US HISTORY FINAL

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🌎 Early Exploration and Colonization (to 1624)

* Christianity made to oppose the Catholic Church.

* Ferdinand Magellan - Credited for circumnavigating the whole Earth. (1520 - 1522)

* Leif Erikson - Sails from Scandinavia to the North side of Canada.

* Circumnavigate \rightarrow To go around 360 degrees (e.g., sailing).

* Key European Powers: England, France, Spain.

The Reformation and English Power

* 1517 - Martin Luther (German Priest) - Challenges the Church and brings on the Reformation.

* Protestant \leftarrow Catholic country vs. Catholic country.

* Reformation - A religious movement rejecting Catholic teaching and practices, establishing the Protestant churches.

* 1533 - King Henry VIII officially breaks away from the Catholic Church. Sets up the Anglican Church (Church of England) in the 1530s.

* 1588 - Spanish Armada \rightarrow Spain sends forces to attack England.

* England Wins. The English ships were small, quick, and carried far.

* This is seen as the beginning of the end for Spain as a dominant sea power.

Search for the Northwest Passage

* Northwest Passage \rightarrow The desire to find a passage to Asia (through North America).

* England (1497) - John Cabot makes his way to Newfoundland, Northeast Canada.

* France (1535) - Jacques Cartier makes his way to Montreal, Northeast Canada.

* Fur Trade is a major focus for the French.

* The French are kinder to Natives compared to the English. Tenant farming was a small part of French colonies.

The Dutch in North America

* New Netherland is set up by the Dutch.

* New Amsterdam is their main city (modern day New York).

* System: A person on the land pays rent to the owner of the land and shares profit.

Roanoke: The Lost Colony

* 1585 - Sir Walter Raleigh gets permission to claim land in North America.

* He sends out 2 expeditions to Roanoke. The first was not prepared for harsh winter and returned.

* Two years later, he sends out another expedition with John White as the leader.

* John White's daughter delivers the first English child born in America in Roanoke: Virginia Dare.

* 1590 - John White goes back to England to get more supplies and comes back to find the colony has disappeared.

⚓ The Chesapeake and New England Colonies (1606 - 1691)

Jamestown and the Virginia Colony

* 1606 - Charter - A document granting a person/company the right to settle a colony.

* King James I issues a charter for the Virginia Company.

* Virginia Company came for the gold. They were a trading company.

* Joint Stock Company \rightarrow Investors buy stock in return for a share of its future profits.

* 1607 - Virginia Company arrives in Jamestown (144 people). They realize there's no gold and they struggle.

* John Smith takes control of the colony and makes it work.

* 1609-1610 \rightarrow "Starving Time" (Winter after John Smith goes back to England because of injury).

* John Rolfe now takes over Jamestown and marries Pocahontas.

* Jamestown is successful because of tobacco.

* They offer a headright (50 acres of land given to those who come to Jamestown).

* 1619 - White male landowners had the right to vote for a burgess (representative).

* HOUSE OF BURGESSES becomes the first legislature in North America that is elected by the people.

* 1624 - King James I revokes the charter for Jamestown, and it becomes a royal colony (English government control).

The Pilgrims and Massachusetts

* Puritans - Want to change the Anglican Church.

* Separatists - Don't agree with the Anglican Church.

* Pilgrims - Arrive in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620 aboard a ship called the Mayflower.

* Mayflower Compact - A document agreeing to a majority rule.

* 1621 - Make friends with Wampanoag, led by Squanto and Samoset.

The Great Migration and Puritan Society

* 1630 - John Winthrop landed and set up a colony in Boston, Massachusetts \rightarrow Part of the Great Migration (about 15,000 Puritans left from England).

* Puritan Laws:

* All Puritans had to read the Bible.

* All Puritans required to attend church services.

* Puritans must embrace godliness (be a good person).

* No dancing or playing any games.

* 1634 - All male church members were allowed to vote for their government.

Religious Dissenters and New Colonies

* Tolerance - The ability to accept and respect different views and behaviors; enforces laws on groups of people.

* Thomas Hooker \rightarrow Moves from Boston to Hartford, Connecticut.

* They set up the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, the first written constitution in America.

* Roger Williams \rightarrow Established Rhode Island for religious tolerance for all.

* The first place in America with religious tolerance for all faiths.

* John Wheelwright \rightarrow Same as Roger Williams, and they are located in New Hampshire.

The Middle Colonies

* Dutch West India Company land system was set up where you had to rent the land.

* Peter Stuyvesant \rightarrow Leader of New Netherland and surrendered to England.

