Health promotion

PRESENTATION OVERVIEW

• Presented By: ]Topic: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

OBJECTIVES

• Discuss and define:
    - Health
    - Wellness
    - Illness and health-illness continuum
    - Nursing Process (identify assessment, subjective and objective data)

• Describe the nurse's role in health promotion and disease prevention

• Identify factors influencing health and risk factor assessment

• Discuss the importance of promoting self-care

• Understand the focus of Healthy People 2030

• Identify:
    - Normal rest and sleep patterns
    - Factors affecting sleep
    - Interventions to promote sleep

• Define basic terms related to genomics

• Understand the principles of genomics.

MEET MS. EVELYN

• Profile:
    - Age: 87 years
    - Living in a long-term care facility for the past 5 years

• Health Issues:
    - Complaints of increased shortness of breath upon moving, with increased left hip pain due to past hip fracture
    - Experiences urinary frequency due to heart medication, with periods of incontinence
    - Recently diagnosed with macular degeneration resulting in near blindness

• Personality:
    - Stays current with family and friends and is the confidante of facility staff
    - An avid Minnesota Twins fan and tracks televised high school basketball tournaments
    - Maintains active involvement in community elections and reads audiobooks
    - Recently hospitalized due to severe congestive heart failure; expresses will to live with the statement: “I don’t want to die yet. I’m having too much fun!”

WHAT IS HEALTH?

• Average understanding of health:
    - Presence or absence of disease

• Nurse’s understanding of health:
    - Defined as a dynamic state on a continuum
    - Encompasses ideal physical and mental well-being
    - Unique experiences for each individual
    - Involves the ability to cope; described in terms of how a person feels

WHAT IS WELLNESS?

• Definition:
    - Actions taken by individuals to achieve their fullest potential for holistic health

• The Scope of Wellness:
    - Encompasses spirituality, mental health, mindfulness, physical health, nutrition, and environmental aspects.

• Component of wellness is dependent on individual choices for holistic health.

WHEEL OF WELLNESS

• Visualization:
    - The "spokes" of the health wheel represent the dimensions of health
    - The center represents least wellness; the outer areas represent greater wellness
    - Importance of balance between all spokes for optimal health

ILLNESS & DISEASE

• Definitions:
    - Illness:
      - Subjective experience defined by the individual
      - Refers to the feelings of the person
    - Disease:
      - Objective medical condition defined by medical professionals
      - Refers to alterations in body function

HEALTH-ILLNESS CONTINUUM MODEL

• Visual Representation:
    - Illustrates a continuum from increased wellness to premature death, with various states including good health, minor and major disabilities, signs of disability, optimal health awareness, and active efforts to maintain wellness.
    - This model emphasizes that health is not merely the absence of illness but encompasses a range of wellness and illness experiences.

WHY SHOULD WE CARE?

• Importance of health promotion and disease prevention in nursing practice discussed.

HEALTH PROMOTION AND HEALTH PROTECTION

• Definitions:
    - Health Promotion:
      - Actions taken by nurses and healthcare workers to empower clients to take control over their health choices for a healthier life.
    - Disease Prevention (Health Protection):
      - Measures taken to reduce exposure or effects of illness or disease, motivated by the need to protect health.

NURSES' ROLE IN HEALTH PROMOTION

• Key Responsibilities:
    - Educate clients about health choices
    - Collaborate with clients and interdisciplinary teams
    - Counsel clients on health-related issues
    - Provide resources for health improvement
    - Act as role models for healthy lifestyles

ASSESSMENT IN NURSING PROCESS

• The Nursing Process Flow:
    - Assessment to Evaluation
    - Steps include:
      - Diagnosis
      - Planning
      - Implementation

HEALTHY PEOPLE INITIATIVES

• Overview:
    - Healthy People 2030 represents the fifth edition of national health promotion and disease prevention objectives developed every ten years aimed at improving the health of all Americans.
    - Resource: https://health.gov/healthypeople

ASSESSMENT METHODS

• Components of Assessment:
    - Patient Interview
    - Physical Assessment
    - Assessment of health history, lifestyle, physical fitness, health beliefs
    - Review of social support system

OBJECTIVE DATA VS. SUBJECTIVE DATA

• Definitions:
    - Objective Data:
      - Measurable data based on facts
      - Observable by the nurse through senses
    - Subjective Data:
      - Derived from the patient
      - Self-reported or attributed to family members

