Midterm Breakdown

Abdominal Discomfort and Related Effects

  • Abdominal discomfort may precede other symptoms such as low blood pressure.

  • Potential side effects due to low blood pressure include:

    • Heart rate decrease

    • Dizziness

    • Blurred vision

    • Weakness

  • Importance of recognizing effects when in bed due to safety concerns.

    • E.g., blurred vision can affect TV viewing or getting up, posing safety risks.

Immediate Safety Concerns

  • Focus on immediate safety issues regarding the patient.

  • Notable effects to monitor:

    • Low blood pressure

    • Dizziness

    • Weakness

    • Blurred vision

Medication Management for Hypertension

  • Common medications for hypertension: Lisinopril, Metoprolol, Verapamil.

    • Purpose: Manage hypertension and treat angina.

    • Adverse effects and side effects include:

    • Confusion

    • Dizziness

    • Blurred vision

Parameters for Administering Medications

  • Parameters to monitor:

    • Hold medication for heart rate < 60 bpm.

    • Hold medication for systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg.

  • Drug administration may require various unit adjustments depending on blood sugar readings:

    • E.g., blood sugar of 240 may yield specific unit instructions for insulin administration.

Hydromorphone and its Effects

  • Hydromorphone: Opioid medication prescribed for pain relief.

    • Known side effects include:

    • Drowsiness

    • Restlessness

    • Confusion

    • Low blood pressure

    • Safety reminder for elderly or children regarding exaggerated effects due to slower clearance of medications.

Differences between Side Effects and Adverse Effects

  • Distinction between side effects and adverse effects is crucial:

    • Side effects: Expected effects that occur as the medication works in the body.

    • Adverse effects: Unlikely but potentially dangerous effects that might occur separately from side effects.

  • Instances of both must be communicated to the patient when administering medications.

Administration Considerations for Digoxin

  • Digoxin: Used for heart failure.

    • Side effects include:

    • Dizziness

    • Drowsiness

    • Low blood pressure

  • Blood pressure monitoring, heart rate assessment, and Digoxin levels are crucial.

Safety Issues regarding Warfarin

  • Warfarin: Anticoagulant medication requiring careful monitoring.

    • Parameters include:

    • Check PTT (partial thromboplastin time) for bleeding risk.

    • Recognize signs of internal bleeding, such as dark, tarry stools, or hematomas.

  • Dietary considerations: Limit dark green leafy vegetables (high in vitamin K) that could interfere with Warfarin's efficacy.

Diuretics and Monitoring

  • Example: Spironolactone: Used to manage fluid retention.

    • Monitor potassium levels, as it can affect kidney function.

    • Assess BUN and creatinine due to potential renal complications.

Safety Risks Associated with Insulin Administration

  • Insulin is associated with risks of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).

    • Signs of hypoglycemia include:

    • Dizziness

    • Confusion

    • Loss of consciousness

    • Diaphoresis (sweating)

General Medication Administration Protocols

  • Importance of patient safety instructions:

    • Instruct patients on administration protocols to avoid accidents from dizziness or low blood pressure.

    • Encourage patients to call for assistance before getting up to avoid falls.

Communication and Documentation in Medications

  • Clear communication regarding medications and side effects to patients is vital for safety.

    • Document administration and any reactions accurately.

    • Follow the established 10 rights of medication administration:

    • Right patient

    • Right medication

    • Right dose

    • Right route

    • Right time

    • Right education

    • Right to refuse

    • Right assessment

    • Right evaluation

    • Right documentation

  • Effective scanning of medications is crucial to avoid administration errors.

Closing Remarks and Next Steps

  • Stay updated on all medication parameters.

  • Refer to EHR (Electronic Health Record) for verifying medications and dosages prescribed.

  • Continuous education on pharmacology is essential for practical application in nursing care.