Britain
In 1911 the British government passed the national insurance act, which gave pensions to retired factory workers
In the countries that allow some reform, there are no violent reforms that are necessary

Karl Marx

1/3 of the world claimed to be Marxist
He was born in 1818, and the son of a lawyer
He went to University in Guam and Berlin in the 1840’s
Marx abandoned his studies of law, poetry, and academic philosophy
The Bourgeoisie destroyed the absolute power of the kings and created an economy that was factory-based
Average age of death was 38 for the Bourgeoisie, 18 for the working class
Scientific laws dictate man’s historical development
His theories were as influential and as simple as Darwin’s, and they were also misunderstood
Marx sees things through an economic lens
Economics cover every aspect of our lives and our beliefs
Marx was wrong about some aspects of capitalism
Socialism would replace capitalism
The government would wither away and it would lead to communism
He wrote the Communist Manifesto after the revolutions of 1848
More people got the right to vote, higher wages, less hours, legal unions (after 1875), and people didn’t really follow Marxism
Marxisms wasn’t practiced in most of Europe
Russia was still a feudal country
Russia followed “Marxism”
Russia was too early in the phases of the revolution for Marxism to be effective
Vladimir Lenin was the ruler of Russia

Bourgeoisie

The middle class. They were the oppressors.

Proletariat

The working class. They were the oppressed.
They’re the ones sharing in the struggle against the oppressor

Communist Manifesto

It was written in 1848 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Second International

Pure vs. Revisionist Marxism

Revisionists rejected the revolutionary approach, and argued that workers must continue to organize in mass political parties and even work with other parties to gain reforms.
As workers got the right to vote, revisionists believed that they could achieve their aims by working within the democratic system.
Purist Marxists thought that the only way to get change was violent revolt

Trade Unions

Trade unions were made legal in Britain in 1867

Alexander Graham Bell

(1847 - 1922)
He invented the telephone in 1876.

Wright Brothers

They created the first working plane
They took off on December 17th, 1903
By 1919 rich people could buy tickets on a commercial plane

Henry Ford

1863 - 1947
He created the assembly line which allowed cars to be sold for a lot cheaper

Model T Ford

1908 - largely handmade
Took about 12 hours to make one
Could sell for $850
In 1915 it took them 90 minutes to build 1 car and it could be sold for $360
Cheap enough that working class families could buy if they saved up money

German Social Democratic Party

They stood for civil and political rights in an open society
European integration was a main priority
Revisionist Marxist group

British Labour Party

It was a group whose principles included a guaranteed minimum standard of living for everyone, nationalisation of industry, and heavy taxation of large incomes and of wealth

Mass Society

A concept that describes modern society as a monolithic force, and also a separate collection of individuals

Improvements in Zone 1 countries

1890 – British Housing Act

It was an act of Parliament
It gave power and money to local town councils to build cheap housing for the working class
The government subsidized the affordable housing of the working class
Liberals and conservatives of Parliament voted for this as well
By 1890 they needed the working class for votes, which is why this was created

Public Education – Purposes of

Most Zone 1 countries required public schools through the age of 12 by 1918
It had 3 main purposes

Specialized jobs
Teach people to read (for voting purposes)
To create patriotic citizens and promote nationalism (also to promote a common language and common history)

By 1900 most zone 1 had literacy rates for adults between 95-100%
80% of adults couldn’t read in Russia (literacy rate was around 20%)

Women’s Rights Movement

By 1918 women over the age of 30 were voting in Britain
Norway and Finland gave women the rights to vote by 1918 or so
WWI led to more women being able to vote
Every job that a women was denied earlier was filled by a woman in WWI
By 1918 Britain gave women the right to vote
In 1920 the U.S. congress passed the 19th amendment (gave women the right to vote)
Most of the teachers in public schools were women
Department stores were mostly staffed with female clerks
Most phone operators, nurses, and secretaries were women
Myra Bradwell vs the State of Illinois
She went to a women’s college and graduated with a BA and wanted to be a lawyer, so she applied to University of Illinois law school
She was the first woman to take the Bar Exam and pass it
They denied her because she’s a woman
She argued that her 14th amendment right was violated
The Supreme Court decided that the states could decide who could have specific jobs such as lawyers
The reason was because she was married
If women get involved in law, they get involved in politics, and if wives and husbands argue about politics, it’ll destroy the family