RISK FACTORS

• Definitions:
    - Modifiable Risk Factors:
      - Behaviors, actions, or exposures that can alter the risk of developing a disease
    - Nonmodifiable Risk Factors:
      - Conditions that increase the likelihood of developing a disease without possible intervention

FACTORS INFLUENCING PERSONAL HEALTH

• Key Influencing Factors:
    - Genetics
    - Age
    - Gender vs. Sex
    - Sleep/Rest
    - Cultural/Religious beliefs
    - Lifestyle choices
    - Environment
    - Finances
    - Health Literacy
    - Support systems

LEVELS OF PREVENTION

• Definitions:
    - Primary Prevention:
      - Intervening before negative health effects occur; activities aimed at blocking disease or injury.
    - Secondary Prevention:
      - Early screening to detect disease before progression occurs; focused on early diagnosis and prompt intervention.
    - Tertiary Prevention:
      - Control of chronic effects of a health issue; focuses on restoring individuals to optimal functioning post-issue.

GENOMICS

• Definition:
    - Study of human genes and their function, as well as interactions with other genes and the environment.

• Key Terms:
    - Genome: set of instructions for creating an organism, stored in cells like DNA
    - Gene: functional units of a genome
    - Genetics: study of DNA functions.

GENOGRAM

• Description:
    - Pictorial tool connecting family relationships with health information
    - Evaluates individual health risks through visualization of family health history.

HOW CAN GENOMICS BE USEFUL?

• Applications:
    - Personalized plan of care based on genetic information
    - Targeted treatment at genetic levels
    - Early detection of illnesses before symptoms appear through genetic testing

GENOMICS AND NURSING

• Registered Nurse Responsibilities:
    - Provide credible, accurate, and current genetic and genomic information/resources
    - Consider genetic influences on personal and environmental risk factors
    - Incorporate knowledge of genomic risk factors in care
    - Perform interventions tailored to clients’ genetic healthcare needs

SLEEP & REST

• Definitions:
    - Rest: Condition of slight activity in which the person feels refreshed
    - Sleep: cyclic state of decreased activity and perception characterized by altered consciousness and conservation of energy for bodily restoration

WHY DO WE NEED TO SLEEP?

• Reasons for Necessity:
    - Growth and hormone regulation
    - Energy metabolism
    - Learning and adaptability
    - Information processing
    - Immune system function
    - Reduction of stress and anxiety

IMPORTANCE OF SLEEP

• Consequences:
    - Lack of sleep/rest leads to illness/injury
    - Pain experiences increase difficulty coping, enhancing susceptibility to illness

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

• Definition:
    - Internal process regulating the sleep-wake cycle
    - Managed by the hypothalamus and aligned with day-night patterns of about 24 hours
    - Synchronizes with environmental cues like light and temperature

STAGES OF SLEEP

• Overview of Stages:
    - Stage 1 NREM: Wake stage/lightest sleep with normal breathing and muscle tone, presenting drowsiness
    - Stage 2 NREM: Decrease in heart rate and body temperature; more challenging to awaken with no eye movement
    - Stage 3 NREM (Deep Sleep): Heart rate and respiration drop significantly; difficult to arouse, no eye movement, muscle activity ceases, strengthens immune system, repairs tissues.
    - REM Sleep: Occurs every 70-90 minutes post-sleep initiation; highly active brain activity, dreaming occurs, and stimulates regions needed for learning and organizing information.

FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP

• Influences on Sleep Quality:
    - Emotional states and stress levels
    - Consumption of stimulants, alcohol, and smoking
    - Impact of medications
    - Exercise habits
    - Dietary considerations
    - Environmental conditions
    - Pain levels

NURSING INTERVENTIONS TO PROMOTE SLEEP

• Recommendations:
    - Educate clients on the importance of sleep
    - Establish routine and cluster tasks
    - Offer back rubs for relaxation
    - Provide advice on exercise, diet, smoking, environment, and medications
    - Use sleep aid medications as a last resort (e.g., Melatonin, Ambien, Lunesta)

NURSE SELF-CARE

• Importance of Self-Care:
    - Nurses must care for themselves to deliver effective client care.
    - Affects faculties of health and wellness including:
      - Physical
      - Social
      - Mental
      - Spiritual

• Examples of self-care strategies for nurses to encourage health and well-being

PRACTICE

• Questions:
    - Identify what data is objective/subjective
    - Differentiate between modifiable/nonmodifiable risk factors

QUESTIONS

• Open-ended for discussion, further clarification, or final thoughts on the topics covered.