PSA #12 - Gas Exchange

Chapter 46 Objectives: Gas Exchange

Vocabulary Matching:
  • Concurrent: Two media flowing in the same direction.
  • Chloride Shift: Movement of chlorine ions into or out of the red blood cell in the opposite direction of the movement of bicarbonate ion.
  • Compliance: Yielding to pressure without changing structure or function.
  • Bohr Effect: The shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen saturation curve that occurs as a result of pH changes.
  • Countercurrent: Two media flowing in opposite directions.
  • Negative Ventilation: Using negative pressure to draw air or water over a respiratory surface.
  • Haldane Effect: The shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen saturation curve that occurs as a result of changes in carbon dioxide levels.
  • Spiracle: An external opening into the tracheal system of insects.
  • Hypoxia: Low levels of oxygen in the tissues and/or blood.
  • Positive Ventilation: Forcing of air or water over a respiratory surface.
  • Pleural Cavity: Fluid-filled cavity in which the lungs are housed in the thorax.
Objectives:

  1. Human Respiratory System Structure:

    • Describe the structure of the human respiratory system.
    • Describe the conducting and respiratory zones.
    • Describe the structure of the pleural cavity.
    • Describe the structure of an alveolus.
    • Describe the structure of the respiratory membrane.
    • Explain the mechanics and pressures associated with ventilation.
    • Explain the properties of the lungs, including what happens to ventilation when a pressure or property is changed (drawing helpful!).

  2. Factors Affecting Hemoglobin Saturation with Oxygen:

    • Name, compare, and contrast factors affecting hemoglobin saturation with oxygen.
    • Include graphs for the Bohr and Haldane effects, temperature, and pH.

  3. Lung Capacities and Volumes:

    • Name and define the lung capacities and volumes.

  4. Gas Exchange in Air and Water:

    • Compare and contrast the advantages of gas exchange in air and water.

  5. Gas Exchange Surfaces and Structures:

    • Compare and contrast gas exchange surfaces and structures.
    • Include how they work and animal examples.

  6. Negative and Positive Ventilation:

    • Compare and contrast negative and positive ventilation.
    • Include animal examples.

  7. Laws Associated with Partial Pressure and Diffusion:

    • Name and define two laws associated with partial pressure and diffusion.

  8. Respiratory Pigments and Blood Oxygen Measurements:

    • Name the common respiratory pigments.
    • Define how blood oxygen measurements are made.

  9. Mechanisms of Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood:

    • Summarize the mechanisms by which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.
    • Include labeled graphs and figures in the response.

  10. Effect of Neuronal and Chemical Control on Ventilation:

    • Describe the effect of neuronal and chemical control on ventilation.

  11. Peripheral Chemoreceptors and Ventilation:

    • Describe how peripheral chemoreceptors respond to oxygen levels and the effects of hyper and hypoventilation.

  12. Oxygen Level Positive Feedback Mechanism in Ventilation:

    • Describe the oxygen level positive feedback mechanism involved in ventilation.