Emmeline Pankhurst

(1858 - 1928)
She founded the Women’s Social and Political Union in 1903 with her daughters.
They used unusual publicity stunts to call attention to their demands.
They pelted government officials with eggs, chained themselves to lampposts, burned railroad cars, and smashed the windows of fashionable department stores.

Mass Leisure – Newspapers, Amusement Parks, Sports

Leisure activities became such a big business because it allowed relaxation and entertainment to the working class
People wanted to relax and have fun sometimes instead of just working all day and doing nothing fun ever

British voting reform acts of 1867 & 1884

The reform act of 1867 allowed more men to vote
This gave people with smaller amounts of property the right to vote
In 1884 even more men were allowed to vote

1911 – British National Insurance Act

This created a national system of insurance to protect working people against the loss of income relating to sickness or unemployment

Universal Male Suffrage

By 1918 universal male suffrage laws were passed in Britain, and women over the age of 30 who owned a minimal amount of property could vote in Britain

Ministerial Responsibility

The prime minister was responsible to the popularly elected legislative body, not to the king or president.
This is called ministerial responsibility, which is necessary for democracy.

Pan-German League

The principles of the Pan-German league were foreign expansion of the German empire, ethnic homogenization, and political reform.
They wanted to unify all Germans into and ethnically and politically homogeneous German Empire.

Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria

He had complete authority over the state of Austria-Hungary

Tsar Alexander II

1881 - Czar Alexander II was assassinated by the People’s Will
He tried to make a lot of reforms, which eventually resulted in his assassination
He also emancipated serfs, which ended up making living conditions even worse for the peasants
The land owners would sell their worst land to the government, who gave it to the newly freed serfs, and they didn’t have any good land or anything to grow food, so they were living in worse conditions than when they were serfs

Tsar Alexander III

He was Czar Alexander II’s son, and he took over after his death
When Czar Alexander III took over he wasn’t very open to political reform
He was a reactionary, he wanted to go backwards
He ruled until his death in 1884

Bloody Sunday

The workers indicated that they weren’t challenging the authority of the church and the czar by stating that their goal was to present a petition to the Emperor.
Happened in 1905 in ST. Petersburg, Russia
Troops opened fire on a crowd of people protesting the Czar
The Czar ordered the troops to attack the people

Russo-Japanese War

The background of the Russo-Japanese war was that Russians kept their troops in Manchuria after the other nations withdrew theirs, and they failed to withdraw their forces because of Russian foreign policies, and the fact that they wanted war with Japan.
Japanese then attacked units of the Russian fleet anchored at Port Arthur in 1904, which was the beginning of the Russo-Japanese war.
There was a peace treaty in 1905, and Russia accepted Japan’s ownership of Korea
Korea was fully annexed by Japan in 1910
Russia was humiliated
This was the first time a large European power had been defeated by an Asian power

Russian socialist/revolutionary parties

Revisionist socialist tactics were unsuccessful in Russia because the government/czar had too much power, and the police force could easily overpower the people.
The alternatives they had to use were to issue a manifesto and threaten the czar and government if they didn’t listen.

Russification

Russification was the persecution of the minority nationalities such as Finns, Poles, Ukrainians, Armenians, and Jews.

