Period 2

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As the Ottomans began trading with European territories this allowed the empire to experience cultural diffusion through interactions. As these interactions increased westernization began to spread through the Ottoman Empire. 

Because the Ottomans were Sunni Muslims they had conflicts with individuals who had culturally different beliefs, for example, the Byzantines who were orthodox constantly fuded with the Ottomans. 

-Glory

The leader was Muhammad. It was a major theocracy. The devshirme and janissaries were the most important part of the empire. The Ottoman Empire used gunpowder to overpower and overtake them. They were taken from conquered areas and kidnapped. Then they were trained to become soldiers and artists. Jannasarries were slaves that were capable of carrying out militant tactics, they were used as soldiers in warfare. 

Shah is the leader.Used gun powder to conquer.The Safavids coudnt conquer the ottoman because they were too powerful.Were also a theo cracy.Brought weapons from europe and new military ideas

Mughal empire located in india.Ahkbar was the best leader.Hindu had the most powerful positions.They flourished indian trade.

The Ottoman Empire controlled key trade routes connecting Europe Asia Africa. They controlled Salt, Gold, and Slave trades, The empire developed rest stops (caravanserais)

Merchants also played a significant role in the economy considering they were the people trading. The empire also collected tribute which played a role in changing the economic power. The Ottoman also used slavery as a labor system.

The safavid used different trade routes like the silk trade route they also used trading hubs across the land. They relied on the trade relations between other countriesThe Safavid Empire’s economy was a mix of  labor systems, centralized state control, and flourishing trade networks. it featured components that echo capitalism and socialism. 

The Mughal Empire played a significant role in international trade, exporting goods like textiles (especially cotton), spices, indigo, and precious stones. The Mughals established a uniform currency system based on silver and gold coins, which facilitated trade.

Sultan was the leader which had religious connotations;

Sunni Muslim;

Built many Mosques;

Code of Law (Sharia) based on Islam;

Religiously tolerant;

Shah is the leader;

Shi’a Muslim (Rivalry with Ottoman Sunnis);

Religiously tolerant;

Taj Mahal is tomb of Shah Jahan’s wife;

Turned Muslim by a bad leader (Also banned music);

Gunpowder used to conquer;

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-serf rebellions

-cossack expansion into eastern asia

-7 years war

-russo-turkish wars by Catherine the great caused by expansion into crimea and black sea

-azov campaign and northern war

-Cossacks were people that adventured and explored for russia and settled to make the empire bigger

-russo japanese war

-Cathrine II claimed Alaska 

-Russia had serfs which were slaves or the very bottom of the social classes

-Russia had Boyars which were rich landowners who challenged the tsars command 

-Russian leaders were called Tsars

-Ivan IV killed all people who spoke out against him, he created a secret police force to do so.

-The time of troubles following Ivan IV death allowed the boyars to claim power

-Romanov family took control after the time of trouble and last for 300 years

-serfs did labor, made up >80% of the population in 1857 and worked on private estates

-Ivan IV opened up trade routes from east Asia to western Eourpe

-slow economic growth compared to to the rest of europe

-Peter the great brings western cultural reforms to Russia

-Culture starts to spread west because of the trade route that Ivan IV founded

-invented abacus

-siege towers and tsar cannons invented in tsardom

-late westernization and industrialization period

-trans-siberian railroad built in late 19th century

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Renaissance

• Recovering 

from the plague

• Big cities give way to the rebirth of art and learning

• Humanism becomes popular with the idea of having a secular look on life

• Revolutionary Artists 

• Thomas More writes a book, Utopia, and it becomes the ideal people want to achieve 

• Literacy flourishes because of the printing press meaning people can now read books in their vernacular language

Reformation

• Martin Luther teaches:

•  salvation is through god’s forgiveness

• Church teachings should be bible based

• Everyone with faith is equa

The pope excommunicates him and the Emporer arrests him.

• Trial (Edict of worms)

• War between catholic and protestant princes

• Ends with treaty of Westphalia

• Idea of predestination

• Catholic Reformation

• Council of Trent

Religion no longer unifies Europe 

Church Power decreases

Monarchs get stronger

Renaissance

Humanism - focus on human potential and achievements, secular look on life.

Patrons played a role of paying money to support arts, Medici family were the biggest patrons

A book called ‘The Courtier’ was released and taught people how to be a renaissance man, which includes being a skilled rider, wrestler, fighter with a sword, charming, witty, dance, act, sing, gotta be able to write.

Women in this era inspired the art but not created it

Reformation 

Martin Luther thought indulgences were wrong all with a lot of other problems and stared his own religions out of revolting from the catholic church, called Lutherans.

Reformation

Emperor Charles V - Emperor of Germany; made the Edict of Worms which declared Martin Luther as a heretic and outlaw

Treaty of Westphalia 1648 - Said all cities of Germany can pick their own religion

King Henry VII - Had 6 wives, after his first wife he made the “Act of Supremacy” which made Henry the head of the church so he could divorce his wife

King Edward - King Henry VII’s son, king for 6 years

Lady Jane Grey - 9 day queen, thrown in the tower of London by Queen Mary I

Queen Mary I - “Bloody Mary” Gave power back to the pope and had all protestants slaughtered

Queen Elizabeth I - Protestant, made the Anglican Church

Monarchs get stronger as the power of the church decreases.

Catholic vs. Protestants, which leads to the treaty of westphalia (says all cities of germany can pick own religion)

Renaissance

• Wealthy middle class

Patron- someone who donates money

• There were many patrons of art (Medical Family)

Reformation

• Indulgences (pardon from priest) are being sold for money

Renaissance

• Had a 

secular look on the world and focused on rebirthing art, and learning, called humanism. 