* New Netherland is now New York! \rightarrow New York becomes a proprietary colony (owned by one person) and is controlled by the Duke of York.

* 1691 \rightarrow Sets up a legislative system.

* William Penn \rightarrow Established Pennsylvania.

* A successful colony with good relations with Native American tribes.

* His followers are called Quakers. They believed everyone was equal and were pacifists.

* Philadelphia \rightarrow The business focal point.

* 1701 \rightarrow Allowed to elect their own representatives in Pennsylvania.

* Colony of Delaware was once part of Pennsylvania/Sweden.

* New Jersey \rightarrow William Penn gave some land to John Berkely and George Carteret.

* New Jersey becomes a royal colony under British control because it was unsuccessful as a proprietary colony.

🧑‍🌾 Labor, Rebellion, and the Southern Colonies

* Indentured Servant: Someone who pays for their trip to America and provides labor (for a set time), but gets no profit for working.

* 1619 - Indentured Servants arrive (earliest records of African labor in Virginia).

Bacon's Rebellion

* William Berkeley (Governor of Virginia) \rightarrow Said no expansion west and signed a treaty with the Natives.

* Nathaniel Bacon \rightarrow Wanted to start a war to steal land without cost.

* Nathaniel and his men go to Jamestown and burn it to the ground.

* This is called "Bacon's Rebellion."

* Nathaniel dies shortly after. Jamestown wants to be independent.

Maryland and the Carolinas

* Colony of Maryland \rightarrow Was made up of a land grant given to Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore).

* After George Calvert dies, his son names the colony Maryland.

* Mason-Dixon Line - The border between Maryland and Pennsylvania.

* Religious tolerance was accepted by Maryland.

* So many Protestants came to Maryland that they surpassed the Catholic population.

* Act of Toleration was passed, where you can follow any religion.

* 1692 - Maryland officially becomes a Protestant Colony.

* 1729 - Carolina officially splits into two: North Carolina and South Carolina.

| North Carolina | South Carolina |

|---|---|

| Timber Industry | Timber Industry |

| Tobacco Plantation | Beef Industry/Ranching |

| Tar (also) | Fur Trade |

| | Indigo (clothing dye) |

Georgia: The Buffer Colony

* 1733 - Colony of Georgia. James Oglethorpe (founder).

* Served as a buffer between the colonies and Spanish Florida.

* Set up for debtors (people who owed money) to come and work like community service.

* 1751 - Becomes another royal colony.

📈 Economy, Culture, and Conflict (to 1770)

* MAIN IDEA: As New England's economy grew through industry and trade, its Puritan society began to undergo change.

New England Economy

* Subsistence Farming \rightarrow Farmers produced only enough food to provide for their family, with little left over to sell or trade.

* Children were the labor force.

* The Atlantic Ocean provided profitable economic opportunities.

* Maritime activities led to the development of a thriving shipbuilding industry.

* New England became a center of colonial trade.

* Fishermen sold their catches to merchants for: shoes, textiles, glass, and metal products.

* Navigation Acts - This act required that all goods brought to Britain or its colonies be transported on British-made ships. Colonists had to sell raw materials to Britain.

The Salem Witch Trials

* As the industry of trade developed in New England, Puritan teachers objected to the emergence of the merchant class (region).

* The Salem Witch Trials occurred.

* Accused 3 women of witchcraft.

* Evidence consisted of gossip, put to death by hanging.

Education and Diversity

* 1640 - Massachusetts set up common schools (elementary) to focus on the Bible.

* Cash Crop - Raised for sale in the markets.

* Diversity - Variety of cultures now showing up.

* 1750 - 85% of the men knew how to read and write, and about 50% of women could read or write.

* Education - Reading and Math were most common.

Southern Colonies and Slavery

* Most plantations were built near a water source.

* Small plantation: 50 or less slaves. Large plantation: 200 or more slaves.

* Crops: Tobacco, Rice, Cotton, Indigo.

* Overseer \rightarrow Supervisor of the slaves; made sure they worked.

* "Middle Passage" - Journey from Africa to America.

* Raw materials \rightarrow England

* Goods \rightarrow North America

* Slaves \rightarrow Africa

* Slave Codes (Laws for slaves):

* Could not leave the plantation without permission.

* Illegal to teach slaves to read or write.

* Slaves were not allowed to gather in groups.

* If rules are broken, slaves were whipped.

* Stono Rebellion (1739) - A group of slaves in South Carolina raided firearms and killed 20 whites marching.

* Olaudah Equiano - A man who was repeatedly bought and sold as a slave. Wrote a best-selling autobiography.

* The Whitney Plantation (Wallace, Louisiana) - Employed one of the largest slave forces in Louisiana.