Triple Alliance

Started with the Franco-Prussian war in 1870
By 1879, Germany and Austria-Hungary had a defensive alliance
Italy became the 3rd member in 1882 because the Italians and French were competing for land in Africa

Triple Entente

France and Russia signed a defensive alliance in 1884
Britain joined France and Russia’s alliance
In 1907 Britain joined the Triple Entente
It was made up of Russia, France, and England

Emperor William II

He fired Bismarck

Trouble in the Balkans

The largest ethnic group is the Slavic people
They wanted independence, they didn’t want to be ruled by the Turks
They revolted in the 1870’s
The majority of the Muscovites are Slavic, and they rule Russia
In 1875, Russia declared war on the Turks and helped Slavic people rebel
To avoid a war, the superpowers of Europe arranged a conference in Berlin

1878 Congress of Berlin meeting

Russia, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Germany, Britain, and France
It set the path towards WWI
The powers that met in Berlin created 3 new independent countries
Serbia (middle of the Balkans)
Romania
Montenegro
Were declared to be independent states
It was determined that there were other parts of the Balkans that weren’t ready for states
They were made into Protectorates
In 1908, Austria-Hungary decided to annex Bosnia (make it part of Austro-Hungarian empire)
Russia was angered and saw that Serbia was going to go to war with Austria-Hungary to help Bosnia
Russians were willing to help
William II sent a telegram to Czar Nicholas II that said that Germany would go to war with Russia if Russia went to war with Austria-Hungary
This was called Brinkmanship
Nicholas was in no position to go to war
Nicholas II backed down
He was embarrassed that he had to back down
He began to aggressively prepare for a war
The archduke of Austria-Hungary was killed, Germany threatened Russia again
When Germany threatens Russia again in 1914, they didn’t back down
In 1908 the war was avoided

Serbia, Bosnia and the Balkan wars

Protectorate

Your mother country holds your hand until you’re ready to have independent status
Bulgaria was a protectorate of Russia
Bosnia was a protectorate of Austria-Hungary

Sigmund Freud

(1856 - 1939)
He was a doctor from Vienna
He proposed theories regarding the nature of the human mind
His ideas added to the uncertainties of the age
His major theories were published in 1900 in The Interpretation of Dreams
Human behavior was strongly determined by past experiences and internal forces that people were largely unaware of
Repression of these experiences began in childhood, so he made a method known as psychoanalysis
He thought a lot of mental suffering was due to what we repress
Some suffering was what you could see, some was what you couldn’t (the ID)
What it represents is our basic desires
We need to control the ID because society has values, and you can’t always act on your impulses
Psychoanalysis is the idea that you have to tap into the ID to help someone
You need to find your repressed memories to get better
Ego, Superego, and the ID are the parts of the mind
Medulla Oblongata - controls impulses, anger, instincts

Social Darwinism

It was a theory used to justify the dominance of western nations in the late 1800’s.
Certain people claimed that it was valid science to apply Darwin’s theory of natural selection to modern human societies.
According to Herbert Spencer, social progress came from the survival of the fittest, which means the strong advanced while the weak declined.
Because of this, some people rejected the idea that they should take care of the less fortunate.
Extreme nationalists also used Social Darwinism by saying that nations were engaged in a “struggle for existence”, in which only the fittest nations would survive.

Zionism

Around 25,000 Jews immigrated to Palestine, which became home for a Jewish nationalist movement called Zionism.
Theodor Herzl created the Zionist movement
There was widespread anti-semitism with the Pan-German League, and they wanted a pure German state
Pogroms were mass murder of Jews

Impressionism

A type of painting that is a reaction to what the artist is seeing at the time. It can be both emotional and realistic.

Dreyfus Affair

Captain Alfred Dreyfus was wrongly accused of treason
He was framed and released
People were shouting death to the Jews

Naturalism

Symbolists

Try to represent reality with symbols instead of representing it realistically

Central Question - How do the theories of Marxism and Natural Selection differ from the way in which those theories were used by Social Darwinists and Revisionist Marxist?

Writing: Theory vs. Practice

Social Darwinism vs Darwinism
- 3 examples!

1. Extreme nationalists used this to show how nations were involved in a struggle for survival 2. Traditional Social Darwinists (murder, war eliminates the weak, don’t help the sick, poverty is genetic inferiority) 3. Liberal Social Darwinists (peaceful, communication solves problems, humans are different from animals because we can think, public institutions promote human evolution, no brutal competition)

Marxism vs Marxists
- 3 examples!

1. German Social Democratic Party (They stood for civil and political rights in an open society, European integration was a main priority) 2. British Labour Party (nationalisation of industry, and heavy taxation of large incomes and of wealth) 3. The Social Revolutionaries (interested in the peasants)

Mikhail Bakunin (he was an anarchist), Herbert Spencer (survival of the fittest), Francis Galton (the head of the Eugenics movement), BE SPECIFIC

Britain

All zone 1 cities by 1900 had electricity, heat, hot water
1914 - 60% of Germany lived in a city
1900 - 6.5 million population in London
1900 - cities were much cleaner, safer, and nicer to live in
1870 - British unions won the right to strike
1875 - British trade unions became legal
1918 - women over 30 voting, men over 21 voting in Britain
1867 - lowering of amount of tax you had to pay in order to vote in Britain
1884 - amount of tax you had to pay was lowered even more in Britain
Pretty much universal male suffrage in Britain by 1884
1900 - Labour Party created, made up of working class men dedicated to the interest of factory workers in Britain
1911 - British national insurance act - created pensions for workers over the age of 70 and guaranteed workers comp for injuries sustained at work
- Introduced by liberals in Parliament
- Liberal members of Parliament did this because they had to throw a bone to the working class
1919 - British housing act, built affordable housing for the working class

Italy

Largely Zone 2
1912 - allows universal suffrage, except gov’t doesn’t do anything (monarch does stuff)
Italy doesn’t have the means to compete with the other European powers
Neither does Germany
Became a nation in 1871

Germany

Became a nation in 1871
Germany is an industrial and military superpower
By 1900 germany surpassed Britain in terms of steel production
Led by a monarch, but has the ability to be a democracy
Upper house is controlled by the Yunkers
Lower house (Reichstag) is elected by universal male suffrage
They have 0 ministerial responsibility - no real power
Autocracy - emperor controls army, sets foreign policy
William II replaced William I
He didn’t want to work with Bismarck
Fired him in 1890
Held together by a strong sense of nationalism
Many people wanted it to be a great superpower
Pan German League - political club formed in Germany in the 1880’s
- Stressed intense German patriotism/nationalism
- In favor of colonies in Africa
- Very anti-semitic

Austria-Hungary

Technically a constitutional democracy
Francis Joseph has absolute authority
Ruled by a small German minority
German ruling class ignored the minorities demands

Russia

1881 - Czar Alexander II was assassinated by the People’s Will
Led by Lenin’s older brother
They were eventually captured and executed
When Czar Alexander III took over he wasn’t very open to political reform
He was a reactionary, he wanted to go backwards
He ruled until his death in 1884
Nicholas II was the last of the Czars
He created the Duma (an advisory council only)
Czar Nicholas disbanded the Duma
He was assassinated in the socialist revolution of 1917
In 1900 he ruled over a country that was in between zone 1 and zone 2
4th largest producer of steel in the world
More factories, growing working class, Marxism was appealing to workers, but Marx didn’t think Russia was a likely place to have a revolution
They had to be fully in zone 2, and they weren’t yet
There were no outlets to bring about change legally or within the system
1905 - Bloody Sunday
- Several hundred were killed by the Czar’s troops
- What Marx and Engels predicted
1907 - alliances place Europe on the path to WWI
Roughly 100 years before, Mary Shelley wrote that the industrial revolution would have monstrous results
1870 - 1914, guns were aimed at the zone 2 world
Started with the Franco-Prussian war in 1870
By 1879, Germany and Austria-Hungary had a defensive alliance
Italy became the 3rd member in 1882 because the Italians and French were competing for land in Africa
Russia became a free agent
France and Russia signed a defensive alliance in 1884
Britain joined France and Russia’s alliance
In 1907 Britain joined the Triple Entente
It was made up of Russia, France, and England