• They contributed to many different scientific laws and art fields.

Reformation

• Martin Luther did not agree with indulgences, and went against it. 

• You can only get your salvation through God's forgiveness and permission. 

Baldassarre Castiglione - wrote courtier, taught people how to be a “Renaissance Man”

Johann Gutenberg - invented the printing press

Printing press - printed bible, faith increases, literacy increases, able to print the bible in English - called for a reform of the church

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Natural Rights

- Says that everyone possesses life, liberty, and property.

Mary Wollstonecraft 

- Argued that a woman's education is just as important as a man's

Jean Jacques Rousseau - freedom of individuals 

- The noble class should be abolished 

Voltaire

-Philosopher

- Arrested for speaking badly about the French government. 

Wealth of Nations

- Book by Adam Smith

- talks about Laissez Faire which means the government stays out of the economy

Checks and balances

- The power of the government is divided 

Montesquieu

-Government's power should be divided.

Rise of secularism which means less religion and more politics

The people in Europe did not agree with galileo conforming to the heliocentric theory that the sun is the center of the universe.   theory and theatend to torture him so he was stuck in a house the rest of his life. The geocentric theory-the earth is the center of the universe and everything revolves around it is what people believed

Some inventions include the reflecting telescope mechanical  calculator 

Isaac newton formulated the laws of motion and gravitation 

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Interactions Between Humans and the Environment

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Political Structures/Politics

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Culture/Cultural developments and interaction

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Technology & Innovation

-The environment of Africa allowed  immense exploitation and profit through plantations

-Africa and Portugal traded with each other.

-Glory: exploring to claim land and bring honor to one’s country

-States seeking ways to expand authority and control of resources in era of empire-building

-Rivalries among European states encouraged efforts to expand before another state might claim a territory

-The line of Demarcation divided  the Americas between Spain and Portugal, which ended up giving Spain near total control over the Americas

Though the -Gold: exploring to set up trade and gain riches

-Muslim trade routes started taxing European traders, causing them to avoid Muslim routes and started forming new ones

-God: exploring to spread Christianity

-Capetown was one of the first colony in Africa

-The conization called for greater boats -Astrolabe, an invention that told sailors how far north or south they were from the equator.

-The Caravel was a new type of ship that could sail against the winds making it possible for the Dutch to get to africa. 

-Cartography / Map making + knowledge of wind patterns → improved navigation

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Land- Settled in new land

Staple Foods- Foods culturally important, such as Corn and potatoes. 

Hernan Cortez: 1519,

Destroyed Aztec history, created rallies to fight against the Aztecs

Class system (in order of power):

Peninsulares- Spaniards born in spain

Creoles- pure spanish blood born in Americas

Mestizos- Mix of spaniards and natives

Mulatto- African and indigenous ancestry

Slaves- enslaved african and indigenous people

Priests- Very influential to the Spanish communities

Women- Unmarried women could own inherit and manage their own property. 

At first they had good relationship with Natives. 

Christopher Colombus- Italian man, commissioned by the King and Queen of Spain to compete with the political power of Portugal

Church- As Christianity spread so did the Church’s power

GOLD 

GOD

GLORY

These were the main motives for (Spanish) Exploration

Brought riches back to Spain

Religion- Christianity was crucial in Spanish life. 

Encomienda System- Forced labor system tribute of natives. 

Bartolomé de las casas- Priest who didn’t agree with the Encomieda system, influenced Atlantic slave trade. Brought workers from Africa. 

Women- Were a bit more respected then in other communities, could get an education through a convent

Traded culture with Natives. 

Conquistadors Advantages:

-Immune from disease 

-Had horses 

-Had guns 

Astrolabe: used similar to a compass to travel

Caravel: ship that could sail against the wind. Important for travel to the Americas

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• In the columbian exchange many diseases like smallpox and measles were spread from europeans to native americans.

• The atlantic slave trade was across the atlantic ocean to get supplies from europe or africa to the americas and the middle passage was along the coast of the caribbean to quickly transport slaves

• Corn and potatoes are healthy and easy to grow so they quickly became staple foods of the World, Pigs, cows, and horses all got transported to the Americas through the Columbian Exchange. They served as resources for food and transportation

• The commercial revolution gave rise to the middle class or merchant class of Europe due to the wealth brought to Europe during this time. Most Europeans remained poor and lived in rural areas.

• European settlers brought new foods to the Americas which boosted population growth by creating a healthier lifestyle for everyone, allowing for a more efficient way of transportation and colonization

• The commercial revolution gave more power to monarchs

• Created more efficient political bureaucracies and reduced the political power of the pope, clergy, nobility, and knights

- The economy of the Americas thrived because they acquired free labor during the Atlantic Slave Trade. 

- Discovery of staple foods–corn and potatoes, and use of animals–cows, pigs, and horses, increased food production in the Columbian exchange. 

- Increased food production boosts global trade which led to great economic prosperity known as the Commercial Revolution.

- This gave rise to the middle class or merchant class of Europe due to the wealth brought to Europe during this time.

Christianity was vital in Spanish ruled America.  In the eyes of the Spanish, converting people to christianity was as important as gaining land

-guns were brought to the new world and tore the population apart

- rum, iron, gunpowder, sugar, molasses, wood, rice, silk, indigo, tobacco, whale oil, lumber, furs were resources used to improve the state of being in the settlements

-sugar cane plantations were very big and many people were needed to run them