* First museum dedicated to exclusively telling the story of slavery in the United States.

Government and Rights

* 1215 - King John \rightarrow Signed the Magna Carta; forced the monarch to obey the law like everyone else.

* Representative Gov. \rightarrow A system where people elect delegates to make law and conduct government actions on their behalf.

* Parliament \rightarrow Ruling body made up of the House of Lords (riches and wealthy) & House of Commons (common people).

* 1688 - King James II \rightarrow People didn't like him. His daughter, Mary, and her husband, William, are Protestant.

* James leaves the throne, and Mary & William take the throne.

* Glorious Revolution (no bloodshed).

* English Bill of Rights (1689) \rightarrow First thing done by Parliament with Mary and William.

* No longer can the monarch suspend Parliament's laws.

* Monarch can't levy taxes without Parliament's approval.

* Bans cruel and unusual punishment.

* Can't raise an army without Parliament's consent.

* Allowed to have a trial by jury.

* Free elections of Parliament (elected by the people).

* Colonial Citizens \rightarrow White, male, landowners.

Mercantilism and Population

* Mercantilism - An economic theory that a nation's power depends on its ability to increase wealth by increasing and accumulating possessions. A country relies on exports and limits imports.

* Deficit \rightarrow Buying more than selling.

* Surplus \rightarrow Making more than selling.

* 1700 - Total population of colonists: 250,000.

* 1770 - Total population of colonists: 2.5 million. (Increase mainly due to immigration).

* Americanization - Moving away from English tradition and becoming our own culture.

* Epidemics - Outbreak that affects a large number of people.

* Average life expectancy: 36.

The Enlightenment and Great Awakening

* Enlightenment - Intellectual movement challenging religious ideas.

* Isaac Newton - English scientist using the scientific method to explore the natural world.

* John Locke - Logical approach and questioning of society and government.

* Jean-Jacques Rousseau - French Enlightenment philosopher who agreed with Locke.

* Benjamin Franklin - Important American Enlightenment leader. (His friend was John Bartram).

* Apprentice \rightarrow Someone who learns a trade from a skilled craftsman (no money/doesn't get paid; payment is learning the skill).

* Jobs for women: cook, seamstress, nurse. (Children 4-5 did housework).

* Great Awakening - Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield (Religious revival).

* Enlightenment \rightarrow Started in Europe (Why we are doing what we are doing).

* John Peter Zenger - Publisher; writes an article about the governor who is corrupt and gets taken to jail, however, is not found guilty.

* Censorship - Banning of material because they contain unpopular or offensive ideas.

* Civic Virtue - Democratic ideas, practices, and values that are at the heart of good citizenship in a free society.

⚔ The Road to Revolution (1754 - 1775)

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

* Fort Duquesne (Do-kane) \rightarrow Fort originally British, but taken by French.

* British send militia led by George Washington to take Fort Duquesne back.

* Militia \rightarrow An army made up of ordinary citizens.

* George Washington sets up Fort Necessity near Fort Duquesne to plan to steal Fort Duquesne, but got taken by the French.

* French and British form alliances. French and the natives got along better.

* British really wanted to form an alliance with the Iroquois tribe, but they declined and remained neutral.

* Albany Plan of Union \rightarrow Called for all colonies to unite together and was written by a founding father, Benjamin Franklin. The colonies were unwilling to give power (share it).

* French & Indian War \rightarrow France is in control at the beginning. British lose support from colonists.

* 1758 \rightarrow War takes a turn. Quebec and Montreal get taken by the British.

* William Pitt reassures colonists that they don't have to pay for anything (he told them what they wanted to hear).

* 1763 \rightarrow Treaty of Paris - With the signing, Great Britain takes control of Canada. French are driven out.

The Aftermath and New Taxes

* 1763 \rightarrow Proclamation of 1763 - King George III passes the Proclamation.

* Did not allow settlers to move past the Appalachian Mountains.

* Reasons for passing: Help keep peace between natives and colonists, allows Great Britain to control the fur trade, allowed British to control westward expansion.

* Ottawa Tribe Uprising (Pontiac's Rebellion) \rightarrow Took control of Pontiac Fort. British offered a peace treaty because they were causing too much trouble.

* 10,000 soldiers were left behind to enforce this.

* Revenue \rightarrow Income from taxes or other sources.

* Writ of Assistance - Document that allowed custom officers to enter any location to search for smuggled goods.

* Taxes:

* Sugar Act (1764) - Puts tax on the molasses used for their tea.

* Stamp Act (1765) - Passed by Parliament. Legal documents were now taxed to print.

* Resolution \rightarrow Patrick Henry on the House of Burgesses: Only the people of Virginia can tax the people of Virginia.

* Samuel Adams \rightarrow Formed the Sons of Liberty.

* Effigy \rightarrow Stuffed figure that is lit on fire in resentment toward a person.

* Boycott \rightarrow Refuse to buy items in order to protest against certain actions.

* Townshend Acts (1767) - Suspends the assembly in New York.

* Puts a tax on tea, paper, and lead.

* Samuel Adams sends a message to the English government.

* Quartering Acts (1765) - Colonists have to house the British troops and they have to pay for it, not the government.

Escalation

* March 5, 1770 \rightarrow Boston Massacre.

* "I look upon them as foreign enemies."

* Belligerent - Open defiance of authority.

* 5 colonists are going to be dead. Crispus Attucks first to die in the name of the revolution.

* Propaganda - Information used to influence community opinion.

* 2 men charged with manslaughter.

* Tea Act (1773) \rightarrow All of the tea traded with the colonies had to be brought by the East India Company.

* December 16, 1773 \rightarrow Boston Tea Party.

* Sons of Liberty disguise themselves as Native Americans.

* 342 boxes of tea were thrown over the harbor.

* 1774 \rightarrow Coercive Acts (Same as Intolerable Acts).

* Boston harbor is shut down until colonists pay back money from the 342 boxes of tea.

* All colonists' political meetings are banned until further notice.

* Call for the quartering of British troops to look into the matter.

* Any British official that was accused of a crime in the colonies can go back to Britain to have their jury.

* 1st Continental Congress (September 1774) (55 delegates) - All colonies send delegates except for Georgia; meet in Philadelphia.

First Shots

* April 1775 \rightarrow Thomas Gage was instructed to take weapons from colonists. He has 700 troops and runs into a small militia force in Lexington.

* Colonists were successful in taking weapons.

* Paul Revere - "The British are coming!" (Comes on horse with lantern).

* April 19, 1775 \rightarrow "THE SHOT HEARD AROUND THE WORLD"

* 73 British soldiers killed; 174 wounded/injured.

* 49 colonists were killed; 39 wounded/injured.

* May 10, 1775 \rightarrow Fort Ticonderoga (Continental Fort). Colonists take this fort (Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold).

* June 1775 \rightarrow Bunker Hill & Breed's Hill (20,000 militia \rightarrow low supply).

* William Prescott \rightarrow Commander of the militia. "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes."

* British win this battle, however, lose thousands of troops.

* Beginning of the War: 40% of colonists were Patriots. 20% of colonists were Loyalists.

🇺🇸 The Revolutionary War (1775 - 1783)

The Continental Congress

* 2nd Continental Congress (May 1775)

* John Hancock - Businessman; leader of this meeting/financier.

* Organize a Continental Army (Leader \rightarrow George Washington).

* Set up postal service (Benjamin Franklin).

* Print some money.

* Creates Olive Branch Petition \rightarrow Petition - Formal request for government action.

* Hessians - Paid mercenaries hired by the British to fight colonists (German).

* Colonists create a naval blockade.

* George Washington needs to take Boston back. To do this, he needs a trained army and weapons/cannons.

* March 1776 \rightarrow Ready to fight, and after fighting, they win Boston back.

* Thomas Paine creates the Common Sense pamphlet.

* July 4, 1776 \rightarrow The document Declaration of Independence was adopted.

* John Hancock was the first to sign it \rightarrow in big letters.

* 56 delegates sign this document.

* Thomas Jefferson wrote it.

Battles and Aid

* Colonial Problems: Untrained soldiers, lack of supplies, one-year contracts.

* Battle at Trenton (Capital of New Jersey) \rightarrow Colonists win, then head to Princeton to take more supplies and win again. (Christmas crossing the Delaware River).

* Women helped by: nurses, spies, cooking, and on the battlefield.

* Battle at Saratoga (1777) \rightarrow Benedict Arnold leads this battle and wins.

* Now European countries start to recognize the colonists as a country.

* Spain and France now come to help colonists with funding and supplies.

* They helped with: Troops (officers educated in battle), food to nourish the people, money, and help take down the British by teaming with Spain & France.

* 1777-1778 WINTER \rightarrow Valley Forge

* Almost lost the war \rightarrow no supplies: winter clothes, food, ammunition.

* George Washington makes it through.

* George Rogers Clark - He and his troops start learning guerrilla warfare.

* Americans' worst defeat was when they lost a lot of their force (\approx 5,000 soldiers) at Charleston.

* Nathaniel Green - War starts to change as he comes into play in the South with guerrilla warfare.

* John Paul Jones - Most famous naval commander. The ship he commands is called the Bonhomme Richard.

* "I have not yet begun to fight." (Ships Bonhomme Richard and Serapis battle it out, and John Paul Jones wins).

Victory and Peace

* 1781 \rightarrow General Cornwallis is trapped at Yorktown, Virginia.

* British surrender.

* Trapped between Washington's troops and Rochambeau's French forces.

* 1783 \rightarrow Treaty of Paris

* 4 Reasons Americans were able to defeat British:

* Better leadership.

* Foreign involvement.

* Knowledge of the land.

* Motivation (more to fight for).

* Treaty of Paris Accomplishments:

* Americans now have their independence.

* Boundaries were drawn up \rightarrow Western Mississippi River, East Atlantic, North Canada, and South Florida.

* All POWs would have to be released (Prisoners of War).

* British had to pay for war damages and repairs (not true, the colonists ended up in debt).

* Cost of War:

* 25,700 - Colonists deaths.

* 10,000 - British deaths.

* \approx 27 million dollars in debt \rightarrow Americans/colonists establishing government was a big concern.

🏛 Forming a New Government (1783 - 1789)

The Articles of Confederation

* Republic \rightarrow Government in which citizens rule through elected representatives.

* Unsuccessful \rightarrow Congress could not:

* Impose any taxes.

* Regulate trade.

* Force citizens to join the army.

* Congress Could do:

* Issue currency.

* Could borrow money from other countries.

* Could conduct foreign affairs.

* Maintain the armed forces.

* 1781 (March 1st) \rightarrow Became a country.

* Each state has one vote.

* 9/13 states had to vote in favor of passing any laws.

* Unanimous vote of all 13 states have to approve of any changes to the Articles of Confederation.

The Northwest Ordinances

* Ordinance of 1785 \rightarrow About statehood and divisions (means law).

* Township (6 miles by 6 miles).

* 36 sections in a township (each section is 640 acres). $1 per acre.

* Northwest Ordinance (1787) \rightarrow If you are living in an area with 60,000 people you can apply for statehood.

* Freedom of religion.

* Trial by jury.

* Outlaw slavery. \rightarrow Clause - A special condition in a formal document. The first attempt to stop slavery was in the Northwest Ordinance.

* Land Act of 1800 \rightarrow Buy and make payments on land (320 acres). Have to pay at least half up front and pay in installments up to 4 years.

* Currency starts to depreciate as laws don't work.

Shays's Rebellion and the Convention

* Depression - A time when economic activity slows and unemployment increases. Farmers were hit the hardest.

* Daniel Shays and a group of farmers started to boycott to shut down the court system.

* 4 farmers were killed in the process. \rightarrow Shays's Rebellion.

* Manumission \rightarrow South Carolina and Georgia didn't have a tax for slave owners, however, Virginia had this thing where the freeing of individuals was acceptable.

* 26-55 people had a college degree at the convention.

* Majority vote was needed on decisions.

The Constitution and Compromises

* Considered 2 plans: Virginia Plan or the New Jersey Plan.

* Virginia Plan (James Madison) - Favored the larger states.

* Called for a bicameral legislature.

* Wanted a court system in place.

* Wanted seats based on population.

* New Jersey Plan (William Paterson) - Favored smaller states.

* Unicameral legislature.

* Executive branch with more than one person elected by Congress.

* Gave Congress power to tax and regulate trade.

* Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) - Was chosen.

* Bicameral legislature.

* Each state has 2 senators (Senate).

* Members of Representatives based on population (House of Representatives).

* Three-Fifths Compromise - Slaves were counted as three-fifths of a person officially for representation and taxation.

Principles of the New Government

* John Locke & Baron de Montesquieu - Both believed in a federal government. Individual rights/freedom philosophers.

* Federalism - Form of government where power is divided between national and state government.

* Checks and Balances - A system where each branch of government limits the power of other branches so that no one branch does not become too powerful.

|---|---|---|---|

Ratification

* Federalists \rightarrow Supported the Constitution.

* Wrote the Federalist Papers (85 essays): John Jay, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton.

* Anti-Federalists \rightarrow Did not support the Constitution.

* Bill of Rights - George Mason wanted the Bill of Rights to be added to the Constitution.

* 27 Amendments in the Constitution; 10 of them are the Bill of Rights.

* Amendment \rightarrow Change, correction, or improvement to a document.

* 9 of the 13 states had to approve the Constitution.

* Constitution first adopted June 21, 1788.

* Doesn't go into effect until March 4, 1789. (236 years in effect